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Much of biology focuses on how genetic changes mediate new functions, but less attention is given to adaptations within the ancient molecular machines that execute the central dogma. Octopuses exhibit complex nervous systems and sophisticated behaviors that rival vertebrates but via an entirely divergent evolutionary history. Here, we serendipitously discovered that octopus ribosomes contain a structural break in the core ribosomal RNA that is unique among all animals. This break site enhances translation fidelity to reduce miscoding and subsequent protein aggregation, even when engineered into evolutionarily distant bacterial ribosomes. Furthermore, high-fidelity translation by octopus ribosomes supports proteomic stability during extensive RNA editing observed in cephalopods, suggesting synergy between distinct non-canonical modes of gene regulation. This adaptation emerged in recently derived octopuses with expanded nervous systems, thereby revealing a mechanism that could broadly support the evolution of novel organismal traits.

Octopuses are phenotypically distinctive organisms, and recent genomic work raises questions about the contributions of transposable elements (TEs) to their genomic architecture. We leveraged a robust repeat annotation pipeline, in combination with manual and automated curatorial techniques, to produce a more comprehensive repeat annotation of Octopus vulgaris. This revealed that ∼66% of the genome are repeats, in contrast to previous estimates of 43% to 50% in closely related octopus species. Whereas previous studies of TE expansion in Octopus bimaculoides identified two bursts of activity, 25 and 56 MYA, our re-annotation revealed four such expansions at 18, 25, 33, and 56 MYA. We further identified a landscape of TE hot- and cold spots. This refined TE timescape and landscape will serve as a useful basis for understanding TE contributions to O. vulgaris evolution, also for identifying factors contributing to variation in the TE community across genomic space and evolutionary time.

Reproductive behaviour in octopuses is diverse, yet field observations remain limited for nocturnal species such as Callistoctopus macropus. We report the first documented case of intertidal emergence during copulation in an octopus. During a night dive in Ibiza, a mating pair of C. macropus moved gradually from shallow water onto the rocky shore while remaining physically connected. Once emerged, the female showed a putative escape behaviour, anchoring to nearby rocks, while the male persisted and counter-anchored, resulting in a prolonged struggle with both individuals partially exposed for ~20 min before re-submerging. This behaviour is unprecedented and suggests that intertidal emergence may function as an extreme female resistance tactic within the context of sexual conflict. These observations expand the known behavioural repertoire of octopuses and highlight the need for further study of social dynamics in natural settings.

Octopuses are capable of remarkably intricate movements without a skeletal framework, making them a compelling model for the design of soft robotic arms. While previous research has explored the bending, elongation, and shortening of octopus arms, the spatial distribution of specific muscle groups along the arm and their functional implications remain underexplored. In this study, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of 24 arms from Octopus bimaculoides was used to quantify the distribution of transverse, aboral, oral, and lateral internal longitudinal muscles, as well as the axial core housing the nerve cord. Results revealed a progressive increase in axial core area and a decrease in transverse muscle area from proximal to distal arm regions, while longitudinal muscle distributions showed no consistent trend. These anatomical insights informed the design of four soft arm models. Two models incorporated either uniform or octopus-inspired muscle group distributions, and the other two included an additional passive axial core. Using silicone rubber to mimic muscle mechanics, each design was evaluated via finite element analysis for tip displacement and arm curvature across various motions. The bioinspired model without an axial core achieved the greatest tip displacement, while the inclusion of the core reduced performance. Moreover, a parametric analysis of transverse-assisted bending demonstrated that even modest changes in the activation levels of transverse and longitudinal muscles can produce markedly different arm curvatures. This highlights how a bioinspired architecture can enable complex movements through simple modulation of relative muscle activation. Together, these findings underscore the value of biologically informed design principles in advancing the dexterity and agility of next-generation soft robotic arms.

Simultaneous augmentation mastopexy represents one of the most demanding procedures in aesthetic breast surgery, due to the need to balance volume enhancement with tissue tightening. Traditional techniques often struggle to maintain long-term stability, frequently resulting in recurrent ptosis, increased tension on the wound closure, and higher complication and revision rates. The Octopus Mastopexy was developed as a standardized refinement of the inverted-T approach, aiming to provide a reproducible, tension-free result while ensuring reliable nipple-areolar complex vascularization. A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent primary or secondary augmentation mastopexy using the Octopus technique between January 2019 and January 2024, all performed by the senior author. The technique is characterized by an implant-first sequence, selective and on-demand parenchymal reduction, and multivector pillar mobilization to evenly redistribute tension across the breast mound. Patient-reported satisfaction and quality-of-life outcomes were assessed using the BREAST-Q questionnaire, administered preoperatively and again at least 12 months postoperatively. Ninety-five patients were included, with a mean age of 39.2 years and a mean implant volume of 300 cc. No major complications occurred. Minor wound dehiscence was observed in two patients and managed conservatively, while six patients required revision for recurrent glandular laxity or weight change. BREAST-Q scores improved significantly across all measured domains, including satisfaction with breasts, physical well-being, and psychosocial well-being. These findings suggest that the Octopus Mastopexy provides a safe, stable, and reproducible solution for simultaneous breast augmentation and mastopexy, improving aesthetic outcomes while reducing tension-related complications and revision rates.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Molecular data are widely used to resolve complex phylogenetic relationships between cryptic species, particularly in cases where morphological features are insufficient to confirm taxonomic distinctness. For benthic shallow-water octopuses, several successes and failures have been reported when attempting to delineate species using individual nuclear or mitochondrial markers. In this study, we investigated the potential of shallow random shotgun sequencing to assess the phylogenetic placement of an undescribed southern hemisphere lineage within the Octopus vulgaris species complex, which could not be conclusively delimited using single-marker approaches. A total of 338 nuclear loci, along with complete mitochondrial genomes, were generated for two specimens presently classified as Octopus vulgaris (Type III) that originated from the southeastern Atlantic coast of South Africa and Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Our combined phylogenomic approach reveals that this lineage is genetically distinct from O. vulgaris sensu stricto (ss) from the Mediterranean and the northeast Atlantic, as well as from the closely related O. sinensis from East Asia. A further separation of O. vulgaris (Type III) into distinct South African and Amsterdam Island lineages cannot be proven. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that supports O. vulgaris Type III as a genetically distinct lineage within the O. vulgaris species complex, and emphasise that the taxonomic classification of this southern hemisphere lineage warrants re-evaluation.

The aquaculture of Octopus vulgaris faces high larval mortality, mainly due to nutritional limitations and susceptibility to pathogens, particularly Vibrio spp. As vaccination is not feasible in cephalopods, host-associated probiotics represent a promising and sustainable alternative to improve survival and reduce infections. This study evaluated bacteria from the Roseobacter clade as probiotic candidates during octopus embryonic and paralarval stages. Characterization of egg-associated microbiota revealed the absence of cultivable bacteria within eggs and a significantly lower bacterial load on egg surfaces under maternal care, highlighting the regulatory role of female cleaning behavior. No bacteria with antagonism against Vibrio lentus, a common pathogen to octopus, were isolated from egg surfaces. Therefore, selected Roseobacter clade strains were screened in vitro against relevant aquaculture pathogens. Phaeobacter strains showed strong inhibitory activity against Vibrio spp., including V. lentus, while Ruegeria strains exhibited higher specificity against Tenacibaculum maritimum. Based on these results, Phaeobacter sp. 4UAC3 was selected for in vivo assays. This strain successfully colonized eggs, water, and paralarvae; however, its application reduced hatching success in eggs by 33%, likely due to surface-associated accumulation of the bacteria linked to the administration method. In contrast, probiotic treatment significantly improved survival at the paralarval stage. Although high variability was observed, probably due to stressful rearing conditions, more than 50% was observed in treated vs. 0% in non-treated cases at day 6. Overall, Phaeobacter sp. 4UAC3 emerges as a promising probiotic candidate to improve O. vulgaris paralarvae survival, potentially contributing to solving this bottleneck in a sustainable way.

