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Extensive research with rodent models has shown detrimental effects of early-life adversity (ELA) on behavioral (e.g., impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression) and neurobiological processes (e.g., alterations of neuroendocrine processes and maturation of brain areas). However, heterogeneous methodologies, including types and variations of ELA manipulations could have contributed to inconsistent findings across studies. Recent research indicates that the combination of the two most widely implemented rodent ELA protocols, Maternal Separation (MS) and Limited Bedding/Nesting (LBN), produces consistent and robust behavioral effects. We assessed the effects of combined MS-LBN on four processes linked to both ELA and behavioral disorders in later stages of life: incentive salience of reward cues, and impulsive choice, action, and persistence/perseverance. Sixteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided in groups of combined MS-LBN during postnatal days 2-21 and without ELA. They were exposed to an Autoshaping Pavlovian conditioning task (AUT), a delay-discounting task (DDT), and acquisition and extinction of a multiple schedule of reinforcement with long and short Variable Intervals (VI) across a span of 18 weeks. Compared to the No-ELA group, ELA rats displayed higher goal-tracking during the AUT (higher nose-poking in the food-delivery location), higher impulsive choice during test and 7-week re-test of the DDT (preference for the smaller-sooner reinforcer over the larger-later), and less efficient responding during the long-interval schedule of reinforcement (more unnecessary responses per pellet). Associations between autoshaping and reinforcement-schedule performance were identified, with ELA moderating the relationship between sign tracking and efficiency during training and persistence/perseverance during extinction. Combined MS-LBN was associated with task-specific changes in reward-related and impulsive behavior in male rats. These complex patterns of disruptions across behavioral processes adds further support to the notion that combined ELA protocols are promising robust models of adverse rearing in humans, which often entails multiple stressors. Not applicable.
Studies have shown that young children are more likely to persist on tasks when they are exposed to adults in their immediate environment who are persistent themselves. Here, we examined whether listening to three readily available commercial storybooks featuring perseverant characters would increase children's effort on difficult tasks. We worked with 154 children in Grades 2 and 3. Eighty-seven participants were randomly selected to hear storybooks that focused on overcoming adversity, while the remaining 67 students heard storybooks that focused on wordplay. Children in both groups were pretested, heard a different story each day for three days, and were posttested 24 h after storybook reading was complete. Each storybook read aloud included one vocabulary term appropriate to the stories' theme. Children completed target vocabulary assessments and challenging tasks (e.g., mazes, tangrams) at pre and posttest. Our results showed an adversity advantage. Namely, the Struggle group demonstrated significant increases in time-on-task, number of attempts, and accuracy across difficult tasks at posttest. We found that exposure to struggle-themed storybooks produced measurable gains in perseverance relative to an active control. Commercially available storybooks, when paired with explicit vocabulary instruction, offer educators and parents a simple, scalable tool to promote perseverance.
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Longitudinal studies examining how personality variables predict substance use in adolescents in Latin America are scarce. This study examined variations in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use over three years among Argentinian adolescents, and assessed how impulsivity and risk-taking (at Time 1) prospectively discriminate between adolescents with and without binge drinking, tobacco and cannabis use at Time 3. A longitudinal design was employed. A total of 1080 adolescents (M=12.27 years, SD=0.952; 54% girls) from Córdoba (Argentina) completed, once per year for three years, a risk-taking task (BART) and a survey assessing substance use and trait impulsivity. Drug use increased over time, reaching lifetime prevalence rates of 85% (alcohol), 18% (tobacco), and 8% (cannabis) at the final assessment. Tobacco use was significantly higher (p ≤ .05) among girls and cannabis use was higher (p ≤ .01) among boys. Higher levels of negative urgency (PR = 1.023), lack of premeditation (PR = 1.025), lack of perseverance (PR = 1.045), sensation seeking (PR = 1.036), and risk-taking (PR = 1.008) at baseline were associated with a higher prevalence of BD two years later. Higher levels of lack of perseverance (PR = 1.033) and sensation seeking (PR = 1.029) were associated with a higher subsequent prevalence of tobacco use. Lack of premeditation (PR = 1.057), lack of perseverance (PR = 1.042), sensation seeking (PR = 1.033), and risk-taking (PR = 1.019) were associated with a higher subsequent prevalence of marijuana use. Adolescents with higher levels of impulsivity and risk-taking constitute a relevant subpopulation for the design of preventive interventions aimed at delaying the onset and progression towards problematic substance use. Son escasos los estudios longitudinales que, en Latinoamérica, describen como las variables de personalidad predicen el consumo de sustancias en adolescentes. Este estudio examinó variaciones en el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y marihuana, a lo largo de tres años, en adolescentes, y analizó como la impulsividad y toma de riesgos (en el Tiempo 1 [T1]) discriminan prospectivamente entre adolescentes con y sin consumo episódico excesivo de alcohol (BD, binge drinking), tabaco y marihuana en el Tiempo 3. Se utilizó un diseño longitudinal. Mil ochenta adolescentes (M=12,27 años, DE=0,95; 54% chicas) de Córdoba (Argentina) completaron, una vez por año durante tres años, una prueba de toma de riesgos (BART) y una encuesta sobre consumo de sustancias e impulsividad rasgo. El consumo de sustancias aumentó con el tiempo, alcanzando prevalencias de consumo alguna vez en la vida de 85% (alcohol), 18% (tabaco) y 8% (marihuana) en la última medición. El consumo de tabaco fue significativamente mayor en chicas (p ≤ 0,05) y el de marihuana más alto en chicos (p ≤ 0,01). Mayores niveles de urgencia negativa (RP = 1,023), falta de premeditación (RP = 1,025), falta de perseverancia (RP = 1,045), búsqueda de sensaciones (RP = 1,036) y toma de riesgos (RP = 1,008) en T1 se asociaron con una mayor prevalencia de BD dos años después. Mayores niveles de falta de perseverancia (RP = 1,033) y búsqueda de sensaciones (RP = 1,029) se asociaron con una mayor prevalencia posterior de consumo de tabaco. Falta de premeditación (RP = 1,057), falta de perseverancia (RP = 1,042), búsqueda de sensaciones (RP = 1,033) y toma de riesgos (RP = 1,019) se asociaron con una mayor prevalencia posterior de consumo de marihuana. Las personas adolescentes con mayores niveles de impulsividad y toma de riesgos constituyen una subpoblación relevante para el diseño de intervenciones preventivas orientadas a retrasar el inicio y progresión hacia comportamientos de uso problemático.
Objective: The aim of the study was to devise and validate a new questionnaire-Psycho-Vox-for diagnosis of muscle tension dysphonia and develop normative data for Polish-speaking adults. The tool was designed to measure 10 key psychological and social dimensions that have a bearing on functional voice disorders (FVDs), namely perseverance, coping with stress style (task-oriented or avoiding-oriented), mental well-being, resilience, burnout, family and social relationships, and tendency to project a positive self-image, tendency to exaggerate symptoms. Methods: The validation study involved 164 participants (46.3% were patients with muscle tension dysphonia and 53.7% were in good health; 92.7% were women). Their ages ranged from 18 to 76 years (M = 40.2; SD = 13.1). The Psycho-Vox questionnaire comprised 80 items, which participants rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Construct validity was tested using factor analysis with principal component rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was determined using Cronbach's α, and linguistic comprehension was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES, Polish version) and the Jasnopis indicator. Sten norms were developed for the entire sample. Results: Factor analysis confirmed the 10-factor structure of the questionnaire, consistent with theoretical assumptions (KMO = 0.734; χ2(3160) = 8643.41; p < 0.001), with 89.2% classification agreement. Cronbach's α for individual scales ranged from 0.705 to 0.837, confirming high internal reliability. The results of the FRES and Jasnopis tests indicate that the tool is understandable to adults with secondary or higher education. Significant differences were found between the patient group and the control group in terms of family relationships (p < 0.001), social capital (p = 0.003), mental well-being (p = 0.007), tendency to project a positive self-image (p = 0.004), and tendency to exaggerate symptoms (p = 0.005). A logistic regression model (χ2(10) = 62.27; p < 0.001; Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2(8) = 5.00; p = 0.757) showed that belonging to the patient group was positively associated with higher scores on the scales of family relationships, mental resilience, mental well-being, tendency to project a positive self-image, and symptom exaggeration, while negatively associated with perseverance and task-oriented coping with stress. The classification accuracy of the model was 73.2%. Sten norms were developed for all diagnostic scales. Conclusions: The Psycho-Vox questionnaire is characterised by good construct validity, high reliability, and practical clinical usefulness. The tool can be used in the differential diagnosis of muscle tension dysphonia and in monitoring the progress of treatment and rehabilitation.
