搜索结果：Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded on May25th, 1900 under the name “Instituto SoroterapicoFederal” (Federal Serotherapic Institute), has al-ways played an important role in the Brazilian soci-ety. Its foundation aimed at controlling the bubonicplague, the yellow fever and the smallpox, whichraged all over the city of Rio de Janeiro at that time.Such diseases were decimating the population, hin-dering the economic and social development of thecountry as the foreign ships, the only internationalmeans of transport then, were not allowed to anchorin our ports due to their unsanitary conditions.The two first papers – “Contribution to the studyon culicidae in Rio de Janeiro” and “The anti-plague vaccination” , in Brazil-Medico , volume 15,numbers 43 and 45 respectively – published in1901 by Oswaldo Cruz in this Institute, soon afterits creation, illustrate the institution’s vocation tobiomedical research and public health.The discoveries that took place in this Instituteas well as its countless research works helped Bra-zil to be awarded with the first prize (beating 123competing countries) at the International HygieneExposition in Berlin in 1907. This fact promptedthe National Congress to pay homage to OswaldoCruz, naming the Institute after him, by officialdecree number 1802, of December 12th 1907.The “Temple for Science”, symbolized by theMoorish Castle (Fig. 1), was ordered by OswaldoCruz as of 1904. It was built on the top of a hill onthe Manguinhos Farm in Rio de Janeiro in order toexhibit to the world the new status of the Brazilianpublic health. Like the Alhambra Palace on theSabika hills overlooks the city of Granada in Spain,our castle overlooked the sea. As a matter of fact,there are many similarities between the two pal-aces. The Moorish style – the Spanish-muslim ar-chitecture from the period between the 9th and12th centuries –, the mosaic and pottery featuresand the sculptured brick and wood work make usthink that the castle must have been inspired byThe Alhambra palace. However, there is no evi-dence of Cruz’s thoughts at that time.Our “Temple for Science” today comprises fif-teen departments and sixty research laboratories;twelve centers of reference and four institutionalcollections, with more than 350 researchers (mostof whom hold a PhD); it also includes a TeachingDepartment with over 600 students in post-gradu-ation courses (Master’s, Doctorate, intensive andadvanced training) as well as scientific initiationand vocation. We also publish the most modernand important scientific publication about biomedi-cal research in Latin America – the Memorias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz – founded in 1909. TheManguinhos Application Course, also founded in1909 may be considered as the first official post-graduation course in Brazil.Besides being the pride of Brazilian Science,the Oswaldo Cruz Institute is one of the most pro-ductive research institutions in this country. It sup-ports several programs from other institutes in-side the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation such as the“Biomanguinhos Institute”, which produces vac-cines against yellow fever and other important dis-eases affecting public health; the “FarmanguinhosInstitute”, responsible for the production of basicmedicines for the Ministry of Health; the “QualityControl Institute”; the “Fernandes Figueira Insti-tute”, as well as works in cooperation with somenational and foreign universities.The twelve reference centers of the OswaldoCruz Institute grant an important support to the Na-tional Health Foundation and the Public HealthLaboratories from all Brazilian states. Such centersare responsible for the diagnosis of yellow fever,respiratory virus-infections, measles, viral hepati-tis, infectious diarrhea (cause of the great infantmortality), leprosy, vectors of malaria, the Chagasdisease, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis.The Oswaldo Cruz Institute is regarded as agenuine institution of national integration as it de-velops researches throughout the interior of thecountry, from the State of Amazonas to the Stateof Rio Grande do Sul, specially in the northeast-ern, middle-western and the Amazon regions.

Exploratory and quantitative research aims to understand some scientific communication practices in the areas of Life Sciences and Biomedical Sciences through the bibliometric analysis in original articles and review articles published on the Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz journal, from 2009 to 2013. It show an overview of Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz from its inception to the present day. Indicates the scientific communication channels as well as the categories of documents or sources of information. It highlights the main scientific journals of science dissemination channel and the role of open access, use and citations. Make context of the Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz journal. Addresses the scientific communication in the context of information science. Points out the definitions, characteristics, functions and measurement techniques in scientific communication. Feature the Bibliometic while quantitative analysis methodology. It analysis of 805 articles. Identifies that co-authoring articles focus on a number greater than the individual authorship of articles. Identify the authors which publish articles in the journal and makes a comparison with the results of the databases Web of Science and Scopus. Identifies the affiliation of the authors and maps the geographical origin of such institutions. Certifies that the journal is not characterized by endogeny. Identifies the more productive authors with institutional linkage to Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Maps the more productive areas of the Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. Identifies the half-life of the journal in the research results, in the Journal Citation Reports and SciELO. Identifies the journal's impact factor in Journal Citation Reports and SciELO.