Environmental monitoring is increasingly critical in urban and ecological contexts, yet existing tools are often costly or closed-source. Octopus is a full y open-source hardware platform designed to enable low-cost, modular environmental sensing for makers, educators, and citizen scientists. The system is built around a compact, 4-layer custom-designed PCB and a 3D printed enclosure, supporting Arduino-compatible microcontrollers (Nano 33 BLE Sense or Nicla Vision) and varied plug-and-play sensors, including particulate matter, GPS, temperature, and humidity. Octopus emphasizes ease of assembly, flexibility of deployment, and reproducibility. All hardware, firmware, and mechanical design files freely available. Devices can be built for less than 100 USD using widely available tools, significantly lowering the barrier to entry for environmental sensing. We provide complete documentation, including build instructions, firmware libraries, and example applications. Compared to existing citizen-science devices, Octopus offers an extensible and adaptable platform to support hands-on environmental research, educational use, and grassroots sensing initiatives.

Coleoid cephalopods, squids, cuttlefish, and octopuses, have emerged as powerful model organisms for studying neurobiology, development, and behavior, however, cellular tools for investigating their specialized tissues remain limited. In particular, their venom producing gland, the posterior salivary gland (PSG), has been extensively described anatomically and histologically, yet remains largely inaccessible to experimental investigation at the cellular level. Here, we report the first establishment of primary cell cultures derived from both the optical lobe and PSG tissues of Octopus bimaculoides. Building on recent advances in cephalopod brain cultures, we adapted and optimized dissociation and culture conditions to support short-term survival and attachment of cells in vitro. We show that passive cell release during tissue handling, rather than enzymatic treatment, yields viable cultures from both tissues, and poly-D-lysine markedly improves the adherence of PSG-derived cells. Morphological analyses and fluorescent staining confirm the presence and viability of distinct cell populations, while cell cycle analysis indicates that the majority of cells reside in G0/G1 phase. Notably, O. bimaculoides brain cultures exhibit features comparable to those previously described in squid, suggesting conserved aspects of coleoid cellular physiology. Together, our findings establish a foundational in vitro platform for studying octopus PSG and neural cell biology, providing a tractable system for probing venom biosynthesis, secretion, and neural regulation in coleoid cephalopods.

Mirror-mediated localization of hidden objects is well documented in vertebrates1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 but has never been demonstrated in invertebrates. Using mirrors to locate otherwise occluded objects is a form of mediated perception, linking a visible reflection to an occluded location13,14 and is seen by some as a precursor to self-recognition.15 Cephalopods offer a fascinating test case of convergent cognition, having independently evolved sophisticated perceptual and cognitive abilities that are similar to mammals,16,17,18 after diverging from a common ancestor over 520 million years ago.19 In addition, they react to mirror images as though they were conspecifics.20,21,22,23 We projected a virtual crab that was visible only via mirror reflection onto a tank wall. Three Octopus bimaculoides were trained to navigate to the projection site instead of the mirror. All three octopuses learned this task, successfully choosing the correct side in 73% of trials. Critically, octopuses sometimes moved away from the visible reflection and climbed over the side walls of the start chamber to reach visually occluded locations that were spatially aligned with the reflected prey location. This behavior suggests (1) the ability to inhibit a direct approach to salient visual stimuli, and (2) a spatial representation that integrates mirror information with knowledge of 3D tank geometry. These findings extend mirror-use capabilities to invertebrates, demonstrating that cephalopods can employ mirror reflections for spatial navigation. The independent evolution of cognitive capacities underlying mirror use across diverse taxa suggests that common solutions may have evolved to solve spatial navigation challenges.

Top predators drive changes in ecosystem structure. For the last ~370 million years, large-sized vertebrates have dominated the apex of the marine food chain, while invertebrates have served as smaller prey. Here we describe invertebrate top predators from this "age of vertebrates," the earliest finned octopuses (Cirrata) from Late Cretaceous sediments (~100 to 72 million years ago), as identified based on huge, exceptionally well-preserved fossil jaws and their wear. This extensive wear suggests dynamic crushing of hard skeletons. Asymmetric wear patterns further indicate lateralized behavior, suggesting advanced intelligence. With a calculated total length of ~7 to 19 meters, these octopuses may represent the largest invertebrates thus described, rivaling contemporaneous giant marine reptiles. Our findings show that powerful jaws, and the loss of superficial skeletons, convergently transformed cephalopods and marine vertebrates into huge, intelligent predators.

Molluscs, especially octopus, is a nutritious seafood, containing high levels of proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, and essential minerals. However, marine pollution with heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead, and cadmium (Cd) is a growing concern, as these elements can accumulate in octopus tissues as a result of the marine food chain. This study aimed to determine the from beaches near the Zawiya refinery and compare them with samples taken from beaches far from industrial cities (Marsa Zawagha/b). Hg concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) were measured using the Buck Scientific USA 210 VGP model Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer at the Central Laboratory of Delta Technical Services Company, Tripoli, Libya, in accordance with Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990). The results were average concentrations of 0.0336 and 0.1576 mg/kg in liver and arm samples taken from Zawiya, respectively, and 0.0050 and 0.0069 mg/kg were detected in liver and arm samples taken from Marsa Zawagha, respectively. Below the internationally recommended level (0.5 mg/kg) according to the World Health Organization and the European Union. The amount was within permissible bounds. Statistical analysis, that the Zawia Refinery area has a statistically significant (p < 0.05) advantage over Marsa Zawagha in terms of the (mg/kg) in liver samples. Additionally, average concentrations for both areas were below the World Health Organization and European Union standards (<0.5 mg/kg).

Ink production and release is one of the most important defense strategies in cephalopods. Previous studies have shown that ink production and release are closely associated with the hepatopancreas. In octopuses, the ink sac is embedded within the hepatopancreas, and the surrounding hepatopancreatic tissue appears white. To explore the differences between the white hepatopancreas and normal hepatopancreas, as well as the potential function of the white hepatopancreas, this study took Amphioctopus fangsiao as the research object and conducted histological and transcriptomic studies on white hepatopancreas and normal hepatopancreas tissues. Histological analysis revealed clear structural differences between the two tissues, with lipid droplets absent in the white hepatopancreas. Transcriptomic analysis identified 6530 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses found that oxidative phosphorylation and the Apelin signaling pathways were significantly enriched in white hepatopancreas, suggesting an increase in ATP production and the alleviation of oxidative stress. Members of the ABHD gene family enriched may regulate lipid droplet metabolism. TAT, SLC6A6, Dop1R1 and Dop2R could potentially influence the levels of tyrosine, taurine and dopamine in the white hepatopancreas. Considering that these substances are involved in the main components of ink, we speculate that these genes may be related to the precursor supply for ink production. Our study demonstrates that the white hepatopancreas is structurally distinct from the normal hepatopancreas, and may be functionally related to the ink sac to some extent.

Coleoid cephalopods have convergently evolved many traits shared with vertebrates, including camera-type eyes, large brain-to-body size ratios, and complex behaviors. Most evolutionary studies of cephalopods have compared individual genomes of taxa that diverged tens to hundreds of millions of years ago, yet very few have examined more recent evolution from a population genetics perspective. Here we present a comparative population genomic analysis of the sympatric sister species Octopus bimaculatus and Octopus bimaculoides using whole-genome resequencing. Despite similar morphologies, these species differ substantially in their life histories, ecologies, and geographic distributions. Using demographic inference, we estimated that the two species diverged approximately one million years ago and that O. bimaculatus has maintained a consistently larger effective population size since divergence. Consistent with these demographic histories, we found stronger signatures of positive selection in O. bimaculatus, including a positive correlation between recombination rate and nucleotide diversity, more selective sweeps, and a higher proportion of mutations fixed by adaptation-all consistent with more efficient natural selection in larger populations. Protein-coding genes overlapping with selective sweeps were enriched for various functions that included many related to brain and eye development, suggesting that traits characteristic of coleoid cephalopods continue to be shaped by positive selection on recent timescales in these species. Comparing coding-sequence divergence on the Z chromosome to the autosomes, we also find evidence for a female-biased mutation rate, consistent with an independent estimate from a deeper-timescale cephalopod comparison.

