Dry electrospun nanofibrous facial masks (D-ENFMs) have emerged as a promising platform in nano/biomaterials research, attributed to their eco-friendly nature and convenient use. However, their practical application is significantly hindered by three critical barriers: low active ingredient loading capacity, slow dissolution kinetics, and undesirable solid residues after use. Inspired by the unique "dry-state preservation and wet-state release" survival strategy of Anastatica hierochuntica, a bioinspired core-sheath beaded-structured nanofibrous membrane (B-NFM) is developed via one-step emulsion electrospinning. This architecture enables long-term stable encapsulation of squalane emulsion droplets in the dry state and triggers ultra-fast dissolution upon contact with moisture, followed by efficient moisturization through the synergistic "water locking-hydration replenishment-barrier repair" mechanism of squalane. The surfactant coconut diethanolamide plays a dual critical role: stabilizing the oil-in-water emulsion for efficient squalane encapsulation, and modulating molecular reorganization to impart superhydrophilicity, enabling instantaneous dissolution and complete residue elimination. Notably, this one-step strategy is successfully scaled to a 256-needle roll-to-roll electrospinning system, achieving a daily output of 155.52 m2. This bioinspired design paradigm will pave the way for a new generation of sustainable, high-performance nanomaterials for advanced skincare applications.
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is an important enzyme in modern biotechnology, used for synthetic, analytical, and medical purposes. Numerous mutant forms of DAAO with different properties have been described previously. Recently, we combined six beneficial amino acid substitutions in DAAO from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAAO) to create the multipoint mutant TvDAAO E32R/F33D/F54S/C108F/M156L/C298N (mut-TvDAAO). Compared to the wild-type TvDAAO, the new mutant enzyme showed a fourfold higher catalytic constant in the oxidation of cephalosporin C, an eightfold higher stability against hydrogen peroxide oxidation, and a twentyfold greater thermal stability. In the present work, we demonstrate a one-step immobilization procedure of mut-TvDAAO on strong anion exchange beads Sepabeads EC-QA, yielding an immobilized biocatalyst with enhanced resistance to thermal, oxidative, alkaline, and aeration-induced stress. After immobilization, mut-TvDAAO retains approximately 40% of its initial activity even after incubation for 5 h at 90 °C. Immobilized mut-TvDAAO (imm-mut-TvDAAO) retains approximately 20% of its initial activity in the presence of 0.1 M hydrogen peroxide after 5 h of incubation. The immobilized enzyme remains fully active after 5 h of incubation at pH 13.0. Importantly, immobilization improves catalyst performance under intensive oxygen aeration required for cephalosporin C oxidation, and the activity of imm-mut-TvDAAO does not decrease over 10 consecutive cycles of use. These results show that simple carrier-based immobilization of an engineered TvDAAO variant provides an operationally robust biocatalyst for oxidative transformations under process-relevant stress conditions.
We present an efficient implementation of a one-step relativistic second-order multireference perturbation theory based on the multireference driven similarity renormalization group (MR-DSRG) using the exact two-component (X2C) Hamiltonian, which we denote X2C-DSRG-MRPT2. We show that the X2C-DSRG-MRPT2 method can accurately capture spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects in the electronic structure of strongly correlated systems containing elements across the periodic table. We further demonstrate that the X2C-DSRG-MRPT2 method, through its variational treatment of SOC effects, can yield spin-orbit splittings with mean absolute percentage errors consistently below 7% with respect to experimental values for systems containing up to sixth row elements. With its modest computational scaling (fourth power in system size for the perturbative step) and high accuracy, X2C-DSRG-MRPT2 provides a promising avenue for the routine treatment of relativistic effects in strongly correlated molecular systems.
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that specifically bind to a wide range of target molecules with high affinity, making them powerful tools for synthetic biology. Traditional aptamer selection via Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) is labor-intensive and prone to nonspecific binding. To address these issues, we developed the Bead-based One-Step aptamer Selection (BOSS) method. As proof of concept, we used this method to target Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (AtCOP1), a conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase central to photomorphogenesis. We expressed the N-terminal RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain of AtCOP1, immobilized it on Ni-NTA beads, and incubated the beads with a random ssDNA library. After washing the beads with washing buffer and replacing the buffer five times, followed by high-throughput sequencing, we identified the high-affinity aptamer Lib1-9, with a Kd of 11.14 nM for AtCOP1-RING. Lib1-9 demonstrated species specificity, showing strong binding to AtCOP1, but not to other COP1 homologs. Truncation analysis revealed that the core variable region (△LR) of Lib1-9 retained near-full binding affinity (Kd = 1.679 nM) to AtCOP1, which is comparable to the values observed for thrombin-binding aptamers. When we delivered Cy5-labeled aptamers into the hypocotyl cells of transgenic YFP-NLS-AtCOP1/cop1-4 A. thaliana plants, both Cy5-Lib1-9 and Cy5-Lib2-11 colocalized with YFP-COP1. The BOSS method is an efficient platform for plant aptamer development, enabling the rapid generation of tools for synthetic biology applications such as COP1 biosensing and optogenetic control.