BACKGROUND: The Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (MIOC) is one of the first scientific journals created in Brazil and currently one of the most important biomedical journals in South America. Knowledge of the main themes disseminated over time and its main contributors can contribute towards a better understanding of its trajectory and future. OBJECTIVES: Map the journal's scientific publication between 1909 and 2020. METHODS: Data from three scientific databases was combined, alongside bibliometrics and network analysis to analyse publication records between 1909 and 2020. FINDINGS: Publications increased substantially since the 1980s. The main publishing organisations are Brazilian. Excluding Brazil, the main publishing countries are the USA, Argentina, and Colombia. During the entire investigated period, the main themes refer to Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, and Leishmaniasis. During some periods, publications followed disease outbreaks in Brazil (e.g., dengue fever and yellow fever). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Since its foundation in 1909, the MIOC has focused on infectious and parasitic diseases. The editorial changes implemented from the 1980s onwards led MIOC to a relevant growth concerning annual publications and its transformation into an important communication vehicle for researchers from several Brazilian organisations besides Fiocruz, as well as organisations from other countries, especially within Latin America.

Analise de artigos relacionados a entomologia forense publicados em periodicos brasileiros. Este artigo e uma analise das publicacoes da entomologia forense em revistas brasileiras durante os ultimos dez anos. Depois de uma pesquisa primaria no banco de dados do Scielo, usando as palavras-chave que aparecem mais frequentemente em trabalhos entomologia forense, seis periodicos foram selecionados: Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, Neotropical Entomology, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Iheringia Serie Zoologia, Brazilian Archives Of Biology And Techinology. Acessando as revistas que estavam no banco de dados do Scielo, e analisando as publicacoes de Janeiro de 2000 a Dezembro de 2010, os resultados mostraram que o numero de publicacoes aumentou principalmente em 2009 e os locais onde estes estudos foram desenvolvidos estao concentrados no sudeste e no sul do Brasil. A maioria dos trabalhos estao focados em Diptera como objeto de estudo e as familias Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae e Muscidae foram as mais investigadas. Quando se trata de tema, o comportamento foi o mais estudado em trabalhos sobre a fauna presente em carcacas.

Observaes b ) Exemplares conservados no liquido de kaiserling -Este processo tem a vatitag-eni de conservar a cr dos exemplares muito cheios de sang-iie.

Chagas disease control strategies strongly depend on the triatomine vector species involved in Trypanosoma cruzi transmission within each area. Here we report the results of the identification of specimens belonging to various species of Triatominae captured in Ecuador (15 species from 17 provinces) and deposited in the entomological collections of the Catholic University of Ecuador (Quito), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil), the Natural History Museum London (UK), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK), the National Institute of Hygiene (Quito), and the Vozandes Hospital (Quito). A critical review of published information and new field records are presented. We analysed these data in relation to the life zones where triatomines occur (11 life zones, excluding those over 2,200 m altitude), and provide biogeographical maps for each species. These records are discussed in terms of epidemiological significance and design of control strategies. Findings relevant to the control of the main vector species are emphasised. Different lines of evidence suggest that Triatoma dimidiata is not native to Ecuador-Peru, and that synanthropic populations of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis in southern Ecuador-northern Peru might be isolated from their sylvatic conspecifics. Local eradication of T. dimidiata and these R. ecuadoriensis populations might therefore be attainable. However, the presence of a wide variety of native species indicates the necessity for a strong longitudinal surveillance system.