Few innovative treatments were developed for patients with non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) in the past decades. The paper describes the OCTOPUS project (Optimising Combination Therapy fOr Paediatric, adolescent and yoUng adult patients with non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue Sarcomas), a master protocol and includes an adaptive platform trial comprising different sub-trials, a real-world data registry, translational studies, and overarching study questions assessing local therapy issues and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). The OCTOPUS consortium will provide an operational framework including a legal consortium structure, a network of national coordinating centres (NCCs) and sites within the EpSSG (European paediatric Soft tissue sarcoma Study Group) and ITCC (Innovative Therapies for Children and adolescents with Cancer) network. The overarching aim of the platform is to improve outcome and quality of life for patients with NRSTS by providing access to innovative treatments. Every sub-trial will have a unique design, tailored to the needs of the patients, the characteristics of the disease, and the stage of development of the experimental compound(s). Depending on the medical need in a specific patient population and the expected activity of a compound (or a combination), the innovative treatment(s) will be offered to patients with relapsed/refractory disease or placed in frontline treatment when appropriate.

JNJ-73763989-based treatments (evaluations ongoing) reduce hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B, but hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance is rare. OCTOPUS-1, an open-label, randomized phase II study, assessed the efficacy and safety of adding low-dose nivolumab (programmed death 1 inhibitor) to JNJ-73763989 + nucleos(t)ide analog. Hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, virologically suppressed participants with chronic hepatitis B received JNJ-73763989 loading dose (200 mg once weekly) for 4 weeks then every 4 weeks until week 24 with daily nucleos(t)ide analog. Nivolumab (0.3 mg/kg) was administered at week 16 for arm 1 and at weeks 16, 20, and 24 for arm 2; both arms had 48-week follow-ups. Thirty-seven participants were enrolled (arm 1, 18; arm 2, 19); all completed the study. None achieved the primary endpoint of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance at 24-week follow-up, but 1 (arm 2) achieved hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance at 48-week follow-up. Both arms had robust mean [standard error] hepatitis B surface antigen changes from baseline before nivolumab administration (arm 1, -1.32 [0.12]; arm 2, -1.41 [0.16] log10IU/mL), at week 24 (arm 1, -2.01 [0.09]; arm 2, -2.10 [0.13] log10IU/mL), and at 48-week follow-up (arm 1, -1.23 [0.13]; arm 2, -1.54 [0.21] log10IU/mL). The mean receptor occupancy (determined 2 hours postinfusion at week 16) was &#x2265;70% and &#x2265;90% in arms 1 and 2 with no clear association between hepatitis B virus-specific T-cells and hepatitis B surface antigen. No serious adverse events, grade 3/4 adverse events, or adverse events leading to discontinuation were reported; 2 participants experienced asymptomatic transient hyperthyroidism. Cross-study analysis with REEF-1 (virologically suppressed, hepatitis B e-antigen-negative participants) revealed no additional benefit of loading dose or nivolumab. JNJ-73763989 + nucleos(t)ide analog + nivolumab treatment was generally safe and led to robust hepatitis B surface antigen declines; no hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance was observed. gov, Number: NCT05275023.

Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy leverages bacteria to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment and deliver therapeutics. However, its clinical application is limited by toxicity, off-target effects, and uncontrolled drug release. Improving tumor targeting and precise payload delivery through rational bacterial engineering is essential for increasing efficacy and safety. An attenuated Salmonella &#x394;htrA::luxI-VNP20009 strain expressing OmpA-SpyTag (AISI-ST) was constructed for the modular surface conjugation of SpyCatcher&#x394; (SC)-fused quadruple arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides (named AISI-ST/SC-RGD&#xd7;4) and for building biointerfaces for enhanced tumor adhesion via RGD-mediated integrin &#x3b1;v&#x3b2;3 interactions. The tumor-bearing mice received intravenous injections of AISI-ST/SC-RGD&#xd7;4, and their biodistribution was analyzed using bioluminescence imaging and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Quorum-sensing (QS)-regulated high-temperature requirement A (HtrA) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) nanobody expression based on the LuxI promoter in strains was validated by Western blotting. Immune responses were assessed using flow cytometry. The incubation of the fused proteins with the AISI-ST strain for 1&#xa0;h was sufficient to form a stable biological interface. The quadruple RGD-modified bacteria (AISI-ST/SC-RGD&#xd7;4) exhibited greater enrichment in various solid tumors and lung metastases with reduced off-target accumulation. QS induced the expression of the HtrA protein within tumors, resulting in enhanced extracellular polysaccharide-mediated immunogenicity to activate immune cells. Further expression of anti-PD1 nanobodies synergistically enhanced antitumor immunity, increasing the percentage of M1 macrophages (MACS) and CD8+ T cell proliferation while suppressing M2 MACS and regulatory T cells (Tregs). This approach achieves potent tumor suppression via targeted immune remodeling. This study presents octopus-inspired engineered bacteria with a "plug-and-display" system and tumor-specific drug delivery that achieves enhanced tumor targeting and potent antitumor effects. This study describes a promising strategy for the precise and safe clinical translation of bacteria-mediated cancer immunotherapy.

Bioinspired soft robots leverage the efficient deformation mechanisms of living organisms to navigate complex environments. Magnetic actuation is a particularly promising modality for these designs due to its wireless control, rapid response, and biocompatibility. However, achieving sophisticated and controllable deformation remains a significant challenge. Inspired by the versatile deformation and stiffness-tuning capabilities of octopus tentacles, this study proposes a programmable magnetic soft robot (PMSR). The PMSR incorporates a truncated cone profile and an axisymmetric V-shaped notch structure to regulate its axial stiffness distribution, with internal magnetization profiles defined via programmable magnetization technology. A magnetic-mechanical coupling finite element model was established, incorporating mesh independence verification and literature benchmarking to systematically investigate deformation behaviour of the PMSR under non-uniform magnetic fields derived by permanent magnet (PM). Simulation results demonstrate that adjusting the working distance and rotation angle of PM enables controllable bending. Extensive parametric studies elucidate the influence of notch geometry, magnetization patterns, material stiffness, and remanent magnetization on actuation performance. Furthermore, contact mechanics simulations in simplified vascular interventional scenarios show that the contact pressure between the PMSR tip and the vascular wall remains within a preliminary safe operational limit across various advancement distances and vessel curvatures. This work provides a robust analytical framework for the systematic design and performance prediction of bioinspired magnetically controlled soft robots.

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels constitute a versatile family of membrane proteins central to sensory perception and a broad range of physiological functions. Conserved throughout evolution in both vertebrates and invertebrates, TRPs respond to diverse environmental stimuli, including temperature fluctuations, mechanical forces, osmotic changes, redox states, and chemical signals. In cephalopods, marine invertebrates renowned for their sophisticated sensory systems and behavioural complexity, the molecular mechanisms underlying thermal sensing remain poorly investigated. In this study, we present the first genome-wide identification and phylogenetic classification of 157 candidates TRP channel sequences among them 117 previously unannotated from 13 cephalopod species. These sequences were phylogenetically assigned to seven major TRP channel families (TRPA, TRPN, TRPC, TRPM, TRPV, TRPML, and TRPP). We further analysed TRP gene expression under chronic thermal stress in embryos of Sepia officinalis and Octopus maya, two species of ecological and economical relevance and occupying contrasting thermal niches. Our findings reveal a remarkably diverse TRP repertoire in cephalopods and identify &#x3b1;TRPC as the most consistently and robustly upregulated subtype in response to elevated temperature in both S. officinalis and O. maya. Strikingly, &#x3b1;TRPC expression is markedly enriched in the eyes of both species, suggesting a potential integrative function in processing both thermal and visual cues, an adaptive feature likely beneficial in rapidly changing coastal environments. This work provides the first in-depth characterisation of TRP channels in cephalopods and advances our understanding of the molecular basis of thermal adaptation in marine invertebrates. These results lay a foundation for future functional investigations and contribute to a broader understanding of how cephalopod sensory systems may respond to ongoing ocean warming.