Background: Digital gaming is an integral part of children's everyday lives and may relate to both cognitive development and psychosocial well-being. Although computational thinking is considered a key skill for navigating digital environments, limited research has examined how digital game addiction relates to computational thinking and well-being, particularly among children with chronic health conditions such as structural heart disease. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the associations among digital game addiction, computational thinking skills, and well-being among middle school children with structural heart disease and their typically developing peers. Methods: An exploratory correlational design was employed. The sample consisted of 30 children with structural heart disease and 25 typically developing peers aged 10-14 years. Data were collected using the Computational Thinking Skills Scale, the Digital Game Addiction Scale for Children, and the EPOCH Well-Being Scale. Relationships among variables were examined using correlation analyses. Results and Conclusions: Among children with structural heart disease, higher levels of digital game addiction were associated with lower creativity, collaboration, and overall computational thinking skills. Computational thinking skills were positively associated with selected dimensions of well-being, particularly connectedness and perseverance. In typically developing children, digital game addiction was negatively associated with several computational thinking dimensions, whereas perseverance and certain aspects of well-being were positively associated with computational thinking skills. Overall, digital game addiction showed limited associations with well-being in both groups. These findings suggest that the relationships among digital game addiction, computational thinking, and well-being may be complex and context-dependent. Given the exploratory correlational design and relatively small sample size, the results should be considered preliminary.
Nurses show low enthusiasm for senior title promotion despite its career benefits. Understanding their experiences and difficulties can inform more effective policy implementation. The nurse promotion system directly affects remuneration and work enthusiasm. Mobilizing nurses' initiative within this framework remains a key challenge for policymakers and hospital administrators. To explore the views and experiences of clinical nurses with intermediate titles on the promotion system of senior titles. A descriptive phenomenological study was conducted. A total of 13 clinical nurses with intermediate professional titles from 11 different departments (the average years of obtaining the intermediate title were 7.54 years) participated in face-to-face semistructured interviews. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step data analysis method (1978). The COREQ guidelines were followed for reporting. Rigor was ensured through member checking and peer debriefing. Five categories emerged: Escape (perceived inadequacy, clinical/family burden, and lack of guidance/role models); Transform (clinical influence, environmental impact, and enhanced self-awareness); Challenge (research learning, degree hurdles, and trial/failure); Reflection (early career planning, perseverance, and continuous self-growth); and Expect (career/psychological support, research environment, and diversified criteria). These categories formed a cyclical process from Escape to Transform, interrupted by Challenge, leading to Reflection, and culminating in Expect for systemic change. Nursing managers and educators should attach great importance to the promotion experience of nurses, promptly address their promotion needs, and provide career planning training and guidance as early as possible. By planning career development in advance, actively learning and enhancing professional and research capabilities, the comprehensive ability and professional pride of nurses can be strengthened, and the promotion rate of senior professional titles for nurses can be increased. Nurse managers, policy makers, and nursing schools should jointly design a career development framework including mentorship, protected research time, methodological support, career planning workshops, diversified criteria, and innovation-friendly environments. Context-tailored implementation may enhance nurses' promotion enthusiasm and success rates.
