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When it comes to life science and specially by considering animal-origin protein, one of the main topics to gain importance with respect to human nutrition and health is poultry science. This book presents an introductory overview to the different fields/branches of poultry science with four main divisions: different feed resources for poultry, biofilms of salmonella and campylobacter in the poultry industry, prevention of different contaminants in modern poultry farms, and mycotoxins in poultry feed. This book will be beneficial for the graduate students, teachers, researchers, farmers, and other professionals, who are interested to fortify and expand their knowledge about chicken products in fields of poultry science, biotechnology, plant science, and agriculture.
Single-cell sequencing (SCS) uses a single cell as the research material and involves three dimensions: genes, phenotypes and cell biological mechanisms. This type of research can locate target cells, analyze the dynamic changes in the target cells and the relationships between the cells, and pinpoint the molecular mechanism of cell formation. Currently, a common problem faced by animal husbandry scientists is how to apply existing science and technology to promote the production of high-quality livestock and poultry products and to breed livestock for disease resistance; this is also a bottleneck for the sustainable development of animal husbandry. In recent years, although SCS technology has been successfully applied in the fields of medicine and bioscience, its application in poultry science has been rarely reported. With the sustainable development of science and technology and the poultry industry, SCS technology has great potential in the application of poultry science (or animal husbandry). Therefore, it is necessary to review the innovation of SCS technology and its application in poultry science. This article summarizes the current main technical methods of SCS and its application in poultry, which can provide potential references for its future applications in precision breeding, disease prevention and control, immunity, and cell identification.
Because the number of Poultry Science departments in the U.S. has declined dramatically, and because scientist years and research funding for poultry, relative to other commodities, have also declined, a survey of poultry meat companies was conducted. Objectives of the survey were: to evaluate corporate concern over the status of Poultry Science departments, to categorize hiring patterns, to determine expectations for prerequisite skills of graduates, and to ascertain attitudes toward hiring of Associate-degreed students (A.S.). A two-page survey was distributed to corporate Vice Presidents or Directors of Human Resources of the 17 largest broiler and 10 largest turkey companies. When asked to gauge the difficulty they encountered in locating adequate numbers of Poultry Science graduates, 83% noted at least some difficulty. All respondents indicated concern over the loss of poultry programs in the U.S. and 44% noted "extreme" concern. There appears to be little resistance to hiring 2-yr A.S. degree graduates in Poultry Science. The relative scarcity of these programs is demonstrated by the fact that only one-third of the respondents had ever hired A.S. degree graduates. However, greater than 80% of the firms indicated they would hire these students. Finally, communication and business skills were more highly rated by human resources management than technical ability in Poultry Science. Given these results, academic programs must: develop curricula that reflect market-place expectations, enhance the efficiency of resource utilization, embrace new technologies that provide novel methods for information delivery, and reassess cooperative linkages among industrial and governmental organizations.
"Continuous feeding of low concentrations of sulfaquinoxaline for the control of coccidiosis in poultry" by L. C. Grumbles, J. P. Delaplane, and T. C. Higgins [Poult. Sci. (1948) 27:605-608] was the first paper to demonstrate that it was possible to control coccidiosis by the continuous inclusion of a low level of a drug in the feed of chickens. The principle involved (prevention or prophylaxis) has had a profound impact on our ability to grow chickens and turkeys under intensive conditions. Indeed, it is possible that the modern poultry industry could never have developed to its present extent without the advent of drugs used prophylactically to control coccidiosis. One particular insight was that use of a compound in this manner did not necessarily prevent the acquisition of immunity, an important principle that helps explain the continued efficacy of ionophorous antibiotics used today. The significance of this work to the poultry industry and individuals involved in research, whether employed by government, academia, or pharmaceutical companies, cannot be overstated. Economic benefits, in terms of improved productivity, have been demonstrated in numerous studies published in Poultry Science. In addition, the livelihoods of many poultry farmers have been helped by the control of a disease that in the past caused substantial morbidity and mortality in their flocks. The paper is brief and contains no critical science involving novel procedures but has had a profound influence on the health of poultry for the last 6 decades. For this reason, it is nominated as a landmark contribution from the first 100 yr of Poultry Science.
