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The International Academy of Toxicologic Pathology (IATP) Satellite Symposium on "New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for Neurotoxicity Assessment and Regulatory Perspectives," organized in Spain, addressed the growing need for improved assessment of neurotoxicity. Traditional neurotoxicity assessment using in vivo animal studies are impractical for testing the substantial number of environmental chemicals that currently lack data and in the early detection of neuro-related adverse reactions in drug discovery. The NAMs, including human in vitro assays and small model organisms, have been developed for faster and cost-effective assessment of neurotoxic potential. While NAMs offer improved practicality, utility, and valuable mechanistic insights, their integration into regulatory decision-making requires robust scientific validation and technical characterization. Confidence in and regulatory application of NAMs data can be supported by mapping cellular outcomes to neuropathological findings in mammals, including humans, through the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, and the Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA). Case studies presented demonstrated the application of NAMs in chemical and drug safety evaluations, focusing on developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), Parkinson's disease, and drug-induced seizures. In conjunction with in vivo toxicology studies, NAMs represent a significant step toward advancing chemical and drug toxicity assessment via hazard identification and drug screening safety assessments.

Over the past decade, technological advancements have greatly impacted the education industry, leading to the rise of online teaching and learning as a promising trend worldwide. However, in Viet Nam, research on virtual classrooms for young learners has been relatively limited. As a result, a recent study sought to examine English teachers’ perspectives on the benefits of teaching English to children virtually. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach to collect data through an online questionnaire distributed to 52 English teachers in Khanh Hoa Province, Central Viet Nam, who had at least one-year experience in teaching English to children online and in-depth interviews with 15 of them. The findings revealed that virtual classrooms offer numerous benefits for teachers, such as integrating all four language skills, enhancing teaching and learning performance, improving their digital skills, keeping up with educational technology trends, accessing a wealth of resources on educational websites, and fostering creativity in developing activities that enhance children’s engagement and motivation in English lessons. Overall, this study highlights the valuable benefits of teaching the English language to children in virtual settings. The findings hold relevance for other stakeholders involved in the development of virtual language education in Viet Nam and similar contexts.

Background: Cleft lip and palate is widespread congenital abnormalities affecting the orofacial area. Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM) is a pre-surgical orthodontic method that has revolutionized the management of newborns with cleft lip and palate. Objectives: The purpose of this research are to present the steps of NAM appliance construction as well as to evaluate how presurgical nasoalveolar molding affected the long-term nasal, alveolar, and palate shape of infants with cleft lip and palate. Material and Methods: Individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate are candidates for NAM treatment. Earlier intervention, within the initial weeks of life, is essential for attaining best outcomes. Patients must be assessed for their general health and appropriateness for the NAM management. Results: The improvement of nostril height was 0.8 mm after application of NAM appliance and after primary surgical repair by 0.7mm, whereas the nostril width reported decrease by 1.4 mm after utilization of NAM and by 1 mm after lip repair. Columella-nasal base angle increase from 51.8 º to 90.1 º after application of NAM appliance and primary surgical repair. There were reduction of alveolar gap width by 7.6 mm and 9.3 mm after application of NAM appliance and primary surgical repair respectively. Conclusions: Nasoalveolar molding for cleft lip and palate, Craniofacial anomalies, Pediatric dentistry, Infant Orthopedics, Pre-surgical orthodontics, Quality of life.