This study estimated the prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) among Mexican university students and identified key risk and protective factors. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from a convenience sample of 712 students (Mage = 19.76 years, SD = 1.68; 42.7% female). Pearson chi-squared tests, correlation analyses, and binomial logistic regression were employed to examine associations and predictors of IGD. The estimated prevalence of probable IGD was 2.1% in the overall sample and 5.4% among active gamers. Gaming-related factors, such as weekly gaming hours, exposure to toxic gaming communities, and motivations based on violent gratification or coping, were positively associated with IGD, as were specific impulsivity traits. Conversely, gaming for fun, perceived social support, and emotional intelligence were negatively associated with IGD. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lack of perseverance (OR = 1.324, 95% CI [1.056 to 1.660]) and lower perceived peer social support (OR = 0.795, 95% CI [0.647 to 0.977]) were statistically significantly associated with increased likelihood of IGD among Mexican gamers. These findings provide evidence for developing culturally tailored interventions in university settings to mitigate the risks associated with problematic gaming behaviors.
This study aimed to examine the associations between impulsivity, dysfunctional eating styles (emotional, external, and restrictive eating), and binge eating in a nonclinical sample of young adults, as well as to test the mediating role of dysfunctional eating styles in the relationship between impulsivity and binge eating. A total of 390 young adults (Mage = 22.36, 59% women) self-reported impulsivity (UPPS-P scale), dysfunctional eating styles (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire), binge eating (Binge Eating Scale), weight and height. Negative urgency was significantly associated with emotional (β = 0.353, p < 0.001), external (β = 0.379, p < 0.001), and restrictive eating (β = 0.266, p < 0.001). Additionally, lack of perseverance was positively associated with external eating (β = 0.105, p = 0.050). All dysfunctional eating styles were positively linked to binge eating: emotional eating (β = 0.306, p < 0.001), external eating (β = 0.183, p < 0.001), and restrictive eating (β = 0.461, p < 0.001). Indirect effects revealed that only negative urgency was connected to binge eating through emotional eating (β = 0.106, p < 0.001), external eating (β = 0.068, p = 0.003), and restrictive eating (β = 0.120, p = 0.001). The findings highlight the central role of negative urgency in the emergence of dysfunctional eating styles and binge eating, underscoring the importance of addressing negative urgency and dysfunctional eating styles in prevention programs and interventions to reduce the risk of binge eating.
Stroke survivors often face complex challenges even after completing formal rehabilitation. This scoping review synthesizes qualitative research (2015-2025) on post-stroke experiences, focusing equally on emotional/psychological, physical, and social reintegration aspects. Thirteen studies (totaling over 250 stroke survivors across varied ages and regions) were included. The findings reveal that survivors commonly grapple with emotional distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, loss of identity), persistent physical impairments (e.g., fatigue, mobility limitations), and difficulties re-establishing social roles and relationships. Despite these challenges, many survivors gradually adapt through personal perseverance and support from family, peers, and health professionals. Gaps in post-discharge support were evident, with survivors often feeling abandoned once formal therapy ended. We present four tables summarizing study characteristics and key themes, and four figures illustrating trends and conceptual relationships. Overall, holistic, person-cantered approaches addressing psychological well being, long-term physical needs, and social reintegration are essential. This review highlights the importance of coordinated follow-up services and support systems to enhance quality of life and community participation for stroke survivors after rehabilitation.
Using a Raman spectrometer onboard the Perseverance rover, we report the heterogeneous distribution of organic carbon within mudstones located in an ancient river valley on Mars. Measurements of two mudstones show hundreds of organic detections, making this the most robust organic detection in Jezero crater thus far, and, to our knowledge, the only detection of macromolecular carbon on a natural rock surface on Mars. Spectra of the interior of one rock reveal an association of organics with secondary carbonate and sulfate minerals, whereas another rock exhibits an association of organics with primary silicate-dominated matrix. Although in situ Raman analyses cannot determine whether these organics denote abiotic or biotic sources, the organic association with both depositional and diagenetic minerals and the detection of organics on the martian surface suggests that the organics observed ubiquitously at the Bright Angel outcrop may be resistant to radiation and oxidation or have been relatively recently exposed.