To have a better contribution to the poultry production community, the Poultry Science Association founded journals including Poultry Science (PS) at 1921. Now, after 100 yr of publishing, PS ranks between the top 10 journals in the category of "agriculture, dairy, and animal science". One hundred years after publishing the first paper in PS, the poultry industry has been completely revolutionized. Hence, it will be interesting to establish scientometrics study of the PS development during the last century. Therefore, based on findings of the current study, among countries/authors' collaborations, future research fronts, and possibility of hot topics in the coming years may be predictable. Accordingly, a total of 22,451 articles were retrieved. For content analyses, according to the PS categorization for subject areas, 14 different subject areas were developed, including "behavior, breeding and quantitative genetics, education and extension, health and welfare, immunology, management and environment, metabolism and nutrition, microbiology and virology, modeling, molecular biology, physiology and anatomy, production, products, processing and marketing, and reproduction". Considering the 100-yr of PS, the most frequent subject area was "nutrition and metabolism" (14,109 articles), and "modeling" (1,114 articles) attracted less scholarly attention. However, considering the last decade (2011-2020), the most important subject area was "molecular biology" (1,420 of 2,466 articles; 57.58%), followed by "modeling" (544 of 1,144 articles; 48.88%). Moreover, the most frequent poultry species/strains were broilers (retrieved in 6,156 articles), followed by laying hens, turkeys, and quail. Considering collaboration of countries and researchers, it can be said that a total number of 108 countries contributed to PS, with the most prolific country being United States (with 9,421 articles; 43.16%), followed by China, Canada, the Netherlands, and Japan. Among the authors, Harms RH (287 articles), and Siegel PB (208) were the most prolific authors, and Siegel PB and Dunnington EA (71 articles) had more collaborations. To study keyword trends, including 3 time periods broilers was the central co-occurrent keyword, while the importance of chickens and turkeys declined during the time. Salmonella spp. was a constant representative of poultry microbiology during 100 yr. While "nutrition and metabolism" was the most important subject area, nutrition-related keywords (major items) were not concentrated and co-occurred with a variety of keywords from different subject areas. While "molecular biology" ranked first over the past decade, the importance of "nutrition and metabolism" should not be ignored. In fact, in recent years, molecular basis of the nutrition has been studied. In big-data era and due to developing the molecular biology technologies, it seems that using mathematical modeling and computational methodologies will increase and probably remains as one of the most attractive research areas for scientists at least in the upcoming future decades.
Merger of Poultry Science Departments into Animal Science Departments has decreased separate departments from 44 in 1960 to 21 in 1971. The major reason has revolved around the need for elimination of classes with small enrollments. Departments merged more than five years ago have reduced the number of staff members working in poultry by 28% in the last 10 years, while staff in non-merged departments has increased 38% in the last 20 years. When vacancies in the poultry positions in merged departments have occurred, frequently the positions have not been refilled. There are over 4,000 technically trained poultry people in the United States. Over 3,100 have had post high school training, and almost 1,200 have Master’s or Ph.D. degrees. It is estimated that more than 130 graduates will be needed each year to fill these positions as they become vacant. Over a long period of time, changes in extension activities may have the greatest effect on the University-Industry relationship. The long term effects of mergers of Poultry Science Departments into general Animal Science Departments remain to be seen. Will the land grant institutions continue to provide a sufficient number of trained specialists to meet the needs of the Poultry industry? Will they continue to provide leadership in the development of innovations that will assure change and progress in the Poultry industry for the betterment of mankind?
The World's Poultry Science Association (WPSA) is a long-established and unique organization that strives to advance knowledge and understanding of all aspects of poultry science and the poultry industry. Its 3 main aims are education, organization, and research. The WPSA Keynote Lecture, titled "Modeling as a research tool in poultry science," addresses 2 of these aims, namely, the value of modeling in research and education. The role of scientists is to put forward and then to test theories. These theories, or models, may be simple or highly complex, but they are aimed at improving our understanding of a system or the interaction between systems. In developing a model, the scientist must take into account existing knowledge, and in this process gaps in our knowledge of a system are identified. Useful ideas for research are generated in this way, and experiments may be designed specifically to address these issues. The resultant models become more accurate and more useful, and can be used in education and extension as a means of explaining many of the complex issues that arise in poultry science.
