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Medical simulation is an essential strategy to meet the evolving patient safety demands of ambulatory surgical centers. As case volume and complexity expand, there is a heightened need for continuous staff training, professional development, and quality assurance. In situ simulation offers a practical means of preparing teams within their own clinical environment. It supports mastery of emergency protocols, uncovers latent safety threats, and identifies gaps in both technical (eg, defibrillator use) and nontechnical skills (eg, closed-loop communication).

To reconceptualise becoming a nurse as a lifelong developmental journey that extends beyond the traditional focus on new graduate transition, and to inform policies and practices supporting recruitment, retention and career sustainability. The global nursing shortage persists, exacerbated by high attrition rates among new graduates and an aging workforce. While existing literature predominantly examines the transition from student to professional practice, we propose that 'becoming a nurse' begins earlier and extends beyond clinical roles into retirement. An analytical discursive paper. Key theoretical frameworks (Schlossberg's Transition Model, Kennedy's Integrated Transition Model, Benner's Novice-to-Expert framework and Duchscher's Stages of Transition Model) were integrated with empirical literature (1974-2025) on nursing career trajectories, clinical expertise development and professional identity across the lifespan, with emphasis on contemporary evidence from 2015 to 2025. Becoming a nurse is reconceptualised as a continuous, lifelong transition encompassing four interrelated phases: (1) early career interest, where nursing aspirations emerge during childhood and adolescence; (2) non-traditional entry, involving second-career entrants who undergo profound identity reconstruction as novices; (3) middle-career transition, characterised by sustained development from competence through proficiency toward expertise and clinical wisdom; and (4) late-career transition, where professional identity and contribution continue beyond retirement. Each phase presents distinct developmental demands requiring tailored educational, organisational and workforce responses. Together, these phases form a Lifespan Transition Framework that advances the field by proposing transition as a recursive developmental mechanism, where adaptive capacities built at each phase become foundational resources for subsequent phases, rather than separate, time-limited events. Understanding becoming a nurse as a lifelong transition provides a unifying conceptual foundation for more coherent, stage-sensitive workforce strategies. This perspective shifts policy and practice beyond short-term graduate retention toward lifespan-oriented workforce systems that strengthen recruitment, sustain expertise and preserve professional wisdom across the whole nursing career lifespan.

There is a strong desire to exploit daily MR-Linac (MRL) imaging for biomarker extraction and outcome prediction. Current prediction models are based on pretreatment and follow-up scans. If MRL data are to provide additional value, this would need to originate from the dynamic nature of MRL intratreatment signals. Demonstrating the existence of such dynamics and how to discover them is the purpose of this work. We analysed T2-weighted and diffusion MRL data of prostate cancer patients undergoing hypofractionated radiation treatment. Next to standard mask-based analyses, we introduce exploratory analyses using classic fMRI neuroimaging techniques, designed to determine both the existence and spatial location of temporal signal changes. Finally, we link dose deposition to the slope of observed T2w signal changes in pelvic bone tissue, chosen for its wide range of dose values received (0-26 Gy; 0-47 Gy EQD2). Mask-based analyses of the MRI data of all fractions reveal T2w signal decreases for prostate tissue whereas the GTV signal stays more constant throughout the treatment. The diffusion coefficient of the prostate gland remains constant while the GTV shows an increase. Prostate volume increases by 10% in the first week after which it slowly decreases again. The fMRI-inspired analysis shows prostate T2w signal change to be confined to the peripheral zone. Furthermore, it revealed signal changes in the rectum, bladder, pelvic and femoral bones, the zona orbicularis, and the penis (despite the latter only accumulating 3 Gy). The dose-effect relationship of pelvic bone shows a clear discontinuity with a sharp transition from 0% to 1.5% signal change per fraction within a very short dose interval between 0-1 Gy (0.55 Gy EQD2). Exploratory fMRI-inspired analyses were able to demonstrate many temporal, non-linear trends in MRL data. This is promising for future biomarker research once MRL outcome data become more prevalent. The pelvic bone response shows signs of dose-threshold behaviour with a sudden dose-response starting at 1 Gy.

A noninvasive imaging approach for absolute temperature mapping has been demonstrated using Parashift molecular imaging probes for MRI. Temperature readout is achieved by exploiting the chemical shift difference between the CH2 SAP and CH3 TSAP resonances of two nonexchanging (SAP and TSAP) isomers of a single chiral lanthanide complex, without the need for external calibration. Variable-temperature NMR analyses of [LnL]- complexesderived from S-tetraethyl cyclenidentified the CH2 SAP and CH3 TSAP resonances as optimal reporters for Parashift spectral imaging, owing to their large hyperfine shifts and narrow spectral line widths. Temperature coefficients as high as 0.46 ppm K-1 were observed for individual resonances of the square antiprismatic (SAP) isomer of [DyL]-, while normalized coefficients (temperature shift per unit line width) reached 1.7 K-1 for [TmL]-. Among the complexes studied, [TbL]- emerged as the most suitable for temperature imaging, considering the overall temperature sensitivity of the chemical shift difference. In phantom imaging experiments at 9.4 T (preclinical field) temperature variations across phantom tubes were successfully mapped with a resolution of 0.1 K.

As neurostimulation devices increasingly incorporate closed-loop functionality, the greater design complexity brings additional requirements for risk management and special considerations to optimize benefit. This manuscript creates a common framework on which all current and planned neuromodulation-based physiologic closed-loop controllers (PCLCs) can be mapped, including integration of the "Technical Considerations of Medical Devices with Physiologic Closed-Loop Control Technology" guidance published in 2023 by the United States Food and Drug Administration, a classification of feedback (reactive) and feedforward (predictive) biomarkers, and control systems theory. We explain risk management in the context of this framework and illustrate its applications for three exemplary technologies. This manuscript serves as guidance to the emerging field of PCLCs in neuromodulation, mitigating risk through standardized nomenclature and a systematic outline for rigorous device development, testing, and implementation.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) protocols aim to minimize surgical stress and accelerate recovery. In patients undergoing gastric transposition, modifications of ERAS® may reduce complications, shorten hospital stay, and improve overall quality of life (QOL). Its application in pediatric esophageal replacement remains limited. We aimed to assess the outcomes of patients undergoing gastric transposition using a modified ERAS® (mERAS®) protocol. This study included patients of long-gap Esophageal atresia/ Tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF) and pure esophageal atresia operated undergoing gastric transposition between January 2017 and May 2024. The retrospective group included patients managed with a conventional approach (non-ERAS® group), and the prospective group was managed with mERAS® bundles. The outcomes were compared, and QOL assessment was done using Quality of life of the infant (QUALIN) and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale scores. Statistical analysis for categorical variables was done using the Chi-square/Fisher's exact test. Nonparametric data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The mERAS® compliance was high. The mERAS® group showed a statistically significant reduction in days of ventilation (2.08 vs. 6.43 days, P = 0.0420), intensive care unit stay (8.82 vs. 21.08 days, P = 0.016), and early start of feeding (2.75 vs. 7.15 days, P = 0.003). The length of hospital stay was shorter in the mERAS® group (16.250 vs. 26.071 days, P = 0.037). There was a significant improvement in the QOL of infants and parental satisfaction score (80% mERAS® vs. 28.57% non-ERAS® group). Implementation of the mERAS® protocol in gastric transposition surgery leads to early recovery, shorter hospitalization, improved QOL of infants, and improved satisfaction among the parents.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) confers an increased risk of future type-2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to identify determinants of the progression of GDM to T2D in South Asian women and develop a precision prognostics model for potential future clinical application. This study included 247 South Asian women with GDM from the prospective South Asian Birth Cohort (START) study in Ontario, Canada. Metabolomics was performed on 2nd trimester fasting serum samples by multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. We determined incidence of postpartum T2D through validated diagnostic codes using health administrative data. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of incident T2D through backward elimination. We assessed diagnostic performance of models using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC) and 5-fold cross-validation to assess model stability. Of 247 South Asian women diagnosed with GDM with a mean age of 30.9 years and median total follow-up of 9.7 years, 45 (18.2%) developed T2D within a median of 4.9 years. Pre-pregnancy body mass index, area-under-the-curve glucose, and level of education, were identified as the strongest determinants of T2D post-GDM (AUC ROC = 0.83 [95% Confidence Intervals (CI), 0.78-0.88]). Addition of metabolite biomarkers-specifically, the hypoxanthine-to-creatinine ratio-only modestly improved predictive performance (AUC ROC = 0.853 [CI, 0.80-0.91]). Folds mean (SD) of the AUC ROC from 5-fold cross-validation models was 0.81 (0.12). We developed a parsimonious five-factor model combining clinical, anthropometric, and metabolic markers that accurately predicts T2D progression after GDM in South Asian women. This model can be potentially deployed at the time of GDM diagnosis to improve risk assessment and target intensive postpartum interventions.

Tracheobronchial injuries in children following blunt chest trauma are rare and often life-threatening. A 3-year-old boy presented with a delayed diagnosis of right main bronchus transection, 8 months postinjury. Initial symptoms were minimal and managed expectantly. Imaging and bronchoscopy confirmed primary bronchial transection. Surgical repair was performed through a right thoracotomy with end-to-end bronchial anastomosis, resulting in successful lung re-expansion and recovery. This case highlights the importance of high clinical suspicion and thorough evaluation in posttrauma patients leading to lung salvageability.

We report the clinicopathologic features of EWSR1-rearranged renal neoplasia from our institution. A retrospective cohort of 39 EWSR1-rearranged renal tumors was identified using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and RNA-based next generation sequencing (NGS). A final diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma (EWS) was established in 34 of 39 cases (87%), with the remaining cases diagnosed as desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT; n=2), sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF; n=2), and thyroid-like follicular renal cell carcinoma (TLFRCC; n=1). Fusion partners identified in EWS included FLI1 (n=17) and ERG (n=2). WT1 (n=2), CREB3L1 (n=1) and CREB3L2 (n=1), and PATZ1 (n=1) fusions were found in DSRCT, SEF, and TLFRCC, respectively. The mean age at EWS diagnosis was 31.4 years (range 6-73), with a similar sex distribution (18 females, 16 males), and a mean tumor size of 10.7 cm (range 3-24 cm). Both DSRCT cases occurred in males aged 6 and 29 years, diagnosed on renal biopsy and brain metastasis, respectively. The SEF cases involved primary tumors in 22-year-old and 43-year-old females. The one case of TLFRCC was identified in a 41-year-old female that underwent radical nephrectomy. Cases with available immunohistochemistry showed most EWS tumors (24/26, 92%) expressed a combination of CD99, FLI1, and ERG, while both SEF cases were positive for MUC4. Our results highlight the importance of molecular testing in providing an integrated diagnosis and are informative regarding the spectrum of renal neoplasia that harbor EWSR1 rearrangements, including EWS, DSRCT, SEF, and TLFRCC as these tumors can exhibit significant clinicopathologic heterogeneity.

This randomized multicenter open-label pilot study assessed the safety of ticagrelor monotherapy directly after primary PCI versus dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in 200 STEMI patients. At three months, major adverse cardiac and cerebral events occurred in 3.1% of the experimental group (n=99) versus 2.0% in the control group (n=101) (HR: 1.54; 95%CI: 0.26-9.24), clinically relevant bleeding was observed in 4.2% versus 8.9% (HR: 0.46, 95%CI: 0.14-1.48), and clinically relevant non-access site bleeding in 2.0% versus 7.9% (HR:0.25, 95%CI: 0.05-1.19). Although no significant difference in ischemic events was observed between the novel concept of ticagrelor monotherapy and DAPT, safety cannot be confirmed given the small number of events. Additionally, there was a tendency for a reduction in clinically relevant non-access site bleeding events. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05986968 https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05986968.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are widely used for the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity, yet their long-term cardiovascular effects in high-risk populations continue to be actively evaluated. Given emerging evidence of both metabolic and direct cardiovascular actions, a comprehensive synthesis of cardiovascular outcome trial data is required to clarify the efficacy and safety of this drug class. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trials evaluating GLP-1RAs in adults at high cardiovascular risk. Searches of PubMed, Embase (via OVID), and the Cochrane Library were performed for studies published between January 2015 and May 2025, in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible trials included ≥ 3,000 participants with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, hospitalisation for heart failure, and adverse events. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. Eleven cardiovascular outcome trials comprising 91,490 participants were included, with a mean follow-up of 2.7 years. GLP-1RA treatment was associated with a significant reduction in MACE compared with placebo (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.81-0.92). Meta-analysis also demonstrated significant reductions in cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and hospitalisation for heart failure. GLP-1RAs did not materially increase the risk of severe hypoglycaemia or acute pancreatitis, while gastrointestinal adverse effects were consistently more frequent. GLP-1 receptor agonists significantly reduce major cardiovascular events and mortality in high-risk populations, with a favourable long-term safety profile. These findings support the broader integration of GLP-1RAs into cardiovascular risk reduction strategies beyond glycaemic control.

Previous exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) may influence the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other liver-related events (LRE), in particular in patients after HCV cure. Previous studies were not conclusive and there are only few large studies on this topic from Europe. We analysed clinical endpoints (≥ 3-point increase in MELD score, oesophageal variceal bleeding, ascites, encephalopathy, liver transplantation, death, with/without HCC; HCC alone) in patients cured from HCV. Data were obtained from the German Hepatitis C Registry. Patients after organ transplantation, a history of HCC, HIV co-infection, or HBsAg positivity were excluded. A subanalysis was conducted in patients with cirrhosis. Statistical analyses included logistic regression to identify predictors of clinical endpoints and Kaplan-Meier curves to analyse the influence of HBV serological markers. A cohort of 6198 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria, the median time of follow-up was 2.5 years (range 0.04-8.01). Serological evidence of previous HBV exposure was present in 1889 patients (anti-HBc positive). In patients with cirrhosis, univariate analyses identified anti-HBc positivity (odds ratio [OR], 1.48), cirrhosis (OR, 4.89), features of portal hypertension (ascites (OR, 5.66), oesophageal varices (OR, 4.88)), diabetes (OR, 3.23), and malignancies (OR, 10.34) as risk factors for composite LRE. In multivariable analysis, anti-HBc positivity (OR, 1.53) and cirrhosis (OR, 4.63) remained independent risk factors for the composite endpoints, whereas anti-HBc positivity was not associated with HCC or Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Resolved HBV infection was not associated with the development of HCC or survival in Caucasians after HCV cure. Although anti-HBc positivity was linked to composite outcomes, its clinical relevance appears limited. The registry was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS; IDDRKS00009717).

More than 10 years ago, the German Society for Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery (DGOOC) implemented the German Arthroplasty Registry (EPRD), as well as the EndoCert certification initiative to maintain highest possible quality standards for patients undergoing joint replacement procedures. In addition to the individual responsibilities assigned to each organization, their collaboration also generates further synergies. For hospitals participating in both programs, a key advantage lies in the combination of the high EndoCert standards (mainly created for perioperative and early postoperative treatment) with the long-term outcome monitoring provided by the EPRD (continuous feedback on implant survival). The integration of various quality assurance items ensures the highest possible level of safety for patients. Moreover, the structures underlying EPRD and EndoCert could also be used to support the further development of German hospital reform activities in the field of arthroplasty care. HINTERGRUND: Mit dem Endoprothesenregister Deutschland (EPRD) und der Zertifizierungsinitiative EndoCert hat die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie (DGOOC) zwei äußerst erfolgreiche Initiativen zur Sicherstellung endoprothetischer Versorgungsqualität geschaffen. Neben den von jeder Organisation wahrzunehmenden Verantwortlichkeiten ergeben sich aus der Zusammenarbeit zusätzliche Synergien. Während das Register die mittel- und langfristige Ergebniskontrolle mit Bezug auf Implantat und Einrichtung gewährleistet, fordert EndoCert ergänzend die Definition reproduzierbarer Prozesse im Rahmen der stationären Behandlung und prüft deren Einhaltung über externe jährliche Audits vor Ort. Die Pflicht zur Vernetzung von Endoprothetikzentren der Grund- und Maximalversorgung gewährleistet zusätzlich die Verlegungsmöglichkeit in Problemfällen. Die aus beiden Verfahren resultierende Kombination von Struktur‑, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität gewährleistet eine größtmögliche Sicherheit für Patientinnen und Patienten. Auch für die Weiterentwicklung der Krankenhausreform könnten die dem EPRD und EndoCert zugrundeliegenden Strukturen nutzbar gemacht werden.

Conventional X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) is widely used for non-invasive 3D material characterization, yet differentiating between the material constituents can be challenging. This is notably the case when characterizing rocks from the Earth's crust. About 95% of them is composed of a mixture of common rock-forming minerals, many of which are indistinguishable with conventional micro-CT. We overcome this limitation by combining laboratory spectral micro computed tomography (sp-CT) with an astute analysis workflow. Where previous studies showed laboratory sp-CT's potential for identifying heavy elements, we focus on the light-element-bearing minerals that do not feature characteristic absorption edges within the detectable energy range of state-of-the art spectral detectors. For a natural monzo-diorite sample, we show that those minerals appear as separate clusters on a multi-energy histogram derived from a laboratory sp-CT tomogram. Selecting a particular cluster is equivalent to segmenting the corresponding constituent. The segmented phases were corroborated by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The presented workflow is applicable to any multi-component material. Specifically, for the Earth Sciences, it breaks the barrier to analyse a variety of silicate-bearing rocks, their minerals, structures and reactions in three dimensions, non-invasively in the laboratory.

Early detection of renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is crucial, as functional changes often precede anatomical damage. Current diagnostic standards, such as the measurement of serum creatinine, renal biopsy and urinary analyses have limitations due to delayed detection and lack of specifity. Functional renal MRI (fMRI) techniques, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) offer promising non-invasive alternatives for assessing renal function in AAV. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of non-invasive assessment of renal changes associated with AAV using mpMRI (multiparametric MRI). This study evaluated 7 patients and 10 healthy controls: patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) due to AAV (n = 3), AAV patients without clinical signs of renal involvement (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 10). All participants underwent functional renal MRI. Key parameters, including the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and ASL-based renal perfusion and T2* parameter maps, were acquired and analyzed. The following differences in renal imaging parameters were observed between RPGN patients and healthy controls: RPGN patients showed reduced ADC values in the renal medulla and increased FA values compared to controls. Additionally, ASL values in the renal cortex were lower in RPGN patients. T2* values were lower in RPGN patients compared to the healthy control group in the cortex, and higher in the medulla. Patients with AAV without confirmed renal involvement also showed alterations in ADC, T2* and FA values compared to healthy controls. Our findings indicate that mpMRI parameter might detect renal changes in AAV. Therefore, mpMRI might offer novel opportunities for non-invasive detection of disease-associated changes.

In this proof-of-principle study, we apply combined NMR and UV/vis spectroscopy to operando reaction monitoring of a 'classical' organic reaction. We show that identical intensity-vs.-time courses are obtained for an intermediate visible in both NMR and UV/vis, and propose a mechanism accounting for the dependence of the reaction on c(HPF6).

CD4+ T cells play key roles in regulating immune responses during pregnancy; therefore, we aimed to understand the CD4+ T-cell surface proteome and transcriptome during pregnancy. CD4+ T cells were analysed in blood and decidua from term pregnancies (> 37 weeks) and non-pregnant blood. > 350 surface proteins were screened via flow cytometry, and transcriptomes were analysed using single-cell RNA sequencing with > 130 CITE-seq barcoded antibodies. Surface protein screening identified changes to ILT4/CD85d, CD9, IFN-γ receptor β-chain, CX3CR1 and CCR5 in the pregnant blood and decidual CD4+ T cells. CX3CR1 and CCR5 had the highest expression on the effector-memory T-cell (TEM) subset in the blood, with expression consistent across subsets in decidua. CD126/IL-6R was lower in pregnant blood and decidual CD4+ T cells, while scRNAseq identified enrichment in the IL-6R signalling pathway in naive CD4+ T cells in pregnant blood. Both sIL-6R and IL-6 concentrations were increased in plasma during pregnancy, suggesting perturbations to the IL-6/IL-6R signalling axis. Meanwhile, decidual CD4+ T cells had increased expression of transcription factor RUNX3 in the CD69+ tissue-resident-like subset. Our findings demonstrate altered molecular expression in CD4+ T cells during pregnancy. This provides important mechanistic insight of their adaptation and regulation during placental development, which may drive placental dysfunction or pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction and stillbirth. These new data may inform future studies that focus on determining the significance of differentially expressed immune features in pregnancy to identify potential targets for immune modulation to treat pregnancy complications and infections.

With the regulation for the reorganization of dental education, the legislature restructured dental studies and among other things, called for a strenghtening of interdisciplinary training. This requirement was the basis for the development of an interdisciplinary curriculum in which the topic of "dental traumatology" was to be taught across disciplines. It was investigated whether a measurable increase in learning could be achieved. The newly designed curriculum was developed on the basis of the National Competence-Based Learning Objectives Catalogue for Dentistry (NKLZ) and was implemented in the summer semester of 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the teaching module had to be modified significantly. In order to determine the students learning gains, an examination form was completed online before (T0) and after (T1) the curriculum. The exam paper consisted of knowledge questions and questions on two case vignettes. The results showed a significant increase in learning in the knowledge questions (p<0.05). The case vignettes presented a heterogeneous picture. In case vignette V(1), a significant increase in learning was achieved among students in the eighth (p=0.027) and tenth (p=0.022) semesters, but not among those in the sixth semester (p=0.323). In case vignette V(2), a significant increase in learning was observed in the sixth (p=0.011) and tenth (p=0.003) semesters, but not in the eighth semester (p=0.298). The students evaluated the newly developed curriculum with a good rating. The interdisciplinary curriculum led to an increase in learning among the students. However, the heterogeneous results of the case vignettes show that even interdisciplinary lectures are not very efficient in acquiring the competence of "transfer thinking". Nevertheless, interdisciplinary teaching formats should shape the future of dental education, but they should be supplemented by interactive elements. Der Gesetzgeber hat mit der Verordnung zur Neuregelung der zahn&#xe4;rztlichen Ausbildung das Studium der Zahnmedizin neustrukturiert und fordert u. a. eine St&#xe4;rkung der f&#xe4;cher&#xfc;bergreifenden Ausbildung. Diese Forderung war Grundlage f&#xfc;r die Entwicklung eines interdisziplin&#xe4;ren Curriculums, bei dem das Thema &#x201e;Dentale Traumatologie&#x201c; f&#xe4;cher&#xfc;bergreifend vermittelt werden sollte. Es wurde untersucht, ob ein messbarer Lernzuwachs erzielt werden konnte. Das neu gestaltete Curriculum wurde auf Grundlage des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs Zahnmedizin erstellt und fand im Sommersemester 2021 statt. Aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie musste das Lehrmodul stark modifiziert werden. Um den Lernzuwachs der Studierenden zu ermitteln, wurde ein Pr&#xfc;fungsbogen vor (T0) und nach (T1) der Veranstaltung online ausgef&#xfc;llt. Der Pr&#xfc;fungsbogen umfasste reine Wissensfragen und (UV) Fragen zu zwei Fallvignetten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen signifikanten Lernzuwachs bei den Wissensfragen (p<0,05). Bei den Fallvignetten zeigte sich ein heterogenes Bild. Bei der Fallvignette V1 konnte bei Studierenden des achten (p=0,027) und des zehnten (p=0,022), nicht jedoch des sechsten Semesters (p=0,323) ein signifikanter Lernzuwachs erzielt werden. Bei der Fallvignette V2 zeigte sich ein signifikanter Lernzuwachs beim sechsten (p=0,011) und beim zehnten (p=0,003), nicht jedoch beim achten Semester (p=0,298). Die Studierenden evaluierten das neu entwickelte Curriculum mit der Note &#x201e;gut&#x201c;. Das interdisziplin&#xe4;re Curriculum f&#xfc;hrte zu einem Lernzuwachs bei den Studierenden. Allerdings zeigen die heterogenen Ergebnisse der Fallvignetten, dass auch interdisziplin&#xe4;r gestaltete Frontalveranstaltungen wenig effizient bei dem Kompetenzerwerb &#x201e;Transferdenken&#x201c; sind. Dennoch sollten interdisziplin&#xe4;re Lehrformate die zahnmedizinische Lehre der Zukunft pr&#xe4;gen, aber durch interaktive Elemente erg&#xe4;nzt werden.

High intake of processed foods, especially those with high sodium content, is a contributor to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to compare the sodium content of packaged foods and beverages in Nigeria to WHO Global Sodium Benchmarks and similar products in Kenya and South Africa. The study examined packaged foods from major retail stores in the capital cities of the Federal Capital Territory, Kano, and Ogun states in Nigeria from November 2020 to March 2021. Benchmark values were based on the 2021 WHO Global Sodium Benchmarks. We used secondary data from packaged food surveys conducted in South Africa (2015, 2016 and Kenya 2019). Approximately 40.0% (n = 36) of subcategories of packaged foods were captured in the WHO global sodium benchmark. Of these, 64.0% (n = 23) exceeded the benchmarks, including 'processed meat' (912.0 vs. 250.0 mg/100 g), cheese (776.0 vs. 190 mg/100 g), and 'wholegrain chips' (930.0 vs. 470 mg/100 g). Exactly 36.0% (n = 13) had lower sodium content, such as 'rice-based snacks' (113.0 vs. 520 mg/100 g) and 'dried seafood' (400 vs. 800 mg/100 g). In seven out of eleven main food categories (64%), Nigeria had a higher sodium content compared to Kenya. Similarly, Nigeria exhibited higher sodium content than South Africa in six out of eleven food categories (55.0%). With 64.0% of Nigerian subcategories exceeding WHO benchmarks and higher sodium levels than South Africa and Kenya in most categories. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted sodium reduction and product reformulation to align Nigeria's packaged foods with international benchmarks.