Sulfonimidamides are an emerging motif in medicinal chemistry; however, current synthetic routes often require multistep reaction sequences, deprotection steps, and lack the modularity needed for rapid and diverse library synthesis. Here, we describe the synthesis and application of previously unexplored N-alkoxysulfurdiimide reagents for the direct, one-step preparation of primary NH2-sulfonimidamides. By modulating the choice of N-substituent, N-alkoxysulfurdiimide reagents can be designed to deliver different product distributions. This reactivity correlates with the electron density at sulfur, as inferred from 13C NMR chemical shifts from the reagents. This tunability can be exploited to design reagents with improved compatibility across organometallic reagents, enabling the preparation of a diverse set of primary NH2-sulfonimidamides.
The development of organic-inorganic hybrid polyoxometalates (POMs) covalently linked to conducting polymers is an effective strategy to preserve their electrochemical accessibility upon immobilization. However, conventional approaches typically involve multistep syntheses, resulting in low POM loading and limited nanoscale control. Here, we report a one-step electrosynthetic approach to generate a POM-rich conducting polymer via electropolymerization of a bifunctional precursor, PW11-(ANI)2, bearing two aniline moieties. Electropolymerization is first demonstrated on bare indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes and then extended to the formation of poly(PW11-ANI) nanofilaments confined within vertically aligned mesoporous silica films (VMSF). The process is initiated by electrochemical oxidation of the aniline groups, generating radical cations that couple to form the hybrid polymer, as evidenced by the progressive growth of reversible POM-centered voltammetric signals. The resulting surface-confined films exhibit good adhesion, further enhanced by a preliminary electrografting step using the monodiazonium derivative PW11-(ANI)(diaz). Both films and nanoconfined structures are electroactive and display electrocatalytic activity toward nitrite reduction, which is enhanced under confinement. These results demonstrate the potential of aniline-functionalized POMs as versatile building blocks for electroactive hybrid materials in sensing, electrochromic, and energy storage applications.
The low-cost C3H8/C3H6/C3H4 separation for high-grade C3H6 is of paramount importance but extremely difficult in the chemical industry. Here we report an economic strategy of functionalizing Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with amino acids for one-step C3H6 purification from ternary C3 mixtures. The resulting UiO-67-AA exhibits exceptionally high C3H8 and C3H4 uptakes and benchmark selectivities for C3H8/C3H6 and C3H4/C3H6 separations, rivaling reported ternary C3 separating MOFs. Breakthrough experiments confirm its excellent performance in producing high-purity C3H6 in one step. Crucially, the estimated over 2250 times the cost reduction among reported C3H8/C3H4-selective MOFs makes UiO-67-AA an ideal candidate for industrial C3H6 purification. In situ infrared spectroscopy, in situ neutron powder diffraction, and theoretical calculations indicate that amino acids offer selective binding to dually strengthen both C3H8 and C3H4 affinity over that of C3H6, with the amino group dictating the supramolecular interactions. Systematic evaluation across UiO-67 with diverse nitrogen moieties establishes a monotonic relationship between the separation performance and the specific nitrogen electronegativity, providing an element‑specific and quantitative electronegativity-driven design rule for next-generation MOF adsorbents for industrial olefin purification.
Injectable bioactive microgels (MGs) are in high demand in minimally invasive bone regeneration, but their fabrication presents significant challenges. Specifically, creating composite MGs that are structurally stablerequiring high polymer concentrationsand containing a bioactive mineral phase is technologically difficult due to high viscosity, leading to inconsistent particle formation and system clogging. Our objective was to develop a novel temperature-controlled emulsification method to overcome these limitations and to produce and characterize MG from a brushite-mineralized highly concentrated gellan gum/sodium alginate (GG/SA). The setup allowed us to successfully produce uniform spherical MG with a controllable mineral content of up to 30% and a mean diameter below 100 μm. SEM/EDS, FTIR, XRD, and TG analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of a nanocrystalline brushite phase, which provided significant structural stability to MGs. In vitro assays demonstrated that all MGs are cytocompatible with MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Cell culture experiments in dynamic conditions revealed that the mineralized MGs support cell adhesion and spreading, contrasting with the nonmineralized controls, where no cell anchorage was observed. These findings demonstrate that precise temperature control is a successful strategy for processing high-viscosity GG/SA solutions into uniform MGs. The resulting materials combine the structural and bioactive benefits of a nanocrystalline brushite phase with the established biocompatibility of a GG/SA matrix. Ultimately, this work establishes an accessible and versatile temperature-controlled fabrication platform. While successfully demonstrated here for GG/SA/brushite composites, this setup can be broadly applied to process other high-viscosity, thermoresponsive biopolymers, opening new avenues for the tunable production of advanced MGs in tissue engineering.
YBO3:Eu3+ phosphors are regarded as strong candidates for high-performance luminescent materials owing to their excellent luminescence efficiency. In this study, novel YBO3:Eu3+ porous/hollow microspheres were synthesized via a simple, continuous ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) process using different organic additives. XRD analysis confirms that all samples crystallize in a pure hexagonal YBO3 phase, indicating that the additives do not affect phase formation. Electron microscopy reveals a clear morphological evolution from solid to porous and hollow microspheres, with tunable shell thickness and cavity size. Compared with solid microspheres, the obtained hollow microspheres significantly reduce the consumption of rare earth materials with minimal influence on luminescence properties. The results suggest that hollow microspheres are promising substitutes for solid microspheres in the field of rare earth phosphors and the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) approach shows great potential in large-scale synthesis of morphology-controllable microspheres.
Despite the increasing use of bleach-shade composite resins in recent years, studies examining the optical properties of these materials remain limited. Furthermore, there are insufficient data on the effectiveness of surface treatments for removing stains from these materials. This study evaluated the effects of different surface treatment protocols on the color stability, whiteness index, and surface roughness of bleach-shade composite resins after coffee immersion. A total of 300 specimens were prepared from four bleach-shade composite resins (Estelite Asteria BL, Brilliant EverGlow BL Translucent, G-aenial A'chord BW, and Opallis E-Bleach L) and one multi-shade (Filtek Z250 A2) composite resin (n = 60 per material). The specimens were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 10): Group 1 (one-step polishing, OptraGloss), Group 2 (two-step polishing, Nova Twist), Group 3 (bleaching, Whiteness HP), Group 4 (bleaching + one-step polishing), Group 5 (bleaching + two-step polishing), and Group 6 (control). All specimens were immersed in a coffee solution for 12 days. Measurements (color and roughness [Ra]) were performed at baseline (t0), after staining (t1), and after the surface treatments (t2). Color differences were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula (∆E00), and whiteness index (WID) values were determined using the CIELAB-based WID formula. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, and robust ANOVA tests (p < 0.05). At the t1 time point, all specimens exhibited clinically unacceptable ΔE00 values and decreased WID values. The Asteria group exhibited the highest color stability at t1, while the Brilliant and A'chord groups exhibited the highest WID values (p < 0.05). At the t2 time point, while Ra increased in the bleaching groups, the lowest Ra values were found in the one-step polishing group (p < 0.05). Coffee exposure adversely affected the optical and surface properties of bleach-shade composite resins. Bleaching alone showed limited effectiveness, whereas polishing improved the esthetic outcomes and maintained clinically acceptable surface characteristics. Material-dependent differences were observed among the tested composites.
Enzymatic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) offers a promising route to mitigate the increasingly severe problem of plastic pollution. However, the development of highly efficient PET hydrolases capable of processing post-consumer PET remains a critical challenge. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) provide new opportunities to accelerate the enzyme engineering of PET hydrolases. Here, we report a systematic computational redesign of the PET hydrolase NI (ThcCut1-AICCG-H185N/F189I) using the deep-learning framework, EITLEM-Kinetics. By integrating mutation free-energy constraints with kinetic parameter prediction, the framework enables simultaneous optimization of catalytic activity and thermostability. A total of nine beneficial substitution sites were identified and experimentally validated that overcoming the activity-stability trade-off. Combinatorial iteration yielded an optimal variant, NI-E65K/H107Y/A2R/L33F (NI-KYRF), which exhibited an 80% and 90% increase in depolymerization activity toward Gf-PET film and one-step pretreated post-consumer PET (pc-PET powder), respectively, along with a 2.61 °C increase in melting temperature (T m). NI-KYRF displayed a specific activity of 665 μmolTPAeq h-1 mgenzyme -1, representing 2.0- and 1.48-fold improvements over representative high-performance PET hydrolases ICCG and TurboPETase. The depolymerization performance of NI-KYRF towards various post-consumer PET wastes and polyester plastics was significantly improved. At 70 °C, it achieved a 95.5% depolymerization conversion of pc-PET powder within 24 h, and for untreated post-consumer PET film, the conversion reached 80.1%, representing a 2.1-fold improvement in depolymerization efficiency over the parental NI. In addition, enhanced activity toward polyesters plastics, including PBAT and PBT, indicates an expanded substrate scope. Molecular dynamics simulations and structural analysis reveal that these mutations enhance enzyme performance through synergistic mechanisms. Overall, this study establishes a deep learning-guided computational design framework based on EITLEM-Kinetics and demonstrates its effectiveness and broad potential for engineering high-performance PET hydrolases.
Syringe services programs (SSPs) serve many people who use drugs (PWUD) who need treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV). The need for laboratory-based HCV RNA testing can present a barrier to diagnosis, care, and treatment. We evaluated the receipt of HCV test results and initiation of the treatment evaluation process among PWUD who received a point-of-care (POC) HCV RNA testing in an SSP. We conducted an observational, prospective study of clients of a health department-run SSP in Seattle, Washington. Participants completed a one-step HCV testing algorithm using POC HCV RNA testing (Xpert® HCV). Participants with HCV received referrals to onsite and offsite treatment providers; same-day treatment was not available at the time of study. Two hundred participants enrolled and received testing. Most participants (74.5%) reported a history of injection drug use (IDU), and 28.5% reported IDU in the past 30 days. Thirty-one participants (15.5%) had a positive HCV RNA test result, 161 (80.5%) had a negative result, and 8 (4.0%) had no result. Nearly all participants (97.0%) received their test result. Six months after testing, among 31 participants with HCV, 8 (25.8%) had initiated the treatment process at the SSP by scheduling at least 1 appointment; 3 (9.7%) started HCV medications through the SSP. No additional participants achieved SVR4 from treatment at another local site at 6 months. We successfully implemented POC HCV RNA testing at an SSP with a high level of returned results. Despite the availability of onsite treatment, relatively few participants with HCV initiated the treatment evaluation process. Linkage to treatment may be improved with additional social supports and/or implementing a protocol with a streamlined initial evaluation and same-day treatment initiation. One-step HCV RNA Testing Among SSP Participants (HOT Study). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06634342.
Inkjet printing offers scalable, material-efficient route to fabricate perovskite solar cells. However, the widespread use of toxic and hazardous solvents in one-step printed perovskite absorber layers poses significant environmental and safety challenges when handling large volumes in production. In this work, we overcome this limitation by demonstrating high-performance, wide-bandgap inkjet-printed perovskite solar cells processed with truly green, non-toxic solvent system, entirely free of carcinogenic and highly hazardous components. γ-Valerolactone, a biomass-derived solvent, is employed as the primary solvent due to its low toxicity and environmental impact, and dimethyl sulfoxide is introduced as a co-solvent to overcome solubility constraints of wide-bandgap perovskite precursors (> 1.68 eV). The ink chemistry and rheology are optimized for solubility and printability. The challenges of wetting and drying dynamics are addressed by tuning interactions between substrate and ink, combined with additive and surface engineering to enhance performance. The resulting green-solvent-based, inkjet-printed perovskite solar cells exhibit power conversion efficiencies exceeding 17% in single-junction devices. Critically, we further demonstrate first perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell integrating one-step inkjet-printed perovskite thin film, achieving an efficiency above 28%. These results establish green solvent inkjet printing as a viable and compelling pathway toward sustainable and scalable manufacturing of high-efficiency perovskite photovoltaics.
Is a simplified one- or two-step warming protocol effective and safe for vitrified human embryos across various developmental stages, morphological qualities, and days of blastulation? This retrospective cohort study, conducted at a single IVF centre, analysed 1501 single-embryo transfer cycles (150 cleavage-stage embryos, 1351 blastocysts) performed between January and December 2024. Outcomes were compared between a conventional three-step protocol (thawing solution for 1 min, dilution solution for 2 min and washing solution for 3 min; n = 742) and simplified protocols: two-step (thawing solution for 1 min and dilution solution for 2 min; n = 461) and one-step (thawing solution for 1 min; n = 298). Separate analyses were conducted for cleavage-stage embryos and blastocysts. For blastocysts, a multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses were further performed based on developmental stage, morphological quality, and day of blastulation. For cleavage-stage embryos, all protocols resulted in 100% survival and comparable ongoing pregnancy rates (11.1% for three-step protocol, 12.5% for two-step protocol, 10.8% for one-step protocol; P = 1.0000). For blastocysts, the post-warming survival rate (100%, 99.3%, 99.6%; P = 0.1112) and ongoing pregnancy rate (47.7%, 46.2%, 43.9%; P = 0.5765) were comparable among the three protocols, including when confounders were considered. This equivalence was observed consistently across all subgroups, including developmental stage (full blastocyst: 43.2%, 39.6%, 33.7%, P = 0.3111; expanded blastocyst: 49.6%, 49.5%, 49.1%; P = 0.9950), morphological quality (poor grade: 27.5%, 23.5%, 23.4%, P = 0.7636; good grade: 52.1%, 51.6%, 48.4%, P = 0.6390), and day of blastulation (day 5: 52.7%, 52.9%, 50.3%, P = 0.8234; day 6: 34.4%, 28.5%, 27.4%, P = 0.4088). Simplified one- or two-step warming protocols are effective for vitrified human embryos, regardless of developmental stage, morphological quality, or day of blastulation.
Fluorescent nanomaterials are powerful tools for imaging and diagnostics, yet their performance depends critically on the control of particle morphology, stability, and emission characteristics. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) offers a versatile platform for designing a stable and functional organosilica framework. In this study, we introduce a one-step microfluidic approach to synthesize fluorescent POSS nanoparticles labeled with FITC or RITC. A custom-designed PDMS microfluidic reactor enabled in situ emulsion formation, controlled droplet formation and UV-induced polymerization, producing highly uniform submicron spherical nanoparticles with strong and tunable fluorescence in one-step. Structural and chemical characterization (SEM, DLS, FTIR, and fluorescence microscopy) confirmed successful synthesis and fluorophore integration. Cytotoxicity and cellular responses were assessed in HepG2 cells via MTT viability, AO/PI staining, and wound-healing. Both FITC@POSS and RITC@POSS nanoparticles showed high biocompatibility and high cell viability (>80%) across concentrations up to 200 µg mL-1, with minimal membrane damage, while higher doses modestly reduced cell migration. These results demonstrate that microfluidic processing provides a fast, scalable, and reproducible platform for creating biocompatible tunable fluorescent POSS nanoparticles with strong potential for multiplex bioimaging and theranostic applications.
The one-step construction of multiple contiguous stereogenic centers to access structurally complex, enantioenriched molecules remains a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis and has garnered considerable attention. Catalytic desymmetrization has emerged as a pivotal strategy for forging such arrays in a single operation, proving invaluable in pharmaceutical synthesis and materials development. Herein, we report a photoinduced, copper-catalyzed site- and stereoselective β-C(sp3)-H alkynylation of cycloalkyl amines via an intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) strategy, achieving the desymmetrizing radical cross-coupling (DRCC) of enantiotopic C(sp3)-H bonds to form C(sp3)-C(sp) bonds in the challenging unstrained ring system. A novel combination of binaphthol and a tridentate anionic chiral ligand serves both as the photosensitizer and the chiral catalyst. This practical protocol displays broad functional group tolerance and delivers excellent stereoselectivity via substrate control, installing multiple chiral centers in one step. For a range of acyclic amine substrates, this reaction also exhibits excellent site-selectivity. The method's versatility is further demonstrated by the direct incorporation of alkynyl groups into complex scaffolds, facilitating subsequent synthetic applications and the efficient synthesis of bioactive molecules. DFT calculations indicate that the radical alkynylation is achieved through a concerted coupling pathway. Structural analysis unveils that the robust N-H···π hydrogen bond and the positioning of bulky groups in equatorial orientations are two key factors that stabilize the concerted coupling transition state and guarantee high enantioselectivity.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders in pregnancy and is associated with significant maternal and fetal risks. The study aims to investigate lipid metabolism profiles associated with GDM to identify independent risk factors. Clinical data from 17,452 women with singleton pregnancies who received regular prenatal care and nutritional assessment at Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital between December 2011 and December 2019 were analyzed. Participants were divided into GDM and control groups based on diagnosis. Gestational age was confirmed by first-trimester ultrasound, and lipid profiles were measured in early (10-13 weeks) and late pregnancy (28-32 weeks). GDM was diagnosed using either a two-step approach (2011-2014) or the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) one-step 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Maternal characteristics, pregnancy outcomes, and lipid indicators-including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, HDL-C, and apolipoproteins (Apo-A1, Apo-B)-were extracted. Feature selection was performed using LASSO regression and the Boruta algorithm. Age, TG/HDL-C ratio, TG, pre-pregnancy BMI, and HDL-C were identified as independent risk factors for GDM. Levels of ALT, HGB, Apo-B, TC, TG, and TG/HDL-C ratio were significantly higher in the GDM group, while HDL-C was lower (P < 0.05). Threshold analysis indicated that first-trimester HDL-C and TG/HDL-C ratio critical cut-off points were 2.37 and 1.33, respectively. Abnormal lipid metabolism is a hallmark of GDM and may serve as a predictive biomarker. Assessment of TG/HDL-C ratio and HDL-C in early pregnancy could improve risk stratification and facilitate early interventions.