The challenges and targets facing the world's poultry science community in the immediate future are reviewed in the context of meeting the dietary needs for animal protein of the world population. The prior need to provide for the increasing demand for cereals, oil seeds, and grain legumes for human consumption is assessed at having a reasonable chance of success. If this need is met, the requirement for extra feed resources for increased poultry production targets is also assessed as having a reasonable chance of success. A major component of this equation is the prediction of improved efficiency of poultry production of a similar order to that of the last 50 yr arising from 1) extension of the 20th century revolution in poultry technology to over 50% of the world population compared with the present 20 to 25%; 2) recent advances in genetics, nutrition, health, housing, and husbandry still awaiting application in industry; 3) future applications from current and future research in molecular biotechnology, nutrition, health, and reproduction; and 4) the development of efficient, small-scale, extensive poultry production systems especially in countries where over 25% of the world population will still not be able to afford the products of a modern, intensive poultry industry, even in 50 yr. These challenges, targets, and predictions simply cannot be met unless the world's poultry science community increases its own efficiency, its professional initiatives to deal with the real challenges, and its social initiatives to influence socio-economic decisions on national and world stages.
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Concerns have been expressed by the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) leadership about the declining membership in ASAS. I present the viewpoint that the history of the Poultry Science Association (PSA) membership and the elimination of poultry science departments from many land grant universities could be an indication of what the future holds for animal science. I suggest that the industrialization of poultry production has led to a decline in the demand for traditionally trained poultry scientists. Industrialization of swine production is proceeding rapidly, with other animal-based industries showing the same trend. If maintaining a large ASAS membership is indeed a priority, new opportunities must be developed. Equine and companion animal programs offer such possibilities, tapping into a high level of student interest.
The shortage of graduates pursuing careers in the poultry industry is linked to a low awareness and lack of interest. Increasing agricultural literacy could promote engagement in future poultry science opportunities. We developed an integrated STEM curriculum within a poultry science context to assess the program's impact on students' agricultural literacy development. The Elementary Education Gain Grow (E.G.G.) program consists of 5 online modules, an interactive notebook, a simulation game, and a team project. In fall 2019, 480 Indiana 4th and 5th grade students enrolled in the pilot program. A 14-point poultry content-based questionnaire was administered online to students prior to program engagement, between online and team project activities, and at program completion. Student content scores (n = 111; 23.13% response rate) increased from 7.99 (SD = 1.85) preprogram to 9.76 (SD = 2.44) post online modules (P < 0.05; Cohen's d = 0.82) and remained constant throughout the remainder of the program. Student notebook responses (n = 172; 35.83% response rate) provided qualitative data of their self-reported agricultural literacy gains and revealed patterns of increased agricultural literacy relating to the program's learning objectives. These results support the program's ability to increase student agricultural literacy. Teacher feedback (n = 9; 69.2% response rate) suggests that teachers agreed with the program's effectiveness, with qualitative responses highlighting individual experiences. Our pilot program findings support the use of an integrated STEM and poultry science elementary curriculum to increase student agricultural literacy as well as demonstrate the effectiveness of the program as an educational resource.
Education and research in poultry science have resulted in outstanding contributions to the poultry industry. Despite the advancements in the poultry industry, the number of active poultry science departments has declined dramatically over the years, and this decline has been more significant in the United States. As a PhD student at the time of this writing, I have tried to discuss factors that might have contributed to this situation. The key message of this paper is that enhancement of the relationship between research centers and the poultry industry should always be one of our main concerns. Research projects need to have short- or long-term relevance to the industry. Synergism is what we really need today.
BEING president of the Poultry Science Association has been an exciting experience. The Association, like the industry we serve, is changing rapidly; new faces, new procedures, and new problems. The industry is eager to accept the new technological changes that are developed. Occasionally I am sure our industry has made changes even before the new development was confirmed. This proves that our industry wants the services we can perform but it also challenges us as teachers, researchers, and leaders to be in the forefront of both technological developments and industry demands. Because the industry, and the scientist behind the industry, are both dynamic, we do have change. One of the changes that has developed has been in the structure of departments or sections of Poultry Science throughout the country. We have heard about this in the hallways and dining halls at meetings of the Poultry Science Association and at other…
Although most of the poultry science departmental losses occurred during the 1960s, attrition through mergers with animal science units has continued. In the 1980s and 1990s, four departments were merged, leaving only the southeast (from Delmarva to Texas) and a few scattered states elsewhere with intact poultry departments. The loss of departments coincides with areas where the poultry industry is relatively smaller, but even in states with significant industries, departments are threatened. It is suggested that a divergence of program needs between industry and university, precipitated by vertical integration and loss of job opportunities and exacerbated by lack of cooperative planning, has been a contributing factor. The contrast between departmental and industry trends is striking, with university personnel decreasing ~15% since 1984 but with per capita consumption increasing ~20% since 1986 and surpassing been consumption in 1991. Heavily integrated poultry operations have been relying more and more on in-house research and on-the-job training, but long-term efforts in such areas as animal welfare, behavior, and basic or mechanistic research require university participation. Universities and industry must work more closely together in the future to address long-range efforts to the maximum benefit of both.
Diseases of the avian skeleton have been significant problems of the poultry industry.Perpetual efforts to maximize yields of various poultry products by in xrivo manipulation of birds will continue to increase physiological stresses on the skeleton.To minimize potential economic losses from skeletal diseases and to maximize the welfare of birds during production, interdisciplinary approaches to solving problems encountered by industry must be developed.This text presents the proceedings of the Poultry Science Symposium Twenty-Three, organized by the World Poultry Science Association, and emphasizes such an approach.The editor and contributing authors succeeded in collation, integration, and review of current knowledge of basic bone biology, disorders of the avian skeleton, and ramifications to industry.Chapters in the general bone biology section of the text review the formation, growth, mineralization, and remodeling of bone.Integrated into the discussions are the physical and chemical controls, including cytokines, growth factors, and hormones, that regulate bone growth and homeostasis on local and systemic bases.Also, mineral metabolism in the laying hen is discussed as a separate topic.Authors draw upon research from mammals as well as birds to build cohesive descriptions of bone biology.Noninfectious skeletal disorders of growing and adult birds are the principal focus of the second section of the text.However, a concise review of infectious
Poultry Science is a leading international journal for poultry scientists and advisers to the poultry industry throughout the world.
Principles of poultry science , Principles of poultry science , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Part 1 Biochemical basis of meat quality: muscle structure, development and growth biochemical basis of meat texture flavour poultry meat colour muscle abnormalities. Part 2 Production and harvesting factors affecting meat quality: factors affecting yield and composition nutritional effects on meat flavour and stability the influence of antemortem handling on poultry meat quality stunning and slaughter retail requirements of meat. Part 3 The microbiological quality of poultry meat and meat products: hygiene during transport, slaughter and processing the decontamination of carcass meat strategies for extending the shelf-life of poultry meat and products from inspection to consumer protection - a hard way to go. Part 4 Poultry meat products: on-line assessment of meat quality problems and solutions in deboning poultry meat sensory assessment of poultry meat quality functional properties of muscle proteins in processed poultry products the role of processed products in the poultry meat industry.
1. Most people in the developed world agree on what 'animal welfare' is, although it is impossible to give it a precise scientific definition. 2. The argument is made that animal welfare is all to do with the feelings of animals and not the primary needs that these feeling have evolved to protect. 3. Acceptance of subjective feelings as a legitimate subject for scientific investigation has a long and well-established history in science. This acceptance was interrupted by the rise of Behaviorism in the 20th century, but now seems to be re-established. 4. Subjective feelings cannot be studied directly. However, in the animal welfare debate, indirect evidence on feelings is extremely useful, and methods for obtaining this indirect evidence are described. 5. The poultry species are capable of feeling several states of suffering including fear, frustration and pain. A start has been made to elucidate these states and the conditions that cause them, but much remains to be done. Recent evidence suggests that the poultry species may also be capable of experiencing pleasure. 6. It is concluded that, although poultry welfare is all to do with the subjective feelings of the birds, it is possible to be objective and scientific about these feelings. Investigation into poultry welfare, therefore, really is science rather than subjectivity.
In ovo supplementation of poultry embryos was first reported several decades ago, but it is only recently that concerted research has been directed at developing the technology for this process to be routinely used by the poultry industry. Although the technology of in ovo feeding was patented more than 10 years ago, it has not been widely adopted by the poultry industry. This review examines the early development of the enteric system of the poultry embryo; defines and distinguishes between in ovo feeding and in ovo nutrient administration; highlights the importance of early feeding of the chick; and discusses the development of in ovo feeding technology and its effects on hatchability, growth, gut health and immune response of chicks. The range of possible nutrients that can be administered is also explored. The limitations associated with embryo development and nutrient metabolism are highlighted, leading to the prediction of the future role of in ovo feeding in the poultry industry.