Social media platforms play an increasing role in how stuttering is represented in public discourse. In Arabic-speaking contexts, little is known about the stuttering-related content available online, including who produces it, what types of advice circulate, and how engagement differs across sources. This study examined Arabic-language stuttering discourse on Instagram, focusing on associations among source identity, advice type, and post-level engagement (likes and comments). A structured content analysis was conducted on 500 Arabic-language Instagram posts related to stuttering collected over seven months. Posts were coded for source identity, advice type, and valence. Associations between source identity, advice type, and engagement (likes and comments) were modeled using logistic and negative binomial regression. Qualitative contextual coding was used to interpret recurrent narrative patterns underlying quantitative associations. Intercoder reliability was assessed using Krippendorff's alpha, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of model estimates. Non-clinical sources, including special educators and digital content creators, produced the majority of posts (77.4%). Advice type varied significantly by source identity, χ²(8, N = 500) = 102.81, p < .001, Cramér's V = .45, with several non-clinical sources showing substantially higher odds of posting non-evidence-based advice (e.g., AORs ≈ 4.9-7.2). Engagement also differed by source and advice type. Non-evidence-based posts were associated with higher rates of likes (RR = 1.46, p = .004) and comments (RR = 1.39, p = .027), with the highest engagement observed for non-evidence-based posts authored by digital creators. Intercoder reliability ranged from Krippendorff's α = .72-.88 across coded variables. Qualitative contextual coding identified recurring narrative patterns centered on self-acceptance, perseverance, and claims of fluency change, alongside content with varying alignment with clinical perspectives. Arabic-language Instagram reflects a discourse environment in which stuttering-related information is produced largely by non-clinical sources and engagement does not consistently correspond to clinical expertise. Visibility appears influenced by content characteristics, structural and cultural contexts, and platform dynamics. These findings point to a hybrid credibility system in which professional and experiential perspectives intersect and highlight considerations for digital health communication about stuttering in Arabic-speaking contexts. They also contribute to broader discussions of how health-related information circulates within digital environments.
In response to the revised Australian Medical Council Standards for Assessment and Accreditation of Primary Medical Programs, many medical education providers are adapting to meet increased expectations regarding First Nations Health and Cultural Safety. Rather than a competency-based approach, which is prevalent throughout medical education, the revised expectations require a fundamental shift in institutional ideological, ontological and epistemological function. To meaningfully engage in this transformation, medical education providers must consider principles and qualities that enable development in these focus areas. To realise progress, an ongoing, personal and collective critical self-reflexive process that centres First Nations self-determination, and that is underpinned by humility, courage, accountability, responsiveness and perseverance, is beneficial for providers and their staff. Conversely, those institutions and individuals who omit such practise, risk inertia in their development.
Adolescence involves pronounced changes in sleep timing and duration that have been linked to executive functioning, impulsivity, and risk behaviors, yet evidence for generalizable sleep - self-regulation associations remains limited. We used regularized canonical correlation analysis to examine multivariate relationships between sleep and self-regulation across two independent cohorts. In the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 11,143), later chronotype and shorter sleep duration were associated with higher impulsivity, particularly urgency and deficits in planning and perseverance (r = 0.21, permutation p < 0.001), with minimal contribution from delay discounting. Social jetlag showed weak loadings. In the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence cohort (n = 831), only one canonical function was statistically significant (r = 0.15, p = 0.011), characterized by later chronotype and greater social jetlag, with minimal contribution from sleep duration and primary loadings on impulsivity-related measures. Applying the ABCD-derived sleep - self-regulation pattern to NCANDA produced a small but nonzero association, driven primarily by social jetlag and delayed sleep timing, with minimal influence of sleep duration. These findings provide multivariate evidence linking delayed sleep timing and circadian misalignment to adolescent self-regulation, though effect sizes attenuate across cohorts. Longitudinal work is needed to clarify predictive pathways and inform sleep-focused interventions during this vulnerable developmental period.