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) poses severe environmental risks due to its high toxicity, mobility, and carcinogenicity. Herein, a thiol-functionalized perylene diimide-based covalent organic polymer (PDI-DBD-SH) was prepared through one-step thermal polymerization for integrated Cr(VI) adsorption, reduction, and immobilization. The material combines redox-active -SH sites with a rigid π-conjugated PDI-based polyimide backbone, enabling thiol-mediated Cr(VI) reduction and PDI-assisted charge migration. PDI-DBD-SH exhibited pH-dependent Cr(VI) removal, reaching a maximum adsorption capacity of 53.42 mg g-1 at pH 3.0. XPS analysis and alkaline desorption testing demonstrated that Cr(VI) was electrostatically enriched on the material surface and reduced to Cr(III), which was subsequently immobilized on PDI-DBD-SH, accompanied by the oxidation of -SH groups to S-S and -SO3H species. Density functional theory and frontier orbital analyses revealed favorable Cr(VI) adsorption, thiol-to-Cr(VI) electron transfer, and charge delocalization through the PDI backbone. PDI-DBD-SH also maintained effective Cr(VI) removal in real water matrices. This work highlights a conjugated-backbone-assisted strategy for constructing covalent organic polymers capable of integrated Cr(VI) capture, reduction, and immobilization.
Surface electromyography (sEMG) signal classification is challenged by high computational cost and energy consumption, which limits its deployment on resource-constrained wearable devices. To address these issues, we propose Hyper-Dimensional Spiking Neural Networks (DSN), a hybrid framework that combines Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) with Hyper-dimen-sional Computing (HDC). The SNN module adopts randomized initialized weights with lightweight one-step training for efficient feature extraction, while the HDC module leverages high-dimensional distributed representations for robust classification. Based on theoretical derivation, we've proved its noise robustness, efficiency and hardware error robustness. Experimental results show that our method achieves up to 12.03 ×  lower training energy consumption compared with LSTM and 3.46 ×  lower compared with GRU, while maintaining over 90% accuracy using only 20% of the training data. Moreover, the framework exhibits strong robustness to noise and hardware faults, making it highly suitable for real-time, energy-efficient sEMG monitoring on edge healthcare platforms.
Enzyme immobilization on solid supports enhances stability and reusability, yet nanoscale carriers such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) still face challenges in efficient recovery. While pyrolysis can magnetize Fe-MOFs, conventional methods often compromise either enzyme activity or structural integrity. This study presents a rational two-step oxidation-reduction (O-R) pyrolysis strategy to convert Meso-MIL-88A into a magnetically recyclable, mesoporous biocatalyst support (O-R500). Unlike one-step carbonization, which generates enzyme-incompatible Fe3O4, or carbonization-oxidation routes that collapse the framework, our approach first transforms the MOF into a robust α-Fe2O3 template while preserving its morphology. Citric acid then acts as a mild, slow-releasing reductant, selectively producing a γ-Fe2O3-rich phase without damaging the mesostructure. The resulting O-R500 exhibits well-defined mesopores (∼13 nm), sufficient magnetization (16 emu/g) for rapid separation, and a biocompatible surface that maintains the native conformation of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB). In the synthesis of phosphatidyl EPA/DHA, CalB@O-R500 achieved 84.5% incorporation and retained 90.3% activity over five cycles, outperforming nonmagnetic counterparts. This work not only provides a high-performance magnetic biocatalyst but also establishes a generalizable design principle for converting Fe-MOFs into structured, biocompatible, and functionally integrated carriers.