搜索结果：Parasite epidemiology and control

The 2023 iteration of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) estimated prevalence, incidence, and health burden for 375 diseases and injuries, including 12 mental disorders. We assess past, current, and emerging trends in the prevalence and burden of mental disorders across sexes and age groups, for 21 regions, 204 countries and territories, and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, from 1990 to 2023. Mental disorders included in GBD 2023 were anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. A literature review identified epidemiological data for each disorder. These were analysed via a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate prevalence by disorder, sex, age, location, and year. Disorder-specific prevalence was multiplied by disability weights representing the severity of health loss associated with each disorder to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths due to anorexia nervosa were assessed with a Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to estimate deaths by sex, age, location, and year, and then multiplied by the standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs equalled disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all mental disorders except anorexia nervosa (the only mental disorder considered as an underlying cause of death in GBD), for which DALYs represented the sum of YLDs and YLLs. We presented prevalence, deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs as counts, age-specific rates per 100 000 population, and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population. We estimated 1·17 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·06-1·31) prevalent cases of mental disorders globally in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised prevalence rate of 14 210·7 cases (12 849·5-15 940·1) per 100 000 population. These estimates represented a 95·5% (75·0-121·2) increase in prevalent cases and 24·2% (11·4-41·4) increase in age-standardised prevalence rate between 1990 and 2023. All mental disorders showed increases in prevalent cases between 1990 and 2023, while notable increases were seen in age-standardised prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. There were an estimated 171 million (127-228) DALYs due to mental disorders globally across sex and age in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised DALY rate of 2070·5 DALYs (1519·1-2750·5) per 100 000 population. Mental disorders contributed to 6·1% (4·8-7·6) of all-cause DALYs in 2023, making them the fifth leading cause of global DALYs (up from 12th in 1990). DALYs were almost entirely composed of YLDs. Mental disorders were the leading cause of YLDs in 2023 (up from second in 1990), explaining 17·3% (14·8-20·6) of all-cause global YLDs. Leading causes of mental disorder DALYs were anxiety disorders (ranked 11th among the 304 diseases and injuries at Level 4 of the GBD cause hierarchy), major depressive disorder (15th), and schizophrenia (41st). Globally in 2023, mental disorder age-standardised DALY rates were higher among females (2239·6 [1643·7-3014·1] per 100 000) than among males (1900·2 [1399·8-2510·8] per 100 000), and peaked in the 15-19 years age group (2617·3 [1850·6-3696·8] per 100 000). All locations showed increased mental disorder DALY rates in 2023 compared with 1990, ranging across countries and territories from 1302·4 (952·7-1683·7) per 100 000 in Viet Nam to 3555·8 (2661·9-4715·0) per 100 000 in the Netherlands. Across SDI quintiles, DALY rates ranged from 1853·0 (1352·1-2469·3) per 100 000 for middle SDI to 2184·1 (1606·1-2890·3) per 100 000 for high SDI. A significant health burden was imposed by mental disorders in all countries and territories in 2023, irrespective of the health resources available. In some instances, this burden has increased over time and is unevenly distributed across populations. Stronger surveillance systems, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are required. Additionally, we need more coordinated and inclusive policies to reduce the burden through early treatment and prevention, tailored to sex and age differences across locations. Responding to the mental health needs of our global population, especially those most vulnerable, is an obligation, not a choice. Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.

Foodborne illnesses pose a significant global health issue. In Ethiopia, particularly in rapidly expanding urban areas such as Bule Hora Town, the combination of rapid urbanization, inadequate infrastructure, and poor hygiene conditions has created a high-risk environment for the transmission of enteric bacterial infections and intestinal parasites. The widespread consumption of street food in Bule Hora Town contributes substantially to the incidence of foodborne illnesses. To evaluate the occurrence of enteric bacteria, intestinal parasites, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and its related factors among street food vendors in Bule Hora town. A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in the town of Bule Hora from April to May 2024. The current study enrolled 230 randomly chosen street food vendors in Bule Hora town. Data were obtained through direct interviews by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Both Stool samples and finger nails were taken from the food vendors for bacteria and parasite identification. Wet mount, formal ether concentration technique, culture and biochemical tests were used to identify enteric bacteria and intestinal parasites. The data were entered and analyzed using Epi-Data 3.1 and SPSS version 25, using logistic regression analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The general prevalence of enteric bacterial pathogens and intestinal parasites was 7.8% (95% CI: 5.4%-10.2%) and 20.8% (95% CI: 17.35%-24.25%) respectively. Of the identified pathogens Ascaris lumbricoides (41.6%) and Salmonella (7.4%) were the most common parasite and enteric bacterial infections, respectively. Untrimmed fingernails, drinking raw milk, absence of hand washing with soap after the toilet, and eating raw vegetables or fruit were factors linked to prevalence of enteric bacteria and intestinal parasite infections. Further, all the Salmonella and Shigella strains identified displayed complete resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. The study identified a significant prevalence of enteric bacteria and intestinal parasites among street food vendors in the current study area. Bule Hora Health Bureau, in collaboration with the town municipality, should provide regular medical checkups and health education for street-food vendors in the town.

Cryptosporidium is a waterborne and zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease that disproportionately affects young children and immunocompromised individuals in low- and middle-income settings. In Southeast Asia, ecological diversity, agricultural intensification, and uneven sanitation infrastructure create overlapping transmission pathways across human, animal, and environmental domains. Despite a growing body of regional literature, the structure of the evidence base and its utility for surveillance and control have not been comprehensively evaluated using an integrated One Health lens. This protocol outlines the methodology for a scoping review mapping the published literature on Cryptosporidium in Southeast Asia, characterizing the distribution of evidence on prevalence, diagnostic methods, species and genotype diversity, and environmental, food-related, and socioeconomic determinants of transmission across human, animal, and environmental domains. The review follows the Arksey and O'Malley framework, refined by Levac and colleagues and the Joanna Briggs Institute, and is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Five databases were searched from inception through September 30, 2024: PubMed, Embase, CABI Digital Library, Cochrane Library, and Index Medicus for the South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), supplemented by backward citation tracking and targeted searches of organizational websites. Studies were included if they reported primary data on Cryptosporidium in human, animal, or environmental samples collected from one or more of the eleven Southeast Asian countries and addressed prevalence, diagnostic methods, or transmission risk factors. Reviews, editorials, letters, conference abstracts, and non-English publications were excluded. No formal risk-of-bias assessment was conducted, consistent with scoping review methodology. Data were organized thematically and synthesized descriptively, with findings presented across One Health domains using tables, figures, and maps generated in RStudio (version 2023.09.1+494). Database searches retrieved 889 records before deduplication. After removing 177 duplicates, 711 unique records underwent title and abstract screening. Of 333 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 176 studies were included in the final synthesis, representing nine of eleven Southeast Asian countries and spanning 1985 to 2024. Data extraction and analysis are complete. The manuscript reporting the full findings is being prepared for submission to a peer-reviewed journal. This scoping review provides a comprehensive cross-domain mapping of evidence on Cryptosporidium in Southeast Asia. The findings are expected to identify structural gaps in the regional evidence base, characterize diagnostic heterogeneity and its implications for surveillance utility, and support the development of integrated One Health surveillance strategies in the region.

Toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan parasite that can cause serious outcomes, especially during pregnancy, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and congenital abnormalities. This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and explore associated risk factors among women with a history of abortion or stillbirth in Kars, Turkey. A total of 274 women were included -137 with a history of abortion or stillbirth, and 137 healthy controls. Participants completed a 26-item questionnaire assessing possible risk factors for infection. Serum samples were analysed using the micro-ELISA method. In the patient group, IgG and IgM seropositivity rates were 32.8% and 1.5%, respectively while in the control group, IgG and IgM were 35% and 0.7% respectively. Overall, the prevalences of IgG and IgM in the two groups were 33.9% and 1.1% respectively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Significant associations were found in the patient group between seropositivity and factors such as educational level, number of previous pregnancies, abortions, and preterm births, and the source of drinking water (p < 0.05). In the control group, income level, feeding cats in the garden, and consumption of raw milk were significantly associated with seropositivity (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant association was found between T. gondii seropositivity and a history of abortion or stillbirth when compared with the control group. The findings also reveal a relatively high seroprevalence of T. gondii in the region and suggest that several sociodemographic and behavioral factors may contribute to exposure to the parasite. Therefore, public health interventions tailored to local hygiene and dietary habits are recommended. Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite protozoaire largement r&#xe9;pandu pouvant entra&#xee;ner des issues graves, en particulier pendant la grossesse, notamment des fausses couches, des mortinaissances, des naissances pr&#xe9;matur&#xe9;es et des anomalies cong&#xe9;nitales. Cette &#xe9;tude a &#xe9;t&#xe9; con&#xe7;ue afin de d&#xe9;terminer la s&#xe9;ropr&#xe9;valence de T. gondii et d&#x2019;explorer les facteurs de risque associ&#xe9;s chez des femmes ayant des ant&#xe9;c&#xe9;dents de fausse couche ou de mortinatalit&#xe9; &#xe0; Kars, en Turquie. Au total, 274 femmes ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; incluses, dont 137 pr&#xe9;sentant des ant&#xe9;c&#xe9;dents de fausse couche ou de mortinatalit&#xe9; et 137 t&#xe9;moins en bonne sant&#xe9;. Les participantes ont rempli un questionnaire de 26 items visant &#xe0; &#xe9;valuer les facteurs de risque potentiels d&#x2019;infection. Les &#xe9;chantillons de s&#xe9;rum ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; analys&#xe9;s &#xe0; l&#x2019;aide de la m&#xe9;thode micro-ELISA. Dans le groupe de patientes, les taux de s&#xe9;ropositivit&#xe9; des IgG et des IgM &#xe9;taient respectivement de 32,8 % et 1,5 %, tandis que dans le groupe t&#xe9;moin, ils &#xe9;taient de 35 % et 0,7 %. Globalement, la pr&#xe9;valence des IgG et des IgM dans les deux groupes &#xe9;tait respectivement de 33,9 % et 1,1 %. Aucune diff&#xe9;rence statistiquement significative n&#x2019;a &#xe9;t&#xe9; observ&#xe9;e entre les groupes (p > 0,05). Dans le groupe de patientes, des associations significatives ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; observ&#xe9;es entre la s&#xe9;ropositivit&#xe9; et des facteurs tels que le niveau d&#x2019;instruction, le nombre de grossesses ant&#xe9;rieures, les fausses couches, les naissances pr&#xe9;matur&#xe9;es et la source d&#x2019;eau utilis&#xe9;e (p < 0,05). Dans le groupe t&#xe9;moin, le niveau de revenu, le fait de nourrir des chats dans le jardin et la consommation de lait cru &#xe9;taient significativement associ&#xe9;s &#xe0; la s&#xe9;ropositivit&#xe9; (p < 0,05). Toutefois, aucune association statistiquement significative n&#x2019;a &#xe9;t&#xe9; mise en &#xe9;vidence entre la s&#xe9;ropositivit&#xe9; &#xe0; T. gondii et les ant&#xe9;c&#xe9;dents de fausse couche ou de mortinatalit&#xe9; par rapport au groupe t&#xe9;moin. Les r&#xe9;sultats r&#xe9;v&#xe8;lent &#xe9;galement une s&#xe9;ropr&#xe9;valence relativement &#xe9;lev&#xe9;e de T. gondii dans la r&#xe9;gion et sugg&#xe8;rent que plusieurs facteurs sociod&#xe9;mographiques et comportementaux peuvent contribuer &#xe0; l&#x2019;exposition au parasite. Par cons&#xe9;quent, des interventions de sant&#xe9; publique adapt&#xe9;es aux habitudes locales d&#x2019;hygi&#xe8;ne et d&#x2019;alimentation sont recommand&#xe9;es.