Dear Editor,In the article entitled “First report of Lymnaea cou-sini Jousseaume, 1887 naturally infected with Fasciolahepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Trematoda: Digenea) inMachachi, Ecuador” recently published by AngelVillavicencio A and Mauricio Carvalho de Vasconcellosin Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (vol. 100, is-sue 7, pages 735-737, November 2005), it is stated thattheir finding in Ecuador represents the first report ofspecimens of this lymnaeid species naturally infectedby the liver fluke. However, it is well known from longago that this species acts as intermediate host of fascio-liasis in Andean countries. In the first half of the lastcentury, Brumpt et al. (1939-1940) already demonstratedthat L. bogotensis Pilsbry, 1935, a synonym of L. cousiniproposed and established by Hubendick (1951) and al-ways accepted (see Pointier et al. 2004), even also rec-ognized by Villavicencio and Carvalho de Vasconcellos(2005) in their paper here in question, is the intermedi-ate host of Fasciola hepatica in the surroundings of SantaFe de Bogota, Colombia.Materials studied by Villavicencio and Carvalho deVasconcellos (2005) were from Machachi, in the Andeanregion of Ecuador. These authors further note that fas-cioliasis prevalence in humans in the Andean region ofEcuador ranges from 24 to 53% and add the referenceof the Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Animal (SESA2003) concerning this information. However, these veryhigh human prevalences do not fit with results obtainedin surveys carried out up to the present in Andean com-munities of Ecuador, in which human prevalences alwaysappear to be low or very low: 6% by serology (Trueba etal. 2000); 0.5% by coprology (Gozalbo et al. 2004).Authors additionaly note that, according to WHO (1995),almost 200,000 people in Ecuador are infected, but itshall be clarified that these WHO data were only esti-mations available at the beginning of the 90s decade.Villavicencio and Carvalho de Vasconcellos (2005)emphasize the high prevalence of infection of 31.43%by F. hepatica they detected in L. cousini snails as thehighest value ever reported for lymnaeid snails naturallyinfected with this parasite. However, although this preva-lence is evidently high when compared to currentprevalences by fasciolids in lymnaeid snails, which areusually less than 5%, F. hepatica prevalences in snailssimilar and even higher than that reported by Villavicencioand Carvalho de Vasconcellos (2005) have been foundelsewhere. In fascioliasis human endemic areas of An-dean countries, for instance, a confirmed 31.6% preva-lence by F. hepatica in Galba truncatula was detectedin the center of the Northern Bolivian Altiplano villageof Tambillo (Bargues et al. 1995), that is, even in a hu-man settlemen instead of in a field place inhabited bylivestock.The fasciolid prevalence reported by Villavicencioand Carvalho de Vasconcellos (2005) was found in 70 L.cousini snail specimens collected in a 4.5-m

Trypanosoma cruzi is the agent of Chagas disease, transmitted by hematophagous triatomine vectors. Establishing transmission cycles is key to understand the epidemiology of the disease, but integrative assessments of ecological interactions shaping parasite transmission are still limited. Current approaches also lack sensitivity to assess the full extent of this ecological diversity. Here we developed a metabarcoding approach based on next-generation sequencing to identify triatomine gut microbiome, vertebrate feeding hosts, and parasite diversity and their potential interactions. We detected a dynamic microbiome in Triatoma dimidiata, including 23 bacterial orders, which differed according to blood sources. Fourteen vertebrate species served as blood sources, corresponding to domestic, synantropic and sylvatic species, although four (human, dog, cow and mice) accounted for over 50% of blood sources. Importantly, bugs fed on multiple hosts, with up to 11 hosts identified per bug, indicating very frequent host-switching. A high clonal diversity of T. cruzi was detected, with up to 20 haplotypes per bug. This analysis provided much greater sensitivity to detect multiple blood meals and multiclonal infections with T. cruzi, which should be taken into account to develop transmission networks, and characterize the risk for human infection, eventually leading to a better control of disease transmission.

Publicado originalmente em Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 36, n. 2, p. 201-217, jun. 1941

Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, which affects a large number of individuals in Central and South America, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are metacyclic and bloodstream trypomastigote and amastigote. Metacyclic trypomastigotes are released with the feces of the insect while amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes are released from the infected host cells of the vertebrate host after a complex intracellular life cycle. The recognition between parasite and mammalian host cell involves numerous molecules present in both cell types. Here, we present a brief review of the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host cells, mainly emphasizing the mechanisms and molecules that participate in the T. cruzi invasion process of the mammalian cells.

Chagas' disease is responsible for significant mortality and morbidity in Latin America. Current treatments display variable efficacy and have adverse side effects, hence more effective, better tolerated drugs are needed. However, recent efforts have proved unsuccessful with failure of the ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor posaconazole in phase II clinical trials despite promising in vitro and in vivo studies. The lack of translation between laboratory experiments and clinical outcome is a major issue for further drug discovery efforts. Our goal was to identify cell-based assays that could differentiate current nitro-aromatic drugs nifurtimox and benznidazole from posaconazole. Using a panel of T. cruzi strains including the six major lineages (TcI-VI), we found that strain PAH179 (TcV) was markedly less susceptible to posaconazole in vitro. Determination of parasite doubling and cycling times as well as EdU labelling experiments all indicate that this lack of sensitