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Smart nanopesticides demonstrate excellent potential in the prevention of tomato gray mold. Herein, temperature, pH and GSH triple responsive of pyraclostrobin nanopesticide (CDC-F127-P) is fabricated base on Pluronic F127 and cinnamaldehyde-derived liposome. The maximum fungicide loading of Pyr reaches 52.9%. The particle size and zeta potential are 143 nm and + 29 mV. The release of Pyr increases from 38% to 61% after 48 h as the temperature rises from 5 °C to 35 °C. The value increases from 62% to 87% when the concentration of oxalic acid rises from 0 to 20 mM, which increases from 10% to 37% as the concentration of GSH rises from 0 to 20 mM. The EC₅₀ of CDC-F127-P is 1.96 μg/mL. The inhibition rates of CDC-F127-P for mycelial growth and spore germination are 69.3% and 73.0% at 10 μg/mL. The nucleic acid and protein leakage reaches 124.8 μg/mL and 113.5 μg/mL. A spore mortality rate of 66.4% is arrived. Mitochondrial membrane potential reduces by 96% after treatment with 2 μg/mL. The CDC-F127-P shows a hemolysis rate of 1.8% and a tomato seed germination rate of 60% at 10 μg/mL. The contact angle on the tomato leaf is 74.0o. The liquid holding capacity is 27.5 mg/cm2 and the retention rats is 39.6% after simulated rainfall. The disease inhibition rates reach 64.9% and 71.0% in detached-leaf and potted-plant assays after treatment with 10 μg/mL CDC-F127-P. The triple-responsive CDC-F127-P nanopesticide offers a highly efficient and safe strategy for gray mold control and presents a novel approach for developing green nano-pesticides.
Paraquat (PQ; 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride) is a widely used herbicide and environmental contaminant that disrupts neuronal homeostasis through oxidative stress and apoptosis, leading to dopaminergic and GABAergic dysfunction resulting in neurotransmitter imbalance and Parkinson's disease-like phenotype. Here, we combined phytochemical profiling, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and zebrafish-based assays to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanisms of Cornus officinalis ethanolic extract (COE). UHPLC-MS and HPLC-DAD analyses identified morroniside (133.50 mg/g dry extract) and loganin (62.90 mg/g dry extract) as the predominant constituents of COE. Integrative bioinformatics and transcriptomic analysis identified eight hub genes (th, slc6a3, hspa8, syn2, gap43, gad1, sncb, and drd2) as core targets of COE, with significant enrichment in dopaminergic and GABAergic synaptic pathways. Molecular docking further predicted a high binding affinity (-10.4 kcal mol-1) between p-hydroxycinnamic acid and tyrosine hydroxylase. In vivo experiments demonstrated that PQ exposure (100 μM) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, apoptosis, and the transcriptional downregulation of neuro-markers in zebrafish larvae, resulting in measurable locomotor deficits. Conversely, COE co-treatment (5-20 μg/mL) attenuated ROS production and apoptotic cell death. These effects were accompanied by the upregulation of nrf2 and bcl-2, and the restoration of th and slc6a3 expression. Imaging of Tg(HuC:GFP) and Tg(Hb9:GFP) transgenic lines confirmed that COE preserves neuronal integrity, while behavioral assays validated the recovery of locomotor activity and light/dark responsiveness. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that COE exerts neuroprotection by modulating oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and stabilizing dopaminergic/GABAergic neurotransmission. This study positions C. officinalis as a potent therapeutic candidate for mitigating pesticide-induced neurodegeneration and provides a comprehensive mechanistic framework for its network-level actions.
The tea geometrid Ectropis grisescens is a destructive defoliator in tea plantations, and its management relies heavily on chemical insecticides, raising concerns about resistance development and environmental safety. Botanical insecticides offer a potential alternative, yet little is known about the insecticidal mode of action of the plant-derived compound methyl benzoate (MB) against insect pests. Here, we systematically investigated the bioactivity, transgenerational effects, and mode of action of MB against E. grisescens under laboratory conditions by integrating bioactivity assays, age-stage, two-sex life table analysis, transcriptomic profiling, biochemical analyses, and RNA interference (RNAi). MB exhibited strong contact and fumigation toxicity against E. grisescens, significantly inhibited oviposition and egg hatchability, and also caused significant suppression of population growth in the F1 generation. Time-course transcriptomics revealed an early induction of cuticle- and membrane-related responses followed by marked repression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Consistent with these patterns, MB significantly inhibited the activities of mitochondrial Complex I and Complex V, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content, and induced excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, silencing of mitochondrial genes encoding Complex I (EgNDUFB2 and EgNDUFS4) and Complex V (EgATP5J) subunits markedly increased larval susceptibility to MB and exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MB disrupts mitochondrial energy metabolism by inhibiting Complexes I and V, thereby inducing energy depletion and oxidative damage. These findings provide mechanistic insight into MB toxicity against E. grisescens and contribute to a broader understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying botanical insecticides.
Rice-shrimp integrated systems are ecologically sustainable but face increasing threats from pesticide use. In these systems, pesticides undergo multi-media migration and accumulate in sediments, creating chronic exposure regimes for the benthic crustacean Procambarus clarkii, a key non-target species. This review systematically examines the multi-level toxic effects of commonly used pesticides on P. clarkii, focusing on oxidative stress, immune suppression, digestive dysfunction, and gut microbiota disruption. At the molecular level, the core roles of key signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), are elucidated in mediating abnormal autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, and immune gene expression dysregulation. Based on these findings, a cascade toxicity model is proposed that links molecular initiating events to individual physiological damage and potential population decline. Ecological risk assessment further indicates that chronic risks from pesticide residues in sediments significantly outweigh acute risks from water exposure. Finally, mechanism-driven sustainable management strategies are proposed, including multi-omics biomarker-based early warning systems, constructed wetland purification, and probiotic-functional feeds. This review not only deepens the mechanistic understanding of pesticide toxicity in aquatic invertebrates but also provides a theory-to-practice framework for the green transformation of rice-shrimp systems.
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play pivotal roles in diverse insect physiology, including growth, development, xenobiotic detoxification, and olfaction. In the present study, we identified and characterized a novel P450, LmCYP3136A1, from Locusta migratoria, which lacks the conserved cysteine residue critical for canonical P450 activity in its heme-binding motif. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that LmCYP3136A1 clusters within the CYP3 clan. LmCYP3136A1 was predominantly expressed in the gastric caecum and midgut, with moderate expression in the antenna, and its transcript levels peaked in the 5th-instar nymphal stage. Its expression was significantly induced 6.22-fold by carbaryl and 9.44-time by chlorpyrifos and was also upregulated 1.51-fold by the aggregation pheromone 4-vinylanisole (4-VA) and 1.41-fold by the plant volatile 2-ethylpyrazine. RNAi-mediated silencing enhanced locust susceptibility to malathion and carbaryl, increasing mortality by 35% and 42%, respectively, but not to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. Furthermore, LmCYP3136A1 silencing significantly reduced electroantennogram (EAG) responses to eight volatiles, including 4-VA and decanal, with reductions of up to 83%. Molecular docking revealed ligand binding via hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking. Our findings demonstrate putative dual roles for LmCYP3136A1 in mediating specific insecticide detoxification and regulating olfactory sensitivity, expanding understanding of P450 functional diversity and structural plasticity in insects.
Long-term herbicide programs in Mediterranean perennial systems have imposed sustained selection pressure on weed populations, promoting the evolution of multiple resistance. We investigated resistance mechanisms in Chenopodium album (Ca) and C. vulvaria (Cv) from southern Spain following more than two decades of glyphosate-based management. We aimed to (i) confirm resistance to atrazine, tribenuron-methyl (TM), glyphosate, and 2,4-D; (ii) distinguish between target-site and metabolic resistance; and (iii) characterize the biochemical and molecular basis of cross- and multiple-herbicide resistance. Screening assays revealed high survival (78-100%) of resistant (R) populations to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, photosystem II (PSII)-, auxinic-, and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS)-inhibiting herbicides. Dose-response assays confirmed resistance, with resistance indices (RI) of 6.7 and 5.1 for atrazine, 19.0 and 17.3 for TM, 7.0 and 13.9 for glyphosate, and 6.0 and 6.9 for 2,4-D in CaR and CvR, respectively. Radiolabelled and analytical metabolism assays demonstrated enhanced herbicide metabolism in R populations: atrazine (94-95% vs. 13-16% in S), TM (68-69% vs. 24-25%), 2,4-D (64-65% vs. 2-4%), and glyphosate (39-43% vs. 8-9%). Malathion partially reversed resistance to atrazine, TM, and 2,4-D, supporting cytochrome P450 (CYP450) involvement. In contrast, glyphosate metabolism was independent of CYP450 or glutathione S-transferases inhibition. Biochemical assays showed no differences in PSII or ALS sensitivity (I₅₀ RI ≈ 1), whereas EPSPS inhibition assays revealed a tenfold increase in I₅₀ in CvR. Sequencing identified a Pro-106-Ser substitution in EPSPS exclusively in CvR. Enhanced metabolism predominates in the R Chenopodium spp. populations, with coexistence of metabolic and target-site mechanisms in CvR, increasing the risk of further cross-resistance under continued herbicide reliance.
Banana Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), ranks among the most devastating soil-borne fungal diseases. Prolonged use of single-target fungicides can lead to environmental contamination, resistance evolution, and limited efficacy due to the narrow range of target sites. Therefore, discovering an environmentally friendly fungicide with a novel mechanism of action and multiple targets is crucial for achieving sustainable disease management of banana Fusarium wilt. In this study, six plant-derived compounds were screened for antifungal activity, identifying magnolol (MAG) as the most effective inhibitor, with an EC50 value of 18.17 μg·mL-1. MAG significantly suppressed mycelial growth and conidial germination in vitro and markedly reduced disease incidence and severity in banana seedlings. Integrated transcriptomic and physiological analyses revealed that MAG disrupts membrane integrity, redox homeostasis, and energy metabolism, accompanied by suppression of RNA processing and ribosome biogenesis. Ultrastructural damage, membrane depolarization, and the study of antioxidant enzyme activity further confirmed the severe membrane disruption and the induction of ROS accumulation. Moreover, MAG exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against multiple Fusarium oxysporum formae speciales and Foc races. Collectively, these findings highlight the multi-target antifungal mechanism of MAG, positioning it as a promising and eco-friendly candidate for controlling banana Fusarium wilt, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical treatments. The broad-spectrum activity and low toxicity of MAG make it a potentially key component in future disease management strategies, particularly in reducing pesticide dependence and environmental pollution.
Bumblebees are important pollinators widely used to meet crop pollination demands worldwide. In such cropping systems, the use of different active ingredients for pest control may result in pollinator exposure to a variety of pesticide mixtures. Traditional risk assessment has focused on single-pesticide toxicity to honeybees. However, it is now known that responses vary among bee species, and that interactions between pesticide mixtures can occur, highlighting the need to identify pesticide combinations that are safer for bees. To this end, we evaluated the acute toxicity of three pesticide mixtures -consisting on the neonicotinoid thiacloprid in combination with three different SBI fungicides- on Bombus terrestris bumblebees. Subsequently, their transcriptomic response to dietary exposure to thiacloprid and tebuconazole both individual and in combination was evaluated. Our experiments revealed synergistic toxic effects in bumblebee mortality, as well as on their gene expression profiles. Particularly, we found that the expanded CYP6AQ subfamily of P450 detoxification enzymes changed its expression in response to fungicide treatment. Moreover, recombinant expression of the members of this enzyme subfamily revealed that at least three of them interact in vitro with thiacloprid and that their activity was differentially inhibited depending on the SBI fungicide tested. Finally, the metabolism of thiacloprid by recombinantly expressed P450s was assessed, revealing that CYP6AQ26 generates 4-hydroxy-thiacloprid and six additional tentative thiacloprid metabolites, while CYP6AQ27 and CYP6AQ28 also contribute to its metabolism, but the specific mechanisms remain unresolved. Our findings provide evidence of the different molecular interactions and regulatory responses underlying multiple-pesticide exposure in bees.
Stored product pests have developed widespread resistance to phosphine, limiting its control efficacy and further application. A deep understanding of the mechanism underlying phosphine resistance will help develop new pest control strategies. In our previous study, Escherichia coli, a bacterium isolated from the gut of Tribolium castaneum, significantly enhanced host lipid accumulation and phosphine tolerance. This study further revealed the relationship between E. coli-modulated lipid biosynthesis and phosphine tolerance in T. castaneum adults, along with the underlying molecular mechanisms. Under phosphine stress, E. coli reinoculation helped maintain the structural integrity of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum in fat body cells of T. castaneum adults. In the host fat body, this treatment significantly increased total lipid and phosphatidylcholine (PC) contents while decreasing triglyceride content. In contrast, in the host midgut, it had no effect on total lipid and PC contents, though it still decreased triglyceride content. Furthermore, in the host fat body, E. coli reinoculation upregulated the expression of PC synthesis-related genes (Pcyt1 and bbc), fatty acid synthesis-related genes (ATPCL, ACC, and FASN1), the diacylglycerol synthesis-related gene Lipin, and key lipid synthesis regulatory factors (Xbp1, SREBP, and SCAP), while significantly downregulating the expression of the triglyceride synthesis-related gene midway. Knockdown of Xbp1, SREBP, and SCAP downregulated the expression of Pcyt1, ACC, and FASN1, decreased total lipid, PC, and triglyceride contents in the fat body, and increased mortality in E. coli-gnotobiotic T. castaneum following phosphine exposure. These findings suggest that E. coli activated host lipid synthesis, especially PC synthesis, by upregulating the expression of Xbp1, SREBP, and SCAP, thereby improving the structure and function of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and ultimately enhancing phosphine tolerance in T. castaneum adults. Such knowledge enriches theories of pesticide resistance and enables the application of antimicrobial agents in combination with phosphine to enhance pest control efficacy.
Throughout their evolutionary history, insects have consistently encountered xenobiotic challenges, including insecticides, and have evolved sophisticated metabolic detoxification systems to ensure survival. Afidopyropen is a key insecticide used for controlling Aphis craccivora. However, the rapid evolution of resistance compromises its field efficacy, and the molecular mechanisms responsible remain not fully understood. This study employed an integrated approach combining transcriptomics, functional validation, and regulatory analysis to systematically elucidate the detoxification network of A. craccivora in response to afidopyropen. Transcriptome analysis revealed a specific enrichment of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) genes in the midgut and fat body of afidopyropen-exposed A. craccivora. Functional investigations identified CYP6YC1 and CYP6CY52 as core detoxification genes. Both inhibition of overall P450 enzyme activity and RNA interference-mediated silencing of these two genes significantly restored aphid susceptibility to the insecticide. Further research uncovered a crucial regulatory layer involving two novel miRNAs, PC-5p-117250_8 and PC-3p-120485_7. These miRNAs directly target the coding sequences of CYP6YC1 and CYP6CY52, respectively. Afidopyropen exposure significantly downregulated these miRNAs, while exogenous delivery of their corresponding agomirs effectively suppressed target P450 gene expression and enhanced susceptibility to the insecticide. This study demonstrates that afidopyropen detoxification in A. craccivora is driven by the synergistic action of the specific overexpression of CYP6YC1 and CYP6CY52, fine-tuned by the post-transcriptional regulation mediated by PC-5p-117250_8 and PC-3p-120485_7. These findings enhance our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance and provide a theoretical basis for targeted resistance management and the discovery of novel pest control targets.
The fungus Didymella segeticola is a major plant pathogen which causes significant damages to cultures and important economic losses. It is chiefly responsible for leaf spots and leaf blights of tea and tobacco species, and at least seven other plants. Effective measures are taken to detect early the disease and to limit its propagation and its impact on plant culture. However, novel fungicidal and fungistatic agents are needed to combat D. segeticola-induced leaf spot disease. The present review provides an analysis of the top-10 natural and synthetic products active against D. segeticola and the associated molecular targets and/or mechanism of action. The products include (1) ergosterol synthesis inhibitor jiahuangxianjunzuo, (2) protein translation inhibitor zhongshengmycin, (3) succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor boscalid, (4) nitrate reductase inhibitor kasugamycin, (5) β-tubulin binder griseofulvin, (6) DNA-binding agent carvacrol, (7) pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor phenazine-1-carboxamide, (8) threonine dehydratase inhibitor wuyiencin, (9) glucose regulator erlvejunzuo, and (10) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase inhibitor ningnanmycin. The potency of the compounds varies significantly, with EC50 values from 0.5 nM (boscalid) to 100 μM (kasugamycin). The diversity of products and their molecular targets underline the multiplicity of approaches currently investigated to tackle leaf spot disease. On this basis, novel products and combinations can be proposed and the battle is going again.
Rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is a destructive disease that seriously threatens rice production. Developing effective, low-dose, and low-risk bactericides is therefore important for sustainable agriculture. In this study, fifteen 8-hydroxyquinoline-stabilized group 4 metal complexes based on Ti, Zr, and Hf were synthesized and fully characterized. Among them, the 5-nitro-8-HQ zirconium complex [(L5)4ZrIV] showed the best overall performance, including good aqueous stability, improved solubility, and potent antibacterial activity against Xoo, with a MIC value of 0.39 μg/mL, much lower than that of the commercial bactericide oxine copper. In vivo pot experiments further demonstrated that [(L5)4ZrIV] effectively protected and cured rice leaves infected with Xoo, with protective and curative efficacies of 55.56% and 54.16%, respectively, at the MIC concentration. Mechanistic studies revealed that [(L5)4ZrIV] acts through a multifaceted antibacterial mode involving suppression of Xoo virulence traits, disruption of membrane integrity, singlet oxygen accumulation, collapse of membrane potential, impaired respiration, disturbance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and inhibition of ATP synthase activity, ultimately leading to bacterial death. Preliminary uptake and soil incubation studies further suggested intracellular exposure and limited persistence under the tested conditions, although its environmental fate and ecotoxicological profile require further evaluation. Overall, this study identifies [(L5)4ZrIV] as a promising low-dose lead candidate for controlling rice BLB and highlights 8-HQ-stabilized group 4 metal complexes as a potential platform for developing next-generation agricultural bactericides as alternatives to traditional copper-based pesticides.
The rapid emergence of insecticide resistance, driven by the prolonged and indiscriminate use of conventional insecticides, poses a significant threat to global crop production and food security. The insect ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (iGABAR) remains one of the most validated targets for insecticide discovery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances (2021-2025) in the development of iGABAR-targeted insecticides, with a focus on design strategies and structure-activity relationships (SARs). Key chemotypes are systematically discussed, including phenylpyrazoles, arylisoxazolines, isothiazoles, isoxazoles, meta-diamides, photopharmacological ligands, and natural products. For phenylpyrazoles, structural modifications at the C3, C4, and C5 positions are analyzed for their effects on lipophilicity, receptor affinity, and aquatic toxicity. Within the arylisoxazoline class, strategic manipulation of the amide side chain and core bioisosteric replacement is highlighted as an effective approach to enhance potency against target pests. Innovative strategies are also explored, particularly the use of photopharmacological ligands incorporating azobenzene or dithienylethene photoswitches to achieve precise control of insecticidal activity. The continued relevance of natural products as sources of structurally diverse and environmentally benign leads is also addressed. In addition, resistance mechanisms-including target-site mutations and metabolic detoxification-are summarized to inform resistance management strategies. By consolidating recent progress and identifying key SAR trends, this review serves as a valuable resource to guide the rational design of next-generation insecticides that achieve an optimal balance of high efficacy, target selectivity, and ecological safety.
Pine wilt disease, caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and associated bacterial communities, represents a serious biosecurity threat to global forestry. Phytosanitary management of infested wood requires agents that combine rapid, broad-spectrum bactericidal activity with direct nematicidal efficacy. We characterized the antimicrobial and nematicidal properties of AQAS, a multi-component disinfectant comprising a ternary blend of short-, long-, and double-chain quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) together with ethanol and a dual-chelation buffering system. Against representative bacterial test organisms, AQAS achieved >5.0 log reduction against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus within 1.0 min at a 1:19 working dilution. Time-kill kinetics showed complete inactivation of S. aureus within 30 s and complete elimination of P. aeruginosa within 3 min at 5% AQAS. Fluorescence probe assays (DiSC3(5), NPN, PI) demonstrated membrane depolarisation within 15 s and progressive loss of cell-envelope barrier function, and scanning electron microscopy revealed severe structural disintegration in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. Against B. xylophilus, AQAS produced dose-dependent lethality with an LC50 of 33.32 ppm, accompanied by rigid paralysis and marked cuticular collapse. Component-level bioassays confirmed that each individual QAC constituent, all pairwise binary combinations, and the ternary combination each exhibited independent nematicidal activity (LC50 range 32.23-61.70 ppm), with the pattern not consistent with formal potency synergy. In a laboratory wood-segment immersion assay, 5% AQAS reduced recoverable live nematode numbers by 97.9% and produced 86.2% mortality among recovered individuals. These findings support AQAS as a candidate formulation for rapid phytosanitary disinfection, while field-scale validation under realistic wood-treatment conditions remains necessary.
Avermectins (AVMs) are widely used insecticides that pose potential risks to non-target organisms through environmental exposure. However, their effects on amphibian reproductive systems remain poorly understood. This study conducted a 14-day exposure experiment on the Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) through food (0.36 ng/d), water (0.02 μg/L), and combined treatments to investigate the asymmetric toxic effects of AVM on testicular morphology and function in this species. Results showed that AVM exposure significantly reduced sperm motility and induced histopathological damage in testes, with the strongest toxicity observed in the combined exposure group. Physiological and biochemical analyses revealed oxidative stress and glycolipid metabolic disorders in the testes of AVM-exposed toads, with the left testis exhibiting more severe oxidative damage, glucose accumulation, and weakened antioxidant capacity compared to the right. Transcriptome analysis further demonstrated distinct gene expression patterns between left and right testes: the left testis exhibited more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were enriched in amino acid metabolism pathways, while the right testis exhibited adaptive responses through downregulation of the gluconeogenesis gene PCK1 and upregulation of the antioxidant gene SOD2, enhancing ATP production and antioxidant defense. These findings indicate that AVM induces asymmetric testicular dysfunction in Asiatic toads through oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming, providing new insights into pesticide ecological risk assessment and amphibian conservation strategies.
Deltamethrin is a commonly applied pyrethroid insecticide; however, its relationship with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. Given its widespread residues in the environment and food, and the growing concern over its long-term cardiovascular effects, it is of public health importance to determine whether and how deltamethrin exposure contributes to CHD. This study integrated data from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2021) and Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess causality. Utilizing transcriptomic data associated with CHD and the predicted targets of deltamethrin, core genes were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and machine learning, pinpointing SPI1, IL1B, ICAM1 and FCER1G. These genes were enriched in immune-inflammatory pathways, associated with a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, and showed specific expression in monocytes. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding of deltamethrin to these targets. In vitro experiments demonstrated that deltamethrin dose-dependently inhibited cell viability, induced oxidative stress, and upregulated the expression of the core genes. In conclusion, deltamethrin may increase the risk of CHD, possibly by disrupting the immune-inflammatory networks involving SPI1, IL1B, ICAM1 and FCER1G, providing novel insights into the cardiovascular toxic effects of pyrethroids.
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are small soluble proteins in insects that facilitate the recognition of exogenous ligands, playing crucial roles in olfaction and potentially in detoxification processes. Tuta absoluta is a globally significant pest; however, its CSP gene family remains inadequately characterized. In this study, we identified 23 full-length CSP genes (TabsCSP1-TabsCSP23) through genome-wide analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TabsCSPs are distributed among different lepidopteran clades, supporting the evolutionary conservation of the CSP family and suggesting possible lineage-specific divergence within T. absoluta. Expression profiling revealed that TabsCSP8 was significantly upregulated following spinosad exposure, whereas TabsCSP19 was significantly upregulated following Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) exposure. Developmental expression profiling revealed that TabsCSP8 was highly expressed in adults and 1st instar larvae, while TabsCSP19 showed high expression in adults. Tissue expression profiling further indicated that both TabsCSP8 and TabsCSP19 were predominantly expressed in larval heads and epidermis. Fluorescence competitive binding assays revealed that TabsCSP8 exhibited strong binding affinities to chlorpyrifos (CPF) and moderate binding affinities to the main sex pheromone component (3E,8Z,11Z)-tetradecatrien-1-yl acetate (TDTA), but no detectable binding to the other tested ligands. TabsCSP19 showed no detectable binding to any of the tested ligands. Docking analysis showed that TabsCSP8 interacted with CPF and TDTA mainly through conventional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Collectively, our findings reveal that CSPs in T. absoluta are involved not only in chemoreception but also in insecticide response, underscoring their dual functional roles in environmental adaptation. This study provides valuable molecular insights that could inform the development of novel CSP-based strategies for eco-friendly pest management.