Thelazia callipaeda, commonly known as the oriental eyeworm, is a vector-borne parasitic nematode that infects the ocular tissues of a wide range of mammalian hosts, including dogs, cats, wildlife, and humans. Historically confined to East and Southeast Asia, T. callipaeda has emerged over the past 2 decades as a significant zoonotic parasite in Europe, with an expanding geographic distribution driven by the spread of lachryphagous drosophilid fruit fly vectors of the genus Phortica. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the taxonomy, epidemiology, biology, genetic diversity, pathogenesis, and control of T. callipaeda, with particular emphasis on its One Health relevance. Molecular studies reveal low but structured genetic variability, characterised by a single predominant haplotype circulating in Europe and high haplotype diversity in Asian populations, reflecting long-term endemicity and distinct transmission dynamics. Clinically, infection can result in ocular irritation ranging from mild conjunctivitis to severe keratitis and corneal ulceration, with dogs acting as the primary domestic reservoir and wildlife sustaining sylvatic transmission cycles. Human infections, though underreported, are increasingly recognised and pose a growing public health concern. Effective management relies on mechanical worm removal, macrocyclic lactone treatment and prevention, and integrated surveillance of animal hosts and vectors. Given the influence of climate change, animal mobility, and environmental factors on vector ecology, coordinated One Health strategies are essential to mitigate the continued spread and zoonotic impact of this emerging eyeworm. De l'Asie &#xe0; l'Europe&#xa0;: &#xe9;pid&#xe9;miologie, diversit&#xe9; g&#xe9;n&#xe9;tique et implications &#xab;&#xa0;Une Seule Sant&#xe9;&#xa0;&#xbb; de Thelazia callipaeda. Thelazia callipaeda, commun&#xe9;ment appel&#xe9; ver oculaire oriental, est un n&#xe9;matode parasite transmis par vecteur qui infecte les tissus oculaires d'une grande vari&#xe9;t&#xe9; d'h&#xf4;tes mammif&#xe8;res, notamment les chiens, les chats, la faune sauvage et les humains. Historiquement confin&#xe9; &#xe0; l'Asie de l'Est et du Sud-Est, T. callipaeda est devenu, au cours des deux derni&#xe8;res d&#xe9;cennies, un parasite zoonotique important en Europe, avec une aire de r&#xe9;partition g&#xe9;ographique en expansion, favoris&#xe9;e par la propagation des mouches des fruits lacryphages du genre Phortica. Cette revue synth&#xe9;tise les connaissances actuelles sur la taxonomie, l'&#xe9;pid&#xe9;miologie, la biologie, la diversit&#xe9; g&#xe9;n&#xe9;tique, la pathog&#xe9;nie et la lutte contre T. callipaeda, en mettant l'accent sur son importance dans le cadre de l'approche &#xab;&#xa0;Une Seule Sant&#xe9;&#xa0;&#xbb;. Les &#xe9;tudes mol&#xe9;culaires r&#xe9;v&#xe8;lent une variabilit&#xe9; g&#xe9;n&#xe9;tique faible mais structur&#xe9;e, caract&#xe9;ris&#xe9;e par un haplotype pr&#xe9;dominant unique en Europe et une forte diversit&#xe9; d'haplotypes dans les populations asiatiques, t&#xe9;moignant d'une end&#xe9;micit&#xe9; de longue date et de dynamiques de transmission distinctes. Cliniquement, l'infection peut provoquer une irritation oculaire allant d'une conjonctivite l&#xe9;g&#xe8;re &#xe0; une k&#xe9;ratite s&#xe9;v&#xe8;re et &#xe0; un ulc&#xe8;re corn&#xe9;en. Les chiens constituent le principal r&#xe9;servoir domestique et la faune sauvage assure la transmission sylvatique. Bien que sous-d&#xe9;clar&#xe9;es, les infections humaines sont de plus en plus souvent diagnostiqu&#xe9;es et repr&#xe9;sentent un probl&#xe8;me de sant&#xe9; publique croissant. Une prise en charge efficace repose sur l'extraction m&#xe9;canique des vers, le traitement et la pr&#xe9;vention par lactones macrocycliques, ainsi que sur une surveillance int&#xe9;gr&#xe9;e des h&#xf4;tes et vecteurs animaux. Compte tenu de l'influence du changement climatique, de la mobilit&#xe9; animale et des facteurs environnementaux sur l'&#xe9;cologie vectorielle, des strat&#xe9;gies &#xab;&#xa0;Une Seule Sant&#xe9;&#xa0;&#xbb; coordonn&#xe9;es sont essentielles pour limiter la propagation continue et l'impact zoonotique de ce ver oculaire &#xe9;mergent.

Fasciolosis remains a major constraint to ruminant production in Ethiopia, particularly in wetland-based grazing systems where infective Fasciola metacercariae encyst on pasture vegetation. This study investigated metacercarial contamination of wetland herbage and its association with forage characteristics across lowland, midland and highland agro-ecologies of the Gamo Zone, southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to October 2022, during which 432 herbage samples were collected for parasitological and botanical analysis, and 171 livestock owners were interviewed regarding grazing practices. Metacercariae were recovered using a modified mechanical elution technique and expressed as cysts per kilogram of fresh herbage. Metacercarial burden varied significantly among herbaceous species and agro-ecological zones (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05), with the highest contamination recorded in lowland (>750 cysts/kg) and highland (>600 cysts/kg) wetlands. Highly palatable and nutritionally superior species, including Trifolium burchellianum, Cynodon nlemfuensis and Scirpus maritimus, harboured the greatest metacercarial loads, demonstrating a positive association between forage quality and contamination risk. Most respondents (97.1%) relied on natural wetlands for grazing, and grazing management practices differed significantly among agro-ecologies (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). The findings indicate that wetland pastures in the Gamo Zone are important transmission foci for fasciolosis and that the concurrence of high nutritional value and elevated parasite contamination presents a critical challenge for livestock production. Integrated control strategies combining targeted grazing management and strategic anthelmintic treatment are recommended to reduce infection risk while maintaining feed availability.

To investigate the distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Yunnan Province fol-lowing interruption of schistosomiasis transmission, so as to provide the evidence for assessing the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and scientifically formulating the schistosomiasis surveillance program. According to the requirements of the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Scheme (2020 Edition), O. hupensis snail surveillance data were collected from 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2024, including area of snail survey, area of snail habitats, area of re-emerging snail habitats, number of frames surveyed, number of frames with O. hupensis snails, number of O. hupensis snails captured, and number of living snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails were calculated. Changes in snail status over the 5-year period from 2020 to 2024 and the differences in snail distributions specified by epidemic intensity, environmental type, and vegetation type were analyzed. The areas of snail survey increased from 1 727.96 hm2 in 2020 to 3 894.45 hm2 in 2024 (peak) across 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province during the period from 2020 through 2024. The areas of snail habitats increased from 70.36 hm2 in 2020 to a peak in 2023 (172.04 hm2), followed by a reduction to 132.36 hm2 in 2024, and the areas of re-emerging snail habitats increased from 42.71 hm2 in 2020 to a peak in 2022 (78.43 hm2), followed by a reduction to 40.21 hm2 in 2024. The occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails increased from 1.24% (3 025/244 404) and (0.033 2 &#xb1; 0.038 7) snails/0.1 m2 in 2020 to peaks at 2.03% (6 231/307 563) and (0.066 9 &#xb1; 0.068 4) snails/0.1 m2 in 2023, followed by reductions to 1.04% (5 829/559 941) and (0.032 6 &#xb1; 0.057 7) snails/0.1 m2 in 2024, respectively. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of frames with snails over the 5-year study period (&#x3c7;2 = 1 962.95, P < 0.05), and the occurrence of frames with snails reduced by 48.71% in 2024 relative to in 2023 (&#x3c7;2 = 1 411.05, P < 0.005); however, there was no significant difference in the mean density of living snails over the 5 years (H = 5.310, P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the occurrence of frames with snails (&#x3c7;2 = 481.27, P < 0.05) and mean density of living snails (H = 6.872, P < 0.05) in schistosomiasis-endemic areas with different epidemic intensities. The occurrence of frames with snails (&#x3c7;2 = 25.32 and 38.70, both P values < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = 28.55 and 49.96, both P values < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted and eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas without snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails (&#x3c7;2 = 453.54, P < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = -56.97, P < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas with snails. O. hupensis snails were mainly distributed in paddy fields, dry farmlands and ditches; however, the occurrence of frames with snails (13.40%, 424/3 164) and mean density of living snails [(0.252 8 &#xb1; 0.158 7) snails/0.1 m2] were higher in ponds/weirs than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). Rice, dry farmland crops and weeds were main vegetations in which O. hupensis snails were distributed, and the occurrence of frames with snails (2.29%, 7 111/310 140) and mean density of living snails [(0.072 3 &#xb1; 0.018 9) snails/0.1 m2] were higher in weeds than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). O. hupensis snails have been effectively controlled in Yunnan Province following implementation of integrated schistosomiasis control measures; however, there are still risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission, including reduced attention to schistosomiasis control and snail re-emergence. Improved control efforts and surveillance system construction and timely identification of risk factors of snail status and timely management are recommended to ensure the achievement of the target of schistosomiasis elimination as scheduled. &#xff3b;&#x6458;&#x8981;&#xff3d; &#x76ee;&#x7684; &#x4e86;&#x89e3;&#x4e91;&#x5357;&#x7701;&#x8840;&#x5438;&#x866b;&#x75c5;&#x4f20;&#x64ad;&#x963b;&#x65ad;&#x540e;&#x9489;&#x87ba;&#x5206;&#x5e03;&#x7279;&#x5f81;, &#x4e3a;&#x8bc4;&#x4f30;&#x8840;&#x5438;&#x866b;&#x75c5;&#x4f20;&#x64ad;&#x98ce;&#x9669;&#x3001;&#x79d1;&#x5b66;&#x5236;&#x5b9a;&#x76d1;&#x6d4b;&#x65b9;&#x6848;&#x63d0;&#x4f9b;&#x53c2;&#x8003;&#x3002;&#x65b9;&#x6cd5; &#x6309;&#x7167;&#x300a;&#x5168;&#x56fd;&#x8840;&#x5438;&#x866b;&#x75c5;&#x76d1;&#x6d4b;&#x65b9;&#x6848; (2020&#x5e74;&#x7248;) &#x300b;&#x8981;&#x6c42;, &#x6536;&#x96c6;2020&#x2014;2024&#x5e74;&#x4e91;&#x5357;&#x7701;18&#x4e2a;&#x8840;&#x5438;&#x866b;&#x75c5;&#x6d41;&#x884c;&#x53bf; (&#x5e02;&#x3001;&#x533a;) &#x9489;&#x87ba;&#x76d1;&#x6d4b;&#x6570;&#x636e;, &#x5305;&#x62ec;&#x9489;&#x87ba;&#x8c03;&#x67e5;&#x9762;&#x79ef;&#x3001;&#x67e5;&#x51fa;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x9762;&#x79ef;&#x3001;&#x590d;&#x73b0;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x9762;&#x79ef;&#x3001;&#x8c03;&#x67e5;&#x6846;&#x6570;&#x3001;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x6570;&#x3001;&#x6355;&#x83b7;&#x87ba;&#x6570;&#x3001;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x6570;&#x7b49;&#x6307;&#x6807;, &#x8ba1;&#x7b97;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387;&#x548c;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6;, &#x5206;&#x6790;5&#x5e74;&#x95f4;&#x87ba;&#x60c5;&#x53d8;&#x5316;&#x53ca;&#x4e0d;&#x540c;&#x6d41;&#x884c;&#x7a0b;&#x5ea6;&#x5730;&#x533a;&#x3001;&#x4e0d;&#x540c;&#x73af;&#x5883;&#x7c7b;&#x578b;&#x3001;&#x4e0d;&#x540c;&#x690d;&#x88ab;&#x7c7b;&#x578b;&#x95f4;&#x87ba;&#x60c5;&#x5206;&#x5e03;&#x5dee;&#x5f02;&#x3002;&#x7ed3;&#x679c; 2020&#x2014;2024&#x5e74;&#x4e91;&#x5357;&#x7701;18&#x4e2a;&#x8840;&#x5438;&#x866b;&#x75c5;&#x6d41;&#x884c;&#x53bf; (&#x5e02;&#x3001;&#x533a;) &#x9489;&#x87ba;&#x8c03;&#x67e5;&#x9762;&#x79ef;&#x4ece;2020&#x5e74;&#x7684;1 727.96 hm2&#x589e;&#x81f3;2024&#x5e74;&#x7684;3 894.45 hm2 (&#x5cf0;&#x503c;); &#x67e5;&#x51fa;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x9762;&#x79ef;&#x4ece;2020&#x5e74;&#x7684;70.36 hm2&#x589e;&#x81f3;2023&#x5e74;&#x7684;172.04 hm2 (&#x5cf0;&#x503c;), 2024&#x5e74;&#x964d;&#x81f3;132.36 hm2; &#x590d;&#x73b0;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x9762;&#x79ef;&#x4ece;2020&#x5e74;&#x7684;42.71 hm2&#x589e;&#x81f3;2022&#x5e74;&#x7684;78.43 hm2 (&#x5cf0;&#x503c;), &#x540e;&#x964d;&#x81f3;2024&#x5e74;&#x7684;40.21 hm2; &#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387;&#x548c;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6;&#x5206;&#x522b;&#x4ece;2020&#x5e74;&#x7684;1.24% (3 025/244 404)&#x3001;(0.033 2 &#xb1; 0.038 7) &#x53ea;/0.1 m2&#x5347;&#x81f3;2023&#x5e74;&#x7684;2.03% (6 231/307 563)&#x3001;(0.066 9 &#xb1; 0.068 4) &#x53ea;/0.1 m2 (&#x5747;&#x4e3a;&#x5cf0;&#x503c;), 2024 &#x5e74;&#x5206;&#x522b;&#x964d;&#x81f3;1.04% (5 829/559 941)&#x3001;(0.032 6 &#xb1; 0.057 7) &#x53ea;/0.1 m2, &#x5404;&#x5e74;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387;&#x5dee;&#x5f02;&#x6709;&#x7edf;&#x8ba1;&#x5b66;&#x610f;&#x4e49; (&#x3c7;2 = 1 962.95, P < 0.05); 2024&#x5e74;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387;&#x8f83;2023&#x5e74;&#x4e0b;&#x964d;&#x4e86;48.71%, &#x5dee;&#x5f02;&#x6709;&#x7edf;&#x8ba1;&#x5b66;&#x610f;&#x4e49; (&#x3c7;2 = 1 411.05, P < 0.005); &#x4f46;2020&#x2014;2024&#x5e74;&#x5404;&#x5e74;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6;&#x5dee;&#x5f02;&#x65e0;&#x7edf;&#x8ba1;&#x5b66;&#x610f;&#x4e49; (H = 5.310, P > 0.05)&#x3002;&#x4e0d;&#x540c;&#x8840;&#x5438;&#x866b;&#x75c5;&#x6d41;&#x884c;&#x7a0b;&#x5ea6;&#x5730;&#x533a;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387; (&#x3c7;2 = 481.27, P < 0.05) &#x548c;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6; (H = 6.872, P < 0.05) &#x5dee;&#x5f02;&#x5747;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x7edf;&#x8ba1;&#x5b66;&#x610f;&#x4e49;, &#x8fbe;&#x5230;&#x4f20;&#x64ad;&#x963b;&#x65ad;&#x6807;&#x51c6;&#x7684;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x533a;&#x548c;&#x8fbe;&#x5230;&#x6d88;&#x9664;&#x6807;&#x51c6;&#x7684;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x533a;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387; (&#x3c7;2 = 25.32&#x3001;38.70, P &#x5747;< 0.017) &#x548c;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6; (Z = 28.55&#x3001;49.96, P &#x5747;< 0.017) &#x5747;&#x9ad8;&#x4e8e;&#x8fbe;&#x5230;&#x6d88;&#x9664;&#x6807;&#x51c6;&#x7684;&#x65e0;&#x87ba;&#x533a;; &#x8fbe;&#x5230;&#x6d88;&#x9664;&#x6807;&#x51c6;&#x7684;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x533a;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387; (&#x3c7;2 = 453.54, P < 0.017) &#x548c;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6; (Z = &#x2212;56.97, P < 0.017) &#x5747;&#x9ad8;&#x4e8e;&#x8fbe;&#x5230;&#x4f20;&#x64ad;&#x963b;&#x65ad;&#x6807;&#x51c6;&#x7684;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x533a;&#x3002;&#x9489;&#x87ba;&#x4e3b;&#x8981;&#x5206;&#x5e03;&#x4e8e;&#x6c34;&#x7530;&#x3001;&#x65f1;&#x5730;&#x548c;&#x6c9f;&#x6e20;, &#x4f46;&#x5858;&#x5830;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387; [13.40% (424/3 164)] &#x548c;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6; [(0.252 8 &#xb1; 0.158 7) &#x53ea;/0.1 m2] &#x5747;&#x9ad8;&#x4e8e;&#x5176;&#x4ed6;&#x73af;&#x5883;&#x7c7b;&#x578b; (P&#x5747;< 0.05); &#x9489;&#x87ba;&#x5206;&#x5e03;&#x73af;&#x5883;&#x7684;&#x690d;&#x88ab;&#x4ee5;&#x6c34;&#x7a3b;&#x3001;&#x65f1;&#x5730;&#x4f5c;&#x7269;&#x3001;&#x6742;&#x8349;&#x4e3a;&#x4e3b;, &#x6742;&#x8349;&#x73af;&#x5883;&#x6709;&#x87ba;&#x6846;&#x51fa;&#x73b0;&#x7387; [2.29% (7 111/310 140)] &#x548c;&#x6d3b;&#x87ba;&#x5e73;&#x5747;&#x5bc6;&#x5ea6; [(0.072 3 &#xb1;0.018 9) &#x53ea;/0.1 m2] &#x5747;&#x9ad8;&#x4e8e;&#x5176;&#x4ed6;&#x690d;&#x88ab;&#x7c7b;&#x578b; (P&#x5747;< 0.05)&#x3002;&#x7ed3;&#x8bba; &#x4e91;&#x5357;&#x7701;&#x901a;&#x8fc7;&#x5b9e;&#x65bd;&#x8840;&#x9632;&#x7efc;&#x5408;&#x6cbb;&#x7406;&#x63aa;&#x65bd;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x63a7;&#x5236;&#x4e86;&#x87ba;&#x60c5;, &#x4f46;&#x5b58;&#x5728;&#x91cd;&#x89c6;&#x7a0b;&#x5ea6;&#x4e0b;&#x964d;&#x3001;&#x9489;&#x87ba;&#x590d;&#x73b0;&#x7b49;&#x98ce;&#x9669;&#x56e0;&#x7d20;, &#x4eca;&#x540e;&#x5e94;&#x7ee7;&#x7eed;&#x52a0;&#x5f3a;&#x9632;&#x6cbb;&#x529b;&#x5ea6;&#x548c;&#x76d1;&#x6d4b;&#x4f53;&#x7cfb;&#x5efa;&#x8bbe;, &#x53ca;&#x65f6;&#x53d1;&#x73b0;&#x87ba;&#x60c5;&#x98ce;&#x9669;&#x56e0;&#x7d20;&#x5e76;&#x8fdb;&#x884c;&#x6cbb;&#x7406;, &#x4ee5;&#x786e;&#x4fdd;&#x5982;&#x671f;&#x5b9e;&#x73b0;&#x8840;&#x5438;&#x866b;&#x75c5;&#x6d88;&#x9664;&#x76ee;&#x6807;&#x3002;.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.), is a major zoonotic disease causing substantial health and economic losses, particularly in pastoral communities. WHO and WOAH recommend combining regular dog deworming with sheep vaccination (EG95) for control. However, genotype data are important for vaccination planning, as EG95 mainly targets G1/G3 in sheep and evidence of protection against other genotypes is limited. In Mongolia, molecular data from livestock, especially sheep, remain scarce despite the large sheep population. We therefore aimed to determine the genotype distribution of E. granulosus s.l. among livestock, particularly sheep, across Mongolia's endemic provinces. From August to December 2024, we conducted an abattoir-based cross-sectional survey in four provinces (Umnugobi, Bayankhongor, Dundgobi, and Tuv). Sheep, goats, and camels were examined for hydatid cysts. DNA was extracted, the COX1 gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced using the Sanger method, and published diagnostic COX1 sites were used to refine G6/G7 assignments; phylogenetic and haplotype analyses were performed with regional reference data. Cysts were detected in 2.5% (115/4,578) of animals, and 0.31% (14/4,578) were molecularly confirmed as E. granulosus s.l. Among them, 93% (13/14; 10 sheep, 2 goats, 1 camel) were Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) and 7% (1/14; 1 sheep) were Echinococcus granulosus s.s. (G1/G3). Five COX1 haplotypes were identified: four E. canadensis haplotypes (H1-H4) and one E. granulosus s.s. haplotype (H5). Haplotypes H1-H3 were consistent with G6, whereas H4 was consistent with G7a. These haplotypes grouped with reference isolates from Mongolia and neighbouring countries, as well as from other endemic regions included in the network. This study strengthens evidence that E. granulosus s.l. infections in Mongolian livestock are predominantly caused by Echinococcus canadensis G6/G7 and shows, for the first time, that this taxon predominated among successfully genotyped isolates from sheep in the surveyed areas. These findings support genotype-informed surveillance for vaccination planning, particularly in mixed-genotype settings, while underscoring the importance of dog deworming and safe offal disposal. Our findings further clarify CE transmission patterns in Mongolia and the wider region, highlight the transboundary nature of CE, and support the need for coordinated cross-border surveillance and control.

Trichostrongylus spp., zoonotic soil-transmitted nematodes, affect both livestock and humans globally. In Thailand, human trichostrongylosis has been reported, but no systematic study examining livestock and humans in the same locality has been conducted. This study aimed to address this gap in Satun Province, southern Thailand by characterizing the disease's epidemiologic status among livestock, farmers, and the environment using both microscopic and molecular techniques. Human risk factors were assessed via questionnaires. Stool samples were collected from livestock farmers, their families, and herbivores in Nongkhai, Ratchaburi, and Satun Provinces. Vegetable samples were also obtained from households and local markets. Human and livestock feces were examined using the modified Kato-Katz method and a Mini Parasep&#xae; solvent-free fecal parasite concentrator. Total DNA was then extracted from fecal and vegetable sediments, and a 211&#xa0;bp fragment of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene was amplified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were digested with HinfI and analyzed via electrophoresis to identify Trichostrongylus species. In Satun, Trichostrongylus colubriformis monoinfection was found in 12 of 221 (5.4%) residents, while co-infection with T. colubriformis and T. axei occurred in 3 (1.4%). Herbivore feces and vegetable sediments from Satun also tested positive. No human cases were found in Nongkhai or Ratchaburi. Risk factors included education level, occupation, and outdoor toilet use. Most infected individuals in Satun were asymptomatic. Despite this, public health interventions should be implemented, targeting the human-livestock-environment interface to control the disease effectively. Pr&#xe9;valence et facteurs de risque de la trichostrongylose humaine &#xe0; Satun, dans le sud de la Tha&#xef;lande. Trichostrongylus spp., des n&#xe9;matode zoonotique transmis par le sol, affectent le b&#xe9;tail et les humains &#xe0; l'&#xe9;chelle mondiale. En Tha&#xef;lande, des cas de trichostrongylose humaine ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; rapport&#xe9;s, mais aucune &#xe9;tude syst&#xe9;matique n'a &#xe9;t&#xe9; men&#xe9;e sur le b&#xe9;tail et les humains dans une m&#xea;me localit&#xe9;. Cette &#xe9;tude visait &#xe0; combler cette lacune dans la province de Satun, dans le sud de la Tha&#xef;lande, en caract&#xe9;risant le statut &#xe9;pid&#xe9;miologique de la maladie chez le b&#xe9;tail, les agriculteurs et dans l'environnement &#xe0; l'aide de techniques microscopiques et mol&#xe9;culaires. Les facteurs de risque humains ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; &#xe9;valu&#xe9;s par questionnaire. Des &#xe9;chantillons de selles ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; pr&#xe9;lev&#xe9;s aupr&#xe8;s d'&#xe9;leveurs, de leurs familles et d'animaux herbivores dans les provinces de Nongkhai, Ratchaburi et Satun. Des &#xe9;chantillons de l&#xe9;gumes ont &#xe9;galement &#xe9;t&#xe9; obtenus aupr&#xe8;s des m&#xe9;nages et sur les march&#xe9;s locaux. Les selles humaines et animales ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; examin&#xe9;es &#xe0; l'aide de la m&#xe9;thode de Kato-Katz modifi&#xe9;e et du concentrateur de parasites f&#xe9;caux sans solvant Mini Parasep&#xae;. L'ADN total a ensuite &#xe9;t&#xe9; extrait des s&#xe9;diments f&#xe9;caux et v&#xe9;g&#xe9;taux, et un fragment de 211 pb du g&#xe8;ne ITS2 (espaceur transcrit interne 2) de l'ARN ribosomique a &#xe9;t&#xe9; amplifi&#xe9; par PCR. Les produits de PCR ont &#xe9;t&#xe9; dig&#xe9;r&#xe9;s par l'enzyme HinfI et analys&#xe9;s par &#xe9;lectrophor&#xe8;se pour identifier l'esp&#xe8;ce de Trichostrongylus. &#xc0; Satun, une mono-infection &#xe0; Trichostrongylus colubriformis a &#xe9;t&#xe9; observ&#xe9;e chez 12 des 221 r&#xe9;sidents (5,4&#xa0;%), tandis qu'une co-infection par T. colubriformis et T. axei a &#xe9;t&#xe9; constat&#xe9;e chez 3 d'entre eux (1&#xa0;%). Les excr&#xe9;ments d'herbivores et les s&#xe9;diments v&#xe9;g&#xe9;taux de Satun se sont &#xe9;galement r&#xe9;v&#xe9;l&#xe9;s positifs. Aucun cas humain n'a &#xe9;t&#xe9; recens&#xe9; &#xe0; Nongkhai ni &#xe0; Ratchaburi. Les facteurs de risque comprenaient le niveau d'instruction, la profession et l'utilisation de toilettes ext&#xe9;rieures. La plupart des personnes infect&#xe9;es &#xe0; Satun &#xe9;taient asymptomatiques. Malgr&#xe9; cela, des interventions de sant&#xe9; publique, ciblant l'interface homme-b&#xe9;tail-environnement, devraient &#xea;tre mises en &#x153;uvre afin de contr&#xf4;ler efficacement la maladie.