Gut microbial dysbiosis has been implicated in the onset and/or progression of colorectal cancer (CC). We recently identified the emergence of low-abundance bacterial taxa affiliated with the phylum Bacillota in the gut microbiome of CC patients, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Here, we subjected the fecal samples from CC (n = 4) and healthy control (HC, n = 4) participants to functional metagenomics using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) showed compositional differences among bacterial phylotypes in CC and HC. Species observed, richness (Chao1), and diversity (Shannon's) were high in CC, whereas species abundance peaked in HC. The Bacillota to Pseudomonadota ratio was high (> 3-fold) in CC (2.45) as compared to HC (0.70). MAGs revealed a decline in the distribution frequency of COGs involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism (G), inorganic ion transport and metabolism (P), and unknown function (S) in CC. However, CC and HC samples exhibited marginal variations in terms of G/P (1.29 and 1.18, respectively) and G/S (0.35 and 0.40, respectively) ratios. Analysis further revealed a significant increment in glycosyltransferases GT1, GT2 and GT4, particularly in CC. In contrast, the glycoside hydrolases GH5 and GH9 declined in CC. GT/GH ratios were found to increase > 2-fold in CC (3.94) compared with HC (1.37). The present pilot-scale dataset-specific work reflects perseverance of Bacillota, significant decline in Pseudomonadota, a stable G/P and G/S ratios and enrichment of glycosyltransfererases in CC. Further transcriptomic-based studies in larger cohorts are warranted to gain insights into the implications of dysbiosis and its pathophysiological relevance. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04882-0.
Quantification of band parameters in spectral data typically requires iteratively fitting the spectroscopic feature to Gaussian, Lorentzian, or pseudo-Voigt functions for the extraction of band height, width, position, and area values. However, there are currently no adequate methods of measuring their errors. Previously, Lenz and Ayres ["Errors Associated with Fitting Gaussian Profiles to Noisy Emission-Line Spectra". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 1992. 104: 1104. DOI: 10.1086/133096] addressed this problem for Gaussian fits by empirically fitting a set of model data to derive equations for the calculation of Gaussian band parameter errors. However, the treatment of only Gaussian fitting functions greatly limits utility. In this study, we extend their error calculation methods to include Lorentzian and pseudo-Voigt fits for error analysis in a wide range analytical techniques that utilize spectral fitting. We do this empirically by fitting a model dataset of noisy spectral signals to Gaussian, Lorentzian, and pseudo-Voigt functions to calculate the accuracy and precision of the fits. We derive a set of equations for the simple calculation of band fitting errors. In addition, the simple calculation of band height and area errors allows for easy calculation of multi-pixel signal-to-noise ratios that were previously shown to significantly improve instrument limit-of-detection [Jakubek et al. "Improving Spectroscopic Detection Limits with Multi-Pixel Signal-to-Noise Ratio Calculations: Application to the SHERLOC Instrument Aboard the Perseverance Rover". Analytica Chimica Acta. 2025. 1357: 344072. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2025.344072]. The results of this work are broadly applicable to most analytical techniques that produce spectral data.
Although impulsivity is commonly associated with eating disorders (EDs) comorbid with self-harm, no prior reviews have investigated whether ED groups with co-occurring self-harm exhibit increased impulsivity-related traits. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized the differences between ED groups with vs. without self-harm/suicidal behaviour, with respect to impulsivity-related domains. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched for comparative observational studies using electronic databases, reference lists, personal reference collection and requests sent to authors in the field for unpublished data. We included studies conducted from 1994 onwards that compared clinical ED groups with vs. without self-harm/suicidal behaviour on impulsivity-related domains, as assessed using questionnaires. We used a two-stage screening process conducted by independent reviewers and the Joanna Briggs Institute's tool for risk of bias assessment. Results were synthesized narratively and quantitatively, using separate random-effects meta-analyses for each impulsivity-related domain. According to meta-analytic results, clinical ED groups with self-harm/suicidal behaviour exhibited significantly increased scores on Negative Urgency (k = 10, g = 0.55), Lack of Premeditation (k = 8, g = 0.34), Lack of Perseverance (k = 8, g = 0.20) and Sensation Seeking (k = 8, g = 0.10). Only two studies assessed Positive Urgency, both reporting non-significant differences. Negative Urgency emerged as the prime impulsivity-related trait associated with self-harm in ED groups, therefore strengthening the evidence for emotion-driven impulsivity as a transdiagnostic factor of psychopathology. The small number of studies included, considerable heterogeneity and predominance of female samples should be taken into account when interpreting current findings.