Soil fumigation has been widely reported to increase the bioavailability of manganese (Mn) in soils, yet the microbial processes underlying this response remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated how dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) fumigation regulates soil Mn bioavailability by integrating community-level analysis of Mn-oxidizing microorganisms with cellular-level functional characterization of a representative Mn-oxidizing bacterium. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with internal spike-in standards for absolute abundance estimation revealed that DMDS fumigation induced significant but transient shifts in the structure and assembly patterns of Mn-oxidizing microbial communities, accompanied by increases in bioavailable Mn. As fumigation effects dissipated, microbial community structure and Mn availability exhibited gradual and partial recovery toward pre-fumigation states, depending on soil type and fumigation intensity. Batch culture experiments with the model Mn-oxidizing bacterium Pseudomonas putida MnB1 further demonstrated that DMDS fumigation resulted in a 44.53-59.38% reduction in Mn oxidation activity and markedly suppressed biofilm formation. These functional impairments were accompanied by large-scale transcriptional reprogramming, with 4639 genes showing differential expression, primarily enriched in energy metabolism and Mn oxidation-related pathways. Protein structure prediction and molecular docking analyses provided complementary molecular-level insights suggesting a potential interaction between DMDS and Mn oxidation-associated proteins. Collectively, these results indicate that enhanced soil Mn bioavailability following fumigation is closely associated with reversible disturbances to microbial Mn oxidation processes across community and cellular scales. This study advances a cross-scale functional framework linking fumigation disturbance, microbial Mn oxidation capacity, and redox-sensitive micronutrient dynamics in soil systems.
Mancozeb-tolerant rhizobacteria isolated from apple orchard soils of Kashmir were evaluated for biodegradation, metabolite production, plant growth-promoting traits, and genomic stability. Two isolates, K-6 and K-8, showed high tolerance (1200-1400 μg/mL) and were identified as Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas oleovorans, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed strain-specific extracellular metabolite production in mancozeb-amended cultures. Strain K-6 synthesized glucans, polysaccharides, fatty acids, proteins, and biosurfactants, while strain K-8 produced diverse exopolysaccharides, glycolipids, peptide-linked biosurfactants, lipid derivatives, and phosphoester-containing compounds, enhancing biofilm formation and interaction with hydrophobic substrates. Comparative FTIR profiling also demonstrated strain specific progressive disruption of the dithiocarbamate functional group like CN and CS vibrations, with partial cleavage by K-6 and advanced oxidative transformation by K-8, indicated by dominant hydroxyl and carbonyl-associated bands. GC-MS analysis further confirmed strain-dependent degradation pathways. Strain K-6 mediated partial degradation, producing fatty acid esters, sulfur-oxidized intermediates, and smaller aliphatic compounds, reflecting enzymatic cleavage of sulfur-rich moieties. In contrast, strain K-8 exhibited advanced biotransformation, generating saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, amide derivatives, and triterpenoid compounds such as α-amyrin, indicating deeper metabolic assimilation. These strain specific degradation of mancozeb might be due to the synthesis of strain specific biosurfactants and polymers. Both strains displayed multiple plant growth-promoting traits; however, K-6 showed superior mineral solubilization and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. Fluorescence microscopy-based comet analysis confirmed genomic stability of both strains under high mancozeb exposure. These findings highlight the strain-specific and multifunctional potential of indigenous rhizobacteria for mancozeb detoxification and sustainable agricultural applications.