We review the role of levodopa (L-DOPA), a dopamine precursor used to treat Parkinson disease, as a candidate for retinal neuroprotection, focusing on retinal dopamine biology, mechanisms of action, and evidence from preclinical and clinical studies. Selected experimental and clinical studies indicate that L-DOPA and related dopaminergic interventions influence multiple retinal pathways relevant to degeneration. L-DOPA, synthesized in the pigmented retinal pigment epithelium, activates GPR143 signaling and promotes the release of neuroprotective factors. In animal studies, L-DOPA supplementation rescued retinal development in albinism and reduced oxidative damage to photoreceptors. Epidemiologic analyses showed that patients on systemic L-DOPA had a delayed onset and a lower incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Small clinical studies in neovascular AMD demonstrated that adjunctive oral L-DOPA improved vision and reduced the burden of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. Larger controlled trials are needed to define efficacy, optimal dosing, and long-term tolerability. Given its established pharmacology and ability to cross the blood-retinal barrier, L-DOPA is a promising candidate for therapeutic repurposing in ophthalmology.
Glued laminated timber (glulam) is increasingly adopted as a sustainable structural material; however, its performance under bending can be limited by brittle tensile failures and variability caused by natural defects. This study examines the flexural behavior of glulam beams strengthened with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. A four-point bending experimental program was carried out on glulam beams with varying CFRP bonded lengths, including unreinforced control beams. The results demonstrate that CFRP reinforcement enhanced load-carrying capacity by up to 48%, increased stiffness, and shifted failure modes from brittle tension-side ruptures to more favorable compression-controlled mechanisms. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed using DIANA software 10.5 to simulate the structural response of both unreinforced and CFRP-strengthened beams. The numerical model accurately reproduced the experimental load-deflection behavior, stress redistribution, and failure trends, with deviations in ultimate load prediction generally within ±16% across all reinforcement configurations. The simulations further revealed the critical influence of CFRP bonded length on stress transfer efficiency and failure mode transition, mimicking experimental observations. By integrating experimental findings with numerical simulations and simplified analytical predictions, the study demonstrates that reinforcement length and bond activation govern the effectiveness of CFRP strengthening. The proposed combined methodology provides a reliable framework for evaluating and designing CFRP strengthened glulam beams.
To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary safety of a plungerless intravitreal injector device (IPLID) adapted for aqueous humor aspiration during anterior chamber paracentesis. In this proof-of-concept pilot study, ten consecutive eyes undergoing diagnostic anterior chamber paracentesis with the IPLID were prospectively enrolled and compared with a retrospective cohort of ten eyes that underwent conventional syringe-based aspiration. Procedures were performed under slit-lamp visualization. Primary outcomes included feasibility and procedure duration. Secondary outcomes included aspirated volume, intraocular pressure (IOP) changes, wound integrity, patient discomfort (visual analogue scale), and surgeon-reported usability. All procedures were successfully completed without intraoperative complications. The device achieved consistent aqueous humor aspiration (48 ± 5 µL) compared with greater variability using conventional methods (59 ± 17 µL). No anterior chamber instability or hypotony occurred. Wounds were self-sealing in all cases, whereas two control cases required bandage contact lenses. Procedure time was shorter and patient discomfort lower with the IPLID (p < 0.01). No adverse events were observed during one-week follow-up. The plungerless intravitreal injector device appears to be a feasible and safe alternative for anterior chamber paracentesis, enabling controlled and reproducible aqueous humor sampling with improved procedural consistency and patient comfort. Larger prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings and assess long-term safety.
Transgender people of color experience increased rates of harassment and violence in healthcare settings compared to their White counterparts. While these inequities are well established, limited research has evaluated the intersectional impact of both race/ethnicity and gender on healthcare experiences for transgender women. A series of logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between race/ethnicity and the likelihood of experiencing verbal and/or physical harassment. Results indicate American Indian/Alaska Native, Latino/Hispanic, and Black/African American transgender women experience significantly higher rates of both physical and verbal harassment relative to their White peers. A total of 28.1% American Indian/Alaskan Native, 4.6% Asian/NH/PI, 17.4% Biracial/Multiracial, 24.4% Black/African American, 28.4% Latino/Hispanic, and 8.8% White transgender women reported harassment from doctors in the past year. The present study highlights the urgent need for reform to eliminate violence and harassment against transgender people in healthcare settings.
Herbal remedies are increasingly adopted as alternatives to conventional pharmacological treatments, particularly among women seeking natural approaches to managing menopausal symptoms. This interest is driven by perceptions of greater safety, affordability, and fewer adverse effects associated with medicinal plants. Vitex agnus-castus (VAC), commonly known as chaste tree, is one of the most widely utilized botanical agents for women's health. VAC is rich in diverse bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, iridoids, diterpenes, and essential oils, which collectively contribute to its complex pharmacological profile. Emerging evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies suggests that VAC may modulate key neuroendocrine pathways involved in menopause through dopaminergic, phytoestrogenic, opioidergic, and indirect serotonergic mechanisms. These actions are proposed to influence prolactin regulation, estrogen receptor activity, mood stability, vasomotor symptoms, and overall hormonal balance during the menopausal transition. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the phytochemical composition and mechanistic pathways of VAC relevant to menopausal symptom management, alongside an evaluation of its safety and clinical tolerability. Although VAC extracts appear generally safe, effective, and well tolerated, further research is needed to clarify molecular targets, determine optimal dosing strategies, identify responsive patient subgroups, and standardize outcome measures to strengthen evidence-based clinical use.
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor that typically presents in infancy and may be associated with the Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP). We present a challenging case of multifocal KHE on the leg of an infant, initially suspected at birth to be a reticulate port wine birthmark. Skin biopsy and imaging supported the rare diagnosis of multifocal KHE. Complicated by KMP, he was started on sirolimus monotherapy with significant improvement in his widespread disease.
The University of Pittsburgh Mechanistic Research Center, entitled, "Low Back Pain: Biological, Biomechanical, Behavioral Phenotypes (LB3P)," is part of the National Institutes of Health's Helping to End Addiction Long-term Initiative. LB3P conducted a prospective, observational cohort study to identify phenotypes from over 1000 participants with chronic low back pain (cLBP). This article reports findings from multi-level inertial measurement unit (IMU) kinematic data collected during performance-based tests obtained at the in-person LB3P enrollment visit. Participants with cLBP were recruited and performed self-paced and fast-paced movements while wearing inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed over T1/T2, T12/L1, L5/S1, and along the right femur. For self-paced tests: axial rotation (AR), lateral bending (LB), and flexion and extension (F/E), participants performed to their maximum range of motion (ROM), and for fast-paced tests: combined rotation/flexion (CRF), AR, LB, flexion, five times sit to stand (5STS), and postural lifting strategy (PLS), participants performed at their maximum speed. ROM, velocity, acceleration, and lumbopelvic rhythm (LPR) were calculated for tests using IMU data. LPR was calculated as the ratio of absolute lumbar to hip movement and was extracted for each motion quartile (0%-25%, 25%-50%, 50%-75%, and 75%-100%) during neutral-to-flexion and neutral-to-extension. Analysis of sensor data of 954 participants (58.6 ± 16.4 years old; 40% male and 60% female) revealed variable kinematic patterns across spinal and hip regions during isolated and functional movements. Noticeable variations were observed based on movement type, with the trunk region demonstrating predominant mobility during self-paced movements like AR and LB, while the hip region played a critical role in functional tasks (CRF, 5STS, PLS). LPR evaluation indicated that individuals with cLBP typically adopt a hip-dominant movement pattern, with slightly greater lumbar contributions during the initial phase of flexion. Sex and age analyses unveiled females generally exhibit greater ROM and higher velocities compared to males. Younger participants (< 60 years old) show more dynamic movement patterns, except in the hip region during F/E, where older (≥ 60) participants exhibited greater excursion. This study characterized spinal and hip movement in individuals with cLBP, focusing on ROM, velocity, acceleration, and LPR across a variety of self-paced and functional tasks. The values established from this cohort provide a foundation for future cLBP phenotyping, offering insights to guide individualized treatment plans and inform clinical guidelines. These findings highlight the complex relationship between regional contributions, demographic factors, and movement demands in spinal and hip kinematics, emphasizing the need for person-specific approaches to understanding the biomechanics of individuals with cLBP. Future research will expand this analysis by collecting the same metrics in asymptomatic individuals, enabling a more robust comparison to differentiate movement patterns and further refine the understanding of cLBP biomechanics. Future analyses will integrate these comprehensive kinematic data with the other study domains (behavioral and biological) to identify distinct cLBP phenotypes, which may serve as a basis for predicting treatment response and guiding personalized interventions.
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The role of incoherence is considered in polarization-dependent second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements of uniaxially oriented assemblies. SHG microscopy continues to find growing utility for tissue, powders, and materials analysis, all of which exhibit structural heterogeneity over length scales comparable to the optical wavelength. In these cases, the detected SHG signal will generally exhibit partial decoherence, invalidating polarization analyses that implicitly assume purely polarized signal detection. The primary goal of the present study is to develop a mathematical framework for interpreting the incoherent component of the SHG signals produced in such instances. While formulas for describing hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) from isotropic systems are reasonably well established, practical systems encountered experimentally in SHG microscopy measurements are often of lower symmetry. The next lowest symmetry below isotropic, and therefore the next most common samples likely to be encountered experimentally, are uniaxial assemblies, in which one spatial axis is unique from the other two. Such systems include surface assemblies, poled films, stretched polymers, lipid bilayers, most collagenous tendons, and numerous other naturally occurring biological structures. In this work, the general theory for HRS of uniaxially oriented assemblies is developed, including both achiral and chiral uniaxial assemblies. Intriguingly, this analysis predicts the possible observation of large electric dipole-allowed chiral-specific observables within just the incoherent component of the SHG response of chiral assemblies exhibiting with polar, uniaxial ensemble symmetry. The incoherent chiral contributions exhibit distinctly different symmetry than the established chiral sensitivity of coherent SHG in uniaxial assemblies, which is independent of polar order. These predictions provide context for the prior reports of chiral-specific SHG microscopy of tissues and suggest new experimental strategies for performing surface-specific and chiral-specific nonlinear optical analysis of chiral assemblies.
To share our early experience with the novel intravitreal plungerless injector device (IPLID) for application in patients with various retinal diseases. This study enrolled 300 eyes (300 patients) who had undergone at least 1 previous conventional intravitreal injection, for various indications, such as diabetic macular edema, venous occlusions, active choroidal neovascular membrane, wet AMD and neovascular glaucoma. Patients with systemic conditions that could affect pain tolerance were excluded. All patients underwent intravitreal injection with the IPLID. After the procedure the patients were asked to grade pain compared to conventional injections. Immediately after the procedure, surgeons completed a simple survey on various aspects of the device, including safety of the procedure. Data were also collected on the duration of the procedure. The study sample was comprised of 210 males and 90 females. The mean duration of the injection was 17.51 minutes (range, 15 minutes to 20 minutes). Post-IPLID injection, 155 (51.7%) patients reported less pain compared to previous injections, 128 (42.7) patients reported pain similar to previous injections and 5.7% (17) of patients reported more pain than previous procedures. The physician survey indicated that there was no difference between IPLID and conventional technique in 13.33% (40) of injections, and 86.67% (260) of the injections were comfortable to perform with the IPLID and size was not an issue in 91.67% (275) of injections. In all cases, the surgeons were comfortable with the delivery of medication with IPLID and there were no adverse events during or after IPLID injection. The IPLID is a simple device for delivering intravitreal injection and may offer greater ergonomic advantages and that address the issue of musculoskeletal disorders in healthcare personnel due to repetitive procedures over time.
To use 3D imaging modalities to obtain precise measurements of the proximal tibia in pediatric patients and assess the safety of current intraosseous needle lengths (15 and 25 mm). Retrospective descriptive study. University of Minnesota and MHealth Fairview System, Minneapolis, MN. Pediatric patients (≤ 16 yr) who underwent full-body positron emission tomography-CT or axial MRI scans of the lower extremities between January 2014 and December 2023. None. A total of 912 scans were initially retrieved; 232 scans were excluded due to osseous diseases, tibial fractures, suboptimal scan quality, or soft-tissue abnormalities, leaving 680 scans for analysis. Scans were stratified into 1-year age groups. Measurements at the proximal tibia included soft-tissue thickness, cortical bone thickness, and medullary canal diameter. Other values, such as the pre-intraosseous space (sum of cortical thickness and soft-tissue depth) and total distance to deep cortex, were calculated. Simulated needle insertions demonstrated that 31.62% of the 15 mm needles were too shallow, failing to reach the medullary canal, whereas 34.85% of the 25 mm needles were too deep, both of which could cause severe complications. A cutoff analysis for needle size based on age rather than weight was also calculated. For the 15 mm needle, 95% CI was not found in any age range, and the highest confidence cutoff was for using the needle in the age range of 0-8 years (91.9%). The 25 mm needle had a 97.8% CI from ages 10-16. The study reveals significant age-related variability in the proximal tibia's anatomical dimensions, suggesting that standard 15 and 25 mm intraosseous needles may not reliably achieve optimal placement in pediatric patients. Our findings indicate that the current intraosseous needles may not be as safe as previously thought and support the need to develop improved intraosseous needle designs to enhance safety and therapeutic effectiveness in pediatric emergency care.
Hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Basal-bolus insulin therapy is the treatment of choice for most patients. The efficacy of an ultrarapid vs rapid-acting insulin in hospitalized patients with diabetes has not been evaluated. We assessed noninferiority in efficacy and safety of Fiasp vs aspart (Novolog) as part of a basal-bolus insulin regimen in noncritically ill patients with type 2 diabetes in a safety-net hospital. This prospective, open-label, randomized trial included 137 patients with diabetes admitted to a non-intensive care unit setting. Subjects were treated with glargine at bedtime and either Fiasp or Novolog for prandial and correction insulin. Subjects were enrolled for a minimum of 4 or maximum of 6 meal boluses. Capillary blood glucose was used for insulin adjustment and a blinded Dexcom G6 Pro captured data for study analysis. The primary endpoint was time spent in sensor glucose range 100-180 mg/dL in the 4-hour postprandial period (assessed among 106 participants with ≥ 4 meals with a 4-hour postprandial period). Time spent in hypoglycemic ranges (<70, <54, <40 mg/dL) was assessed for safety. Four-hour postprandial time in range 100-180 mg/dL was 45% in the Fiasp group vs 36% in the Novolog group (P = .012; meeting prespecified noninferiority criteria). Other glycemic metrics were similar between groups with no difference in time spent in hypoglycemic ranges. Fiasp provides noninferior postprandial glucose control in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes when compared to Novolog with no increase in rates of hypoglycemia.
Sotorasib and adagrasib are the only treatments approved in the USA and Europe for advanced/metastatic KRAS G12C-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the absence of head-to-head trials, a matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) was conducted to assess the relative efficacy and safety of sotorasib versus adagrasib using phase 3 trials. Patient-level data from CodeBreaK 200 were reweighted to match the baseline characteristics reported in KRYSTAL-12. The analysis evaluated progression free-survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and treatment-related adverse events (TRAE). Age, sex, region, prior treatment, brain metastases, and liver metastases were selected for adjustment in the primary analysis per clinical guidance, using an unanchored approach (no common comparator). We conducted sensitivity analyses including additional covariates or anchoring the analysis via common comparator (docetaxel). Additional subgroup analysis was performed in patients with baseline brain metastases, assessing systemic PFS. Following adjustment, the reweighted patient characteristics from CodeBreaK 200 and KRYSTAL-12 were well balanced. In the primary analysis, sotorasib and adagrasib showed similar efficacy: PFS (HR [hazard ratio] 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.70-1.22; p = 0.589) and ORR (odds ratio 0.86; 95% CI 0.53-1.38; p = 0.524). Among patients with brain metastases, sotorasib demonstrated a 39% reduced risk of progression compared with adagrasib (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.38-0.98; p = 0.040). Sotorasib also demonstrated a more favorable safety profile than adagrasib, with lower odds of TRAEs, TRAEs leading to dose reduction or dose interruption, and all eight individual TRAEs evaluated. Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of base-case results. In this MAIC, sotorasib and adagrasib showed comparable efficacy in previously treated advanced KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC. Among patients with baseline brain metastases, PFS point estimates favored sotorasib. Sotorasib also demonstrated a favorable overall safety profile. These findings may help inform payer decisions and clinical practice in the treatment of KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC. Two drugs, sotorasib and adagrasib, are approved in the USA and Europe for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer who have a KRAS G12C gene mutation. However, there are no clinical trials that directly compare these two treatments. To address this, a method called matching-adjusted indirect comparison can help compare results from different clinical trials by reducing differences in patient characteristics between the trials and minimizing bias. This study conducted a matching-adjusted indirect comparison to compare how well sotorasib and adagrasib perform and how safe they are, based on data from pivotal clinical trials. The findings show that both drugs were similarly effective at slowing down cancer progression and shrinking tumors. Additionally, sotorasib had fewer side effects compared with adagrasib. These findings provide important insights to help patients, doctors, and healthcare decision-makers choose the most suitable treatment option for non-small cell lung cancer with a KRAS G12C mutation.
Background/Objectives: Resveratrol (RSV) and curcumin (CRC) have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, and cell-repairing properties. We selected them to investigate the potential role involved in human keratinocyte protection. Additionally, we tried to overcome the limitations of their application due to poor pharmacokinetics by introducing ferrocene into their structure. Methods: The multiple cellular endpoints-viability (determined by MTT and Trypan Blue method), ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation (evaluated by fluorescence intensity measurement), apoptosis and autophagy (assessed using flow cytometry) of trans-3,5,4'-tri(4-ferrocenylbutanoyloxy)-stilbene (RF) and (E)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-ferrocenylpent-4-ene-1,3-dione (CF), as well as of RSV and CRC, were evaluated in the HaCaT cell line. Results: RF and CF showed significantly lower antiproliferative activity, and cell survival was markedly pronounced compared to RSV or CRC-treated cells. CRC exerted the highest cytotoxicity, and cell viability was almost completely impaired at >50 µM. All compounds showed a beneficial effect on the reduction of ROS induced by tBHP (tert-butyl hydroperoxide), while in UV (ultraviolet) experiments, results were inconclusive (variable depending on dose). CRC and CF had the most prominent antioxidant capacity. Cytofluorimetry showed that CRC has a diverse range of targets in HaCaT cells, including cell proliferation arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy induction. RF at the lowest dose (5 µM) slightly induced autophagy, while treatment with CF even led to a decrease in the autophagy induction ratio. Conclusions: Based on the results, introducing ferrocene into natural compounds is an appropriate approach to protect skin cells, considering the low cytotoxicity of ferrocene-modified polyphenols and their retained antioxidant ability. However, caution should be exercised with CRC at ≥20 µM as it significantly impairs cell viability and induces cell death.
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High-quality education, research and innovation have a crucial role in the social cohesion support, economic development and global competition. Additionally, education development is crucial for the socio- economic and cultural development of a particular country. The most significant mission of the educational institutions is to ensure qualitative education for their students, and to guarantee them a qualitative degree. This study is a quantitative analysis grounded in a questionnaire survey, and aims to evaluate the quality of teaching at the departments of Physiotherapy and Nursery in the Faculty of Medicine in Kosovo, as well as to evaluate the correlation between the teaching quality and students' achievements. This study includes 175 students. Out of this cohort, 90 students are from the Nursery department, and 85 students from the Physiotherapy department. Data were collected through a questionnaire, which contains 27 closed-ended questions. 72.6% (n=127) of the study respondents, confirmed that various teaching methods were used. Additionally, 71.4% (n=125) confirmed that lecturers encouraged critical thinking, and that they were attractive and creative during the class. Further, 81.7% of the study participants verified that the knowledge gained was in the accordance with the syllabus, and the theoretical knowledge was adequate in relation to practical skills acquired for the job market demand. Most of the students affirmed that there were provided adequate literature, had access to comfortable classrooms equipped with auto-visual, laboratories well supplied with the necessary equipment, tools and reagents. To conclude, students' opinion on the study program were mostly positive, but they emphasized the great need for a better interconnection between theory to practical skills, and improving laboratories with newest equipment is needed.
Chronic pancreatitis is a fibroinflammatory syndrome of the pancreas with a prevalence in children of approximately six per 100,000. Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis in a child depends on the presence of imaging findings of chronic pancreatitis in the context of specific clinical features. Currently, a standardized reporting system for imaging findings of chronic pancreatitis in children is lacking, and imaging-based thresholds for abnormality have not been defined. Standardized reporting elements were defined for adults in 2019. Not all of the adult criteria are directly applicable to children due to changes in the pancreas with normal growth and development. To address the lack of accepted pediatric chronic pancreatitis reporting standards and encourage standardized communication of imaging findings, we convened a group of experienced pediatric radiologists and pediatric gastroenterologists with expertise in pancreatology and interventional endoscopy to define consensus reporting elements and interpretive criteria for findings of pediatric chronic pancreatitis. On the basis of the existing literature and panel opinion and leveraging a modified Delphi approach, we propose reporting standards for CT, MRI, and MRCP of pediatric chronic pancreatitis.
An 8-year-old boy with prenatal-onset short stature, ophthalmological abnormalities, and dysmorphic features had a KDM5C variant typically linked to Claes-Jensen syndrome with intellectual disability, which he did not have. This atypical presentation highlights the importance of ophthalmological assessments in X-linked syndromes with variable expressivity, even without classic features. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2025;62(2):e22-e26.].
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is an abnormal development of the components of the pediatric hip joint. Various screening programs are used, including physical examination, ultrasound, pelvic X-ray, or a combination of them. To evaluate the risk of abnormal findings on pelvic X-ray in infants with a normal early hip ultrasound. Retrospective diagnostic test study. Infants born between 2018 and 2021 with at least one risk factor for DDH were included. All patients had a normal hip ultrasound performed between the 2nd and 12th week of life and a pelvic X-ray obtained at or after 3 months of age. Demographic data, risk factors, ultrasound results (alpha angle according to Graf classification), and radiographic findings (acetabular index at 3 months) were collected. Data were analyzed to identify factors associated with abnormal radiographic findings. A total of 232 hips from 116 infants were included. Of these, 55.2% (n = 128) were male. At 3 months, 20.3% of the hips showed an abnormal pelvic X-ray. The main risk factors for this condition were a smaller alpha angle and female sex. An alpha angle < 65 degrees was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.8 (95% CI: 2.0-11.6) for presenting an abnormal X-ray. Infants with a normal ultrasound before 3 months of age with an alpha angle < 65° are at high risk of an abnormal pelvic X-ray; therefore, follow-up is recommended.
To propose a novel deep learning-based methodology for drusen detection and quantification in early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using retinal multispectral images. The retinal multispectral images highlight features in several nonoverlapping spectral bands that the deep learning models leverage for automatic drusen detection and quantification in dry AMD. The proposed novel methodology comprises quality assessment of retinal images, region of interest extraction, drusen segmentation, and drusen quantification stages. Different deep learning models (such as UNet++ convolutional neural network with EfficientNetV2 encoder) have been implemented for these stages. A total of 170 drusen and 150 nondrusen retinal images (single eye) were split into four training and validation data sets to analyze the performance of a deep learning model for drusen segmentation. The proposed methodology achieved an average score, recall, and precision of 0.691, 0.668, and 0.776, respectively, across all four validation sets. This work also analyzed the performance of the proposed deep learning model for discriminating drusen and drusen-like lesions, achieving a pixel-wise segmentation accuracy of 99.998%. The number and the diameter of the detected drusen were also computed. A Dice score distribution for drusen segmentation with different numbers and sizes of drusen per eye is also shown. This work demonstrates that deep learning models applied to retinal multispectral images can provide accurate and clinically significant drusen segmentation and quantification, thereby facilitating early detection, longitudinal monitoring, and reduction of the risk of vision loss from AMD. Deep learning-assisted detection of drusen from multispectral retinal images will refine and improve clinical diagnosis of early nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.