New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are gaining significant momentum globally to reduce animal testing and enhance the efficiency and human relevance of chemical safety assessment. Even with substantial EU commitment from regulatory agencies and the academic community, the full regulatory adoption of NAMs remains a distant prospect. This challenge is further complicated by the fact that the academic world, oriented toward NAMs development, and regulatory agencies, focused on practical application, frequently operate in separate spheres. Addressing this disconnect, the present paper, developed within the European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC), provides a clear overview of both the available non-animal tests and current evaluation practices for genotoxic and carcinogenic hazard assessment, while simultaneously highlighting existing regulatory needs, gaps, and challenges toward greater human health protection and the replacement of animal testing through NAMs adoption. The analysis reveals a complex landscape: while the EU is deeply committed to developing and adopting NAMs, as outlined in its Chemical Strategy for Sustainability and supported by initiatives like PARC, prescriptive regulations such as Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) and Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) still heavily mandate in vivo animal data for hazard classification, particularly for germ cell mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. This reliance creates a "too-short-blanket-problem," where efforts to reduce animal testing may impact human health protection because of the current in vivo-based classification criteria. In contrast, sectors such as cosmetics and certain European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-regulated products demonstrate greater flexibility toward progressive integration of NAMs. While the deep mechanistic understanding of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity has significantly advanced the integration of alternatives to animal tests into regulatory chemical hazard assessment, their broader and full implementation faces considerable challenges due to both scientific complexities (i.e., the development and validation of fit-for-purpose NAMs) and existing legislative provisions.

The North Atlantic Oscillation, referred to herein as the Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM), owes its existence entirely to atmospheric processes. In this chapter, we review the structure of the NAM in the atmospheric general circulation, discuss opposing perspectives regarding its physical identity, examine tropospheric processes thought to give-rise to NAM-like variability, and review the role of the stratosphere in driving variability in the NAM. the NAM is characterized by a deep, nearly barotropic structure, with zonal wind perturbations of opposing sign along ˜55° and ˜35° latitude. It has a pronounced zonally symmetric component, but exhibits largest variance in the North Atlantic sector. During the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter, the NAM is strongly coupled to the circulation of the NH stratosphere. the NAM also affects tropical regions, where it perturbs the temperature and wind fields of both the tropical troposphere and stratosphere. the structure of the NAM is remarkably similar to the structure of the leading mode of variability in the Southern Hemisphere circulation. the processes that give rise to annular variability are discussed. In the troposphere, the NAM fluctuates on timescales of ˜10 days and is associated with anomalous fluxes of zonal momentum of baroclinic waves across ˜45°N. It is argued that the tropospheric component of the NAM exhibits largest variance in the Atlantic sector where the relatively weak thermally driven subtropical flow and the relatively warm lower boundary conditions at subpolar latitudes permit marked meridional excursions by baroclinic waves. In the stratosphere, fluctuations in the NAM evolve on timescales of several weeks. Evidence is presented that long-lived anomalies in the stratospheric NAM frequently precede similarly persistent anomalies in the tropospheric NAM. It is argued that variability in the lower stratospheric polar vortex yields a useful level of predictive skill for NH wintertime weather on both intraseasonal and seasonal timescales. the possible dynamics of these linkages are outlined. the recasting of the North Atlantic Oscillation as an expression of an annular mode has generated a debate over the physical identity of the mode in question. This debate attests to the absence of a unique theory for the existence of annular modes in the first place. Our current understanding of the fundamental processes to which the NAM owes its existence is discussed.

The United States military involvement in Viet Nam began in earnest during the bold and exuberant presidency of John Kennedy and ended with the disorderly evacuation of the American Embassy in Saigon in April 1975. The slide from the exhilaration of Camelot to the cynicism of Watergate was unexpected and unsettling. Even now it remains difficult to write with moderation about this epoch and its major casualties-the Viet Nam veterans. The editor introduces this book by setting out six goals: I) to define the construct of Viet Nam-related combat stress disorders, 2) to alert mental health professionals to the theoretical and clinical importance of these disorders, 3) to persuade the reader that the residue ofcombat stress transcends time and situation, 4) to remind the reader that little is known about long-term results of catastrophic combat experience, 5) to provide treatment guidelines, and 6) to expand the knowledge base of combat-related stress disorders. These are ambitious tasks to accomplish in one volume, they are made even more elusive by the editor’s attempt to be evenhanded. Twenty-four authors contribute to this book. The reader will recognize the names and views of well-known antiwar activists as well as those of some career military mental health professionals. Two representative points of view seem in conflict. The first hypothesis is that the military experience in Viet Nam was unique and traumatic because ofthe inherent nature and savagery of the conflict, the elusive character of the enemy, the impact of individually tailored one-year duty rotations, and the ambivalent homecoming accorded combatants. The prediction made in this view is that initial opinions about the successful adjustment of veterans will not stand the test of time and that many veterans will seek help months and years later for delayed catastrophic stress disorders (post-Viet Nam syndromes). The second hypothesis is that attempts to attribute the problems of veterans to their unique experience in Viet Nam does not withstand scrutiny and does not lead to unique symptomatology. It is suggested in this view that those who have had the most difficulty during military duty and as veterans are those who already had the greatest number and kinds of preexisting handicaps in personal skills. The text is divided into three major sections involving theoretical formulations, some representative research reports, and suggestions for treatment of this special veteran population. The first and third divisions include papers based on literature reviews and clinical experiences with an emphasis on psychosocial perspectives. The section on research reports presents the results of descriptive follow-up studies with appropriate statistical analyses. Sixty-one pages in this section are used to reproduce the various research instrument questionnaires; this will not likely prove useful to most readers. Sober reflection suggests that, for many, the war in Viet Nam is still not over and the need for mental health services targeted for Viet Nam veterans continues and may increase. This book provides a service to those who work with veterans by examining pertinent treatment issues and offering relevant suggestions for therapeutic interventions that may be useful in making the mental health professional better informed and more empathic.

INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF NAMS OF UKRAINE. ACHIEVEMENT AND PERSPECTIVES (To 85 year anniversary since foundation): 4(37) 2013 https://doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2013.04.003 Kundiiev Y.I., Ghernyuk V.I. INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF NAMS OF UKRAINE. ACHIEVEMENT AND PERSPECTIVES (To 85 year anniversary since foundation) SI Institute for Occupational Health of NAMS of U

There is widespread concern that environmental exposures constitute an underappreciated but significant contribution to rising rates of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). There is also international consensus that regulatory frameworks for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing are woefully inadequate, prompting reappraisal of DNT testing methods. One approach aims to make testing more efficient, less animal-intensive, and higher throughput through in vitro evaluation of DNT. These new approach methodologies (NAMs) promise to accelerate and standardize DNT testing through interrogation of fundamental mechanisms of neurodevelopment. While in the early stages of development, they have significant, well-publicized shortcomings, including little to no accounting for cellular or genetic diversity, cell-extrinsic signaling molecules, sex as a biological variable, developmental stage, or relevance to NDDs. One of the most advanced NAM platforms is a collection of 17 in vitro assays termed the DNT in vitro battery (IVB). While it models some aspects of neurodevelopmental processes, it fails to capture others. Proper brain ontogeny, and consequently normal behavior and cognition, relies on the integrity of fundamental mechanisms, their temporal/spatial fidelity, and the magnitude of their expression. These fundamental mechanisms are regulated by factors not considered by the DNT IVB, including diverse cell types and neurotransmitters. While the DNT IVB could prove to be an important tool in DNT hazard detection, we identify key areas, including cell-extrinsic neurotransmitter signaling, diversity of neural progenitors, interneurons, and biological sex, that should be prioritized for development and inclusion in future refinements to meaningfully enhance biological coverage and relevance to human cognition and behavior.

Purpose This study aims to present the factors affecting and comparing the difference in community acceptance between groups of survey from the perspective of behavioral reasoning theory (BRT). Design/methodology/approach This study presents a quantitative method through conducting survey of 152 local residents from three provinces of Viet Nam. Findings This study examines the new approach of “reason for” and “reason against” community acceptance within the context of wind energy development in Viet Nam. This study also suggests that “reason for” have a positive impact on the local community; however, issues like noise and shadow cast by turbine blades are significant challenges that contribute to the “reason against” acceptance. This study’s findings provide evidence of the importance of location and socio – economic impacts in influencing community acceptance and can give some feedback for local policymakers in Viet Nam’s energy sector as they implement wind projects in potential areas. Originality/value To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first empirical study conducted across three Vietnamese provinces on community acceptance of onshore wind energy. The integration of literature on socio-acceptance with BRT in energy research contributes valuable insights to the fields of energy behavior and energy policy research.

The paper aims to show the positive effects that the current linkages models between vegetables producers and processed vegetable export companies in Luc Nam District, Bac Giang Province, Vietnam have brought to the participants, as well as discuss the obstacles and challenges that prevent the expansion and development of these linkage models in order to promote the linkages process in Bac Giang Province. A random survey was conducted on 50 households in the study area which specialize in cultivating the fruits and vegetables for the processed vegetable export companies. Up to 62% of the households do not participate in linkages, while the member households got higher and more stable incomes than non-member households, with a remarkable increase in profit of companies after joining the linkages. However, there are still some obstacles which prevent farmers to participate in the linkages. These include the small and scattered planted areas, the high requirements and initial investment, which makes some households maintain a risk-averse attitude, the informal information relating to lower collecting price, and the delay in payment of processed vegetable export companies in the previous unsuccessful linkages, which are still retained in farmers’ minds. Based on the opinions of farmers about the benefits that linkages brought to them and challenges that they are facing in the current linkages, as well the companies‘opinions about the state of current linkages models, some solutions in can be implemented to expand and strengthen the current linkage models in order to attract more farmers and companies to participate. These include (i) development of vegetable processing zones; (ii) participating in the Enterprise Association of Food Processing; (iii) coordination with input production suppliers; (iv) providing production techniques and vegetable markets information to producers; (v) sharing benefits with local authorities; (vi) sharing benefits and risks, rights and obligations should be mentioned clearly in contracts and (vii) support from the government.

Viet Nam has one of the highest rates of abortion in the world, according to the 1997 Demographic and Health Survey. Even though official statistics and survey fieldwork are likely to have underreported the number of abortions, the rate is still high at 340 per 1,000 pregnancies (Henshaw and Morrow, 1990; NCPFP, 2000a). This can be partly attributed to unmet need for contraceptives among married women and also to the fact that unmarried women do not have access to free modern contraceptives (Nguyen Minh Thang and others, 1999). To deal with this situation, the Vietnamese Government’s family planning programme is expanding the contraceptive mix so that temporary methods such as condoms and oral contraceptive pills are being given more emphasis, especially the pills, as they are so effective in preventing pregnancy (NCPFP, 2000b; Harlap, Kost and Forrest, 1991).

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are important drug targets because of their involvement in several neurological diseases. Among mGluRs, mGlu5 is a particularly high-profile target because its positive or negative allosteric modulation can potentially treat schizophrenia or anxiety and chronic pain, respectively. Here, we computationally and experimentally probe the functional binding of a novel photoswitchable mGlu5 NAM, termed alloswitch-1, which loses its NAM functionality under violet light. We show alloswitch-1 binds deep in the allosteric pocket in a similar fashion to mavoglurant, the co-crystallized NAM in the mGlu5 transmembrane domain crystal structure. Alloswitch-1, like NAM 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), is significantly affected by P655M mutation deep in the allosteric pocket, eradicating its functionality. In MD simulations, we show alloswitch-1 and MPEP stabilize the co-crystallized water molecule located at the bottom of the allosteric site that is seemingly characteristic of the inactive receptor state. Furthermore, both NAMs form H-bonds with S809 on helix 7, which may constitute an important stabilizing interaction for NAM-induced mGlu5 inactivation. Alloswitch-1, through isomerization of its amide group from trans to cis is able to form an additional interaction with N747 on helix 5. This may be an important interaction for amide-containing mGlu5 NAMs, helping to stabilize their binding in a potentially unusual cis-amide state. Simulated conformational switching of alloswitch-1 in silico suggests photoisomerization of its azo group from trans to cis may be possible within the allosteric pocket. However, photoexcited alloswitch-1 binds in an unstable fashion, breaking H-bonds with the protein and destabilizing the co-crystallized water molecule. This suggests photoswitching may have destabilizing effects on mGlu5 binding and functionality.

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Vietnam's family planning program got underway in the early 1960s. Since then, it has successfully encouraged the population to have smaller families. According to the 1997 Demographic and Health Survey, the total fertility rate 12 months before the survey was 2.37, down from 4.0 in 1988. Also, the use of modern contraceptive methods has increased from 38% of couples in 1988 to 56% in 1997. The program's major achievement has been in creating a demand for family planning. However, in the years ahead, the growing demand for family planning will challenge the national program. Improvements must therefore be made in the quality of reproductive health services in order to maintain the past success of the population program and to continue to meet the demand for reproductive health methods and services. A number of efforts have been launched to research and evaluate the quality of family planning services and policies related to the program. The Ministry of Health is collaborating with a number of national and international nongovernmental organizations to improve the quality and delivery of health services. Findings are presented from a study conducted during 1997-98 to assess client perspectives on the quality of reproductive health services.

Are changes in the labor market in response to changes in exports contained specifically within exporting industries, or do they disperse throughout the economy through supply chain linkages This paper studies the case of Viet Nam, an example of a successful export-led growth economy, to examine this question. Combining UN COMTRADE data, input-output tables from the Global Trade Analysis Project, and 2010 to 2019 annual labor force survey data for Viet Nam, the study constructed a measure of each worker’s total exposure to export shocks. The measure accounts for changes due to both direct export exposure (increase in exports in the worker’s own industry) and indirect exposure (from increased exports in other industries that use inputs from the worker’s industry). Estimates of the repercussions from increasing exports on labor market outcomes show that both direct and indirect exposure significantly increase workers’ wages and employment, while reducing inactivity and inequality. Wage premiums for attending college decrease, and the gender wage gap narrows. Wages increase more for the lowest-income workers and employment gains accrue more to unskilled workers, while employment decreases for more skilled workers.

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Différents pays dans le monde, de l’Albanie à la Chine, sont affectés par des déséquilibres du rapport de masculinité à la naissance (Attané et coll. 2005 ; Attané et coll. 2007 ; Duthé et coll. 2012). Le Viêt Nam est de ceux parmi lesquels le phénomène est le plus récent, mais la hausse que l’on mesure depuis 2006 est également l’une des plus rapides. En effet, le rapport de masculinité à la naissance s’établit aujourd’hui à plus de 112 naissances de garçons pour 100 naissances de filles, et...

The predominantly animal-centric approach of chemical safety assessment has increasingly come under pressure. Society is questioning overall performance, sustainability, continued relevance for human health risk assessment and ethics of this system, demanding a change of paradigm. At the same time, the scientific toolbox used for risk assessment is continuously enriched by the development of "New Approach Methodologies" (NAMs). While this term does not define the age or the state of readiness of the innovation, it covers a wide range of methods, including quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) predictions, high-throughput screening (HTS) bioassays, omics applications, cell cultures, organoids, microphysiological systems (MPS), machine learning models and artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to promising faster and more efficient toxicity testing, NAMs have the potential to fundamentally transform today's regulatory work by allowing more human-relevant decision-making in terms of both hazard and exposure assessment. Yet, several obstacles hamper a broader application of NAMs in current regulatory risk assessment. Constraints in addressing repeated-dose toxicity, with particular reference to the chronic toxicity, and hesitance from relevant stakeholders, are major challenges for the implementation of NAMs in a broader context. Moreover, issues regarding predictivity, reproducibility and quantification need to be addressed and regulatory and legislative frameworks need to be adapted to NAMs. The conceptual perspective presented here has its focus on hazard assessment and is grounded on the main findings and conclusions from a symposium and workshop held in Berlin in November 2021. It intends to provide further insights into how NAMs can be gradually integrated into chemical risk assessment aimed at protection of human health, until eventually the current paradigm is replaced by an animal-free "Next Generation Risk Assessment" (NGRA).