A large proportion of the global population is affected by intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) caused by protozoa and helminths. These infections lead to intestinal inflammation, malabsorption, and nutritional deficiencies, ultimately impairing growth and child health. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap regarding the link between nutritional status and IPIs in children over the age of five. It investigates this relationship among schoolchildren aged 6 to 17&#xa0;years attending public and private schools in the Sarlahi district of Nepal. Data collection included child and adolescent interviews, anthropometric measurements, and stool sample analysis. The microscopic examination was performed using direct wet mount and concentration techniques. The overall parasitic prevalence was 30.8% (74/239), among which more females (35.3%) were infected than male children (25.2%), though this difference did not reach statistical significance (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.06). The prevalence of parasites was found more in public school (35.8%) than private school (24.5%). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent with a prevalence of 25.0% followed by Giardia lamblia (5%), Entamoeba histolytica and E. coli (i.e., 1.7 to 1.3%, respectively). Helminth parasites were more frequent (i.e., 25.4%) than protozoan (i.e., 8.3%) parasites. Students from public schools had a significantly higher prevalence of G. lamblia infection and co-infections compared to those from private schools (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). Barefooted Participants had significantly higher unadjusted odds of infection (cOR&#xa0;=&#xa0;9.37; 95% CI: 1.03-85.35). Likewise, Janajati and Dalit participants showed increased odds of any IPIs (cOR&#xa0;=&#xa0;2.10; 95% CI: 1.01-4.34) compared to their reference groups. There was no significant association between IPIs and nutritional status. Despite ongoing mass deworming programs, the relatively high prevalence of IPIs among school-aged children remains concerning. Poor personal hygiene, inadequate sanitation, cohabitation with livestock, and the use of unboiled drinking water may contribute to persistent infections, particularly among females and children from Janajati and Dalit communities with lower socioeconomic status. Targeted school-based health education and hygiene promotion programs are warranted to reduce the infection burden and sustain control efforts.

Global malaria control is entering a period of profound uncertainty, with earlier gains now stalling or reversing amid a rapidly deepening shortfall in programme and research funding. At the same time, parasite and vector resistance, changing transmission patterns driven by climate and urbanisation, and growing conflict and displacement are reshaping malaria epidemiology and undermining the effectiveness of core tools. In this context, there is an urgent need to reconsider how malaria research is prioritised, funded and conducted. Drawing on a diverse group of stakeholders, this Perspective argues that malaria research must adopt a dual mandate: protecting lives now while preparing programmes for the next generation of biological and systemic threats. We highlight three interlinked priorities. First, pragmatic, equity&#x2011;focused implementation and health&#x2011;systems research should be prioritised to optimise the effectiveness, efficiency and coverage of existing interventions, including through integrated delivery models and closer collaboration with affected communities and implementers. Second, sustained investment in innovation-such as next&#x2011;generation chemoprevention strategies, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, novel vector control approaches, and digital or AI&#x2011;enabled surveillance-is essential, accompanied by operational research that addresses feasibility, cost and pathways to scale in real&#x2011;world conditions. Third, we highlight a critical research stream on sustainable and diversified financing, and on how data, economic evidence and political economy analysis can more effectively inform national and global decision&#x2011;making. By re&#x2011;orienting towards an impact&#x2011;driven, context&#x2011;sensitive and value&#x2011;for&#x2011;money research agenda, the malaria community can help stabilise fragile programmes, reduce the risk of resurgence and preserve momentum towards long-term malaria elimination in an era of constraint.

Ticks are major ectoparasites affecting the health and productivity of livestock in Ethiopia. However, there exists limited information on the current efficacy of widely used acaricides including ivermectin 1% and amitraz 12.5%. Experimental randomized controlled study design was conducted from February 2023 to June 2023 to evaluate in vitro susceptibility of field-collected Amblyomma variegatum (A. variegatum) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (R. decoloratus) in cattle in Gondar Zuria District Northwest Ethiopia to ivermectin1% and amitraz 12.5% at varying concentrations. Collected engorged female ticks (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;540) were exposed to four concentrations of ivermectin 1% (0.00125, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.025%) for 24&#xa0;h and three level concentrations of amitraz 12.5% (0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05%) for 48&#xa0;h. Ivermectin 1% produced rapid and concentration-dependent mortality, with maximum efficacy of 96.66% for A. variegatum and 90% for R. decoloratus at the highest dose (0.025%). Similarly, amitraz 12.5% showed strong dose-dependent activity after 48&#xa0;h, achieving mortality of up to 80.0 and 90% for A. variegatum and R. decoloratus, respectively. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that ivermectin 1% concentration, observation time and their interaction significantly affected mean mortality rate of A. variegatum (F&#xa0;=&#xa0;3.34, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0184; F&#xa0;=&#xa0;12.51, P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001; F&#xa0;=&#xa0;4.94, P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001) and R. decoloratus (F&#xa0;=&#xa0;21.02, P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001; F&#xa0;=&#xa0;36.81, P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001; F&#xa0;=&#xa0;3.45, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0016), respectively. In addition, amitraz 12.5% concentration and exposure time significantly affected mortality in A. variegatum (F&#xa0;=&#xa0;26.72, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001; F&#xa0;=&#xa0;4.20, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0129) and R. decoloratus (F&#xa0;=&#xa0;44.41, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001; F&#xa0;=&#xa0;12.82, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), although the interaction effect was not significant for A. variegatum (P&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05) but was significant for R. decoloratus (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05). These findings indicate that both acaricides remain effective against adult ticks in the study area, with ivermectin 1% acting more rapidly and amitraz 12.5% demonstrating a clear dose-response relationship. Continued surveillance and integrated tick management are recommended to mitigate the risk of emerging acaricide resistance.

The increasing consumption of fish has raised public health concerns regarding fish-borne zoonotic helminths (FBZHs), which are recognized as significant food-borne parasites worldwide. In freshwater environments, Clinostomum complanatum, Opisthorchis felineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Dibothriocephalus latus and Eustrongylides excisus are of particular concern in Italy and neighbouring countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of these FBZHs in five commercially and ecologically relevant freshwater fish species from Lake Varese, a heavily anthropized and understudied basin in northern Italy. A total of 59 fish were examined via necropsy and stereomicroscopic inspection of skeletal muscles. Only Eustrongylides spp. larvae were detected, with a prevalence of 16.9%. Molecular analysis (ITS region) identified them as E. excisus. This study reports, for the first time in Western Europe, E. excisus in Sander lucioperca (p = 12.5%) and Esox lucius (p = 8.3%). The highest prevalence occurred in Silurus glanis (p = 37.5%), followed by Perca fluviatilis (p = 25.0%), while Tinca tinca showed no infection. These findings confirm that among the FBZHs considered, E. excisus is currently present and expanding both in host range and geography in Italian lakes, underscoring the need for updated epidemiological data to support risk assessment, food safety and zoonotic parasite control in freshwater fisheries.

The effectiveness of indoor residual spraying (IRS) during the post elimination phase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and when to stop its application is uncertain. This study investigated the relationship between VL occurrence and frequency of IRS on vector density, infection rates, and insecticide susceptibility. Four villages in the Sarlahi district served as sentinel surveillance sites for sandfly density measurement and xeno-monitoring, selected based on VL endemicity levels of high, moderate, low and non-endemic (no reported cases in the past 10 years). A random sub-sample of households from each village was selected for sandfly surveillance. The sample size of 380 was determined to detect a 1% infection rate of sandflies with 95% confidence interval. Ecological and epidemiological data were collected and IRS activity data between 2012-2023 was analysed. Sandflies were collected using CDC light traps and mouth aspirators for 12 months from March 2023 to February 2024 and tested with PCR for kDNA of Leishmania donovani. Monthly density of female Phlebotomus argentipes sandflies varied across endemicity levels, with a peak in November, with fluctuations observed throughout the year. Village wise sandfly pools positivity with parasite DNA varied with level of endemicity (66.7% in high VL endemicity villages, 62.1% in moderate, 36.8% in low, and 26.3% in non-endemic villages). Overall, among the total 91 pools of sandflies tested, 50.5% were positive for parasite DNA. P. argentipes showed high susceptibility to insecticides alpha-cypermethrin, bendiocarb, deltamethrin, and malathion. There were differences in IRS applications with variations in coverage and frequency and programmatic factors across municipalities, with no IRS conducted in some villages. Occupational distribution varied across endemicity levels, and there were differences in sleeping habits during warm weather. Non-impregnated bed nets were available across all endemicity levels. IRS should be continued in the villages based on surveillance of sandfly density and reports of VL cases in the post elimination phase of VL.

The description of genetic diversity of malaria parasite populations in malaria-endemic areas may help determine the effectiveness of malaria interventions in the region. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of the merozoite surface protein 1 gene (Msp1) and merozoite surface protein 2 gene (Msp2) in Plasmodium falciparum populations collected from Paletwa Township in western Myanmar and two regions along the China-Myanmar border (the Myitsone and Bhamo regions of Myanmar). Between 2013 and 2022, malaria cases in China were predominantly imported, with border counties in Yunnan reporting the highest number of cases nationwide. Furthermore, malaria transmission rates in adjacent townships in Myanmar remained relatively high. A total of 176 P. falciparum-infected blood samples were collected from local residents with infections in Bhamo and Paletwa Township in Myanmar, as well as from migrant malaria patients from Yunnan, China, who had worked in Myitsone, Myanmar. Among them, 96 samples were collected from Paletwa Township, Myanmar in 2015, and 28 from Bhamo, Myanmar in 2018-2019, both from local residents. In 2013, 55 samples were obtained from Chinese migrant workers returning from Myitsone, Myanmar, via the Tengchong border checkpoint in Yunnan, China. The genomic DNA was extracted, and the Msp1 and Msp2 genes were genotyped by nested PCR using allele-specific primers for P. falciparum. A total of 176 and 162 samples were successfully genotyped at the Msp1 and Msp2 genes, respectively. Among them, 54 samples were successfully amplified for the Msp1 allelic families in Myitsone, 27 samples in Bhamo, and 95 samples in Paletwa Township. Additionally, 46 samples were successfully amplified for the Msp2 allelic families in Myitsone, 24 samples in Bhamo, and 92 samples in Paletwa Township. Among the three cities, MAD20 was the most frequent allele in the Msp1 gene, while 3D7 was the most frequent allele in the Msp2 gene. The MAD20 allele predominated with 89% (48/54), 85% (23/27) and 67% (64/95) in Myitsone, Bhamo and Paletwa Township respectively, followed by K1 with 65% (35/54) and 44% (12/27) in Myitsone and Bhamo, respectively. The second most frequent allele in Paletwa Township was RO33, representing 47% (45/95) of the population. In migrant workers, residents of Bhamo and residents of Paletwa Township, the multiplicity of infection (MOI) estimated from Msp1 was 1.87, 1.33 and 1.56, respectively And meanwhile, the MOI estimated from Msp2 was 1.17, 1.29 and 1.35 respectively. Migrant workers harbored MOI and rate of multi-infections more frequently (72%) than residents of Bhamo or Paletwa Township (43% and 45%, respectively) based on Msp1. The Msp1 revealed higher genetic diversity than Msp2. The prevalence of MOI and multi-infections among local residents was lower than that among migrant workers based on Msp1. The migrant workers in Myitsone exhibited higher MOI and the proportion of multi-infections compared to the locals, suggesting that low immunity among the migrant workers might be the primary reason for this observation, or that the transmission level in Myitsone is higher than in the local areas.

Pakistan ranks third globally in goat population with approximately 89 million heads in 2025; however, despite this large population base, the apparent PCR based prevalence of hemoparasitic and bacterial pathogens in goats remains largely underexplored. This study aimed to report the molecular prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma marginale, Babesia ovis, Theileria ovis and Toxoplasma gondii in goat blood samples (n = 247) collected from two districts (Muzaffargarh and Multan) in Punjab between August till November 2025. Results indicated a significant variation in the infection rates of the five screened pathogens among the enrolled goats (P < 0.001). Anaplasma ovis exhibited the highest apparent PCR based prevalence (20.6%), followed by B. ovis (8.5%), T. gondii (8.1%), A. marginale (6.9%) and T. ovis (5.7%) respectively. Instances of co-infection with two and three pathogens were also recorded. DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis confirmed the presence of all screened pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these isolates were genetically closely related to strains reported from various countries worldwide. We observed higher PCR detected T. gondii infection in smaller herds (P = 0.02) and in herds with dogs (P = 0.03), among Rajanpuri breed (P = 0.005) and in goats from Muzaffargarh district (P = 0.04). In contrast, T. ovis infection was more common among small goat herds (P = 0.04). In conclusion, this study reports a high apparent prevalence of A. ovis while moderate to low PCR based prevalence of A. marginale, B. ovis, T. ovis and T. gondii infections in goats from Punjab, Pakistan. Comprehensive multi-regional studies are warranted to clarify the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and host-parasite dynamics of these pathogens to support effective control strategies in goats.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections remain a major constraint to sheep production, particularly in ecologically diverse mountain systems. This study presents the first comprehensive molecular epidemiological investigation of GINs infecting sheep across the Northwestern Himalayan (NWH) region of India. Between November 2022 and October 2023, faecal samples were collected from 2,500 sheep across four altitudinal zones (<&#x2009;1,000&#xa0;m to >&#x2009;3,000&#xa0;m). The overall prevalence of GIN infection was 79.4% (1,985/2,500), with significant associations observed with altitude (&#x3c7;&#xb2; = 32.64, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), age (&#x3c7;&#xb2; = 26.18, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), sex (&#x3c7;&#xb2; = 11.47, p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.0007), and season (&#x3c7;&#xb2; = 54.92, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Prevalence declined with increasing altitude, was highest in lambs and females, and peaked during the monsoon season. Molecular identification using ITS-2 ribosomal DNA-based PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of five strongylid species: Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia oncophora, and Nematodirus battus. Sequence analysis showed high nucleotide similarity (&#x2265;&#x2009;98-100%) with global reference isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed well-supported, species-specific clustering irrespective of geographic origin. These findings provide critical baseline molecular data for the NWH region and highlight the influence of altitude and seasonality on GIN transmission, supporting the development of targeted and sustainable parasite control strategies in Himalayan sheep production systems. The integration of ITS-2-based molecular diagnostics with epidemiological analysis offers a robust foundation for designing region-specific, sustainable parasite control strategies in Himalayan smallholder systems.

Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It is prevalent in developing countries, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water. While some data on the infection in the Malaysian population is available, comprehensive data on the overall prevalence is lacking. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. histolytica in Malaysia through systematic review and meta-analysis using data published up to 2025. Fourteen studies covering diverse population groups from various states in Malaysia, including rural and urban residents, schoolchildren, indigenous communities, and high-risk populations were reviewed. We found an overall pooled prevalence of 7% with high heterogeneity (I&#xb2; = 92.5%). Prevalence varied widely by state and population subgroup, with higher rates in Pahang (18%) and among aboriginal schoolchildren (16%). Lower prevalence was found among urban residents (2%) and patients with gastrointestinal disorders (2%). There was only a slight difference in prevalence between individuals with co-infections (8%) and those without (7%). Studies using microscopy showed higher prevalence (7%) than molecular methods (4%). This is likely due to the misidentification of non-pathogenic Entamoeba species as E. histolytica when using microscopy. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of E. histolytica intestinal infection in Malaysia. Although the overall prevalence is relatively low, the results highlight the need for continued surveillance and more accurate diagnostic approaches to support targeted control.

In Cameroon, long-lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) are widely distributed as a key malaria control strategy. However, the proper use, maintenance and monitoring of their effectiveness remains a major challenge, especially in refugee settings. This study aimed to evaluate the physical condition and bioefficacy of LLINs used in households at the Gado-Badzere refugee camp in Eastern Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted 18&#xa0;months after LLINs distribution using a structured questionnaire to evaluate net usage and care. Physical integrity was assessed based on World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. WHO cone test was conducted to assess bed net efficacy against mosquitoes. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes were identified to species level using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 440 LLINs examined, 60.7% were in good condition, 14.5% acceptable and 24.8% deteriorated. Deteriorated nets were significantly more common among males (32.4% vs. 23.2%) and in households with more than five persons (26.1% vs. 21.9%). Significant associations were found between net deterioration and washing practices, including frequent and no washing (36.5% vs. 7.8%), washing period intervals (1-3&#xa0;months: 53.4% vs. 11.4% for 4-6&#xa0;months and 31.6% for >6&#xa0;months) and the use of detergent, soap and bleach/brush (24.8% and 29.7% vs. 83.3%). All 30 LLINs tested were ineffective against field Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations with overall knock-down and mortality rates of 1.5% and 3.1%, respectively. An. gambiae (86.9%) and An. coluzzii (13.1%) were identified as the malaria vector species present in the study area. These findings call for urgent action by humanitarian agencies operating in high-risk settings to strengthen community awareness, with a focus on gender-sensitive approaches to educate CAR refugees on the proper use and care of LLINs. Moreover, given the apparent resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to standard LLIN insecticides, introducing next-generation LLINs and regularly monitoring their physical integrity and bioefficacy are essential to ensure sustained malaria protection in vulnerable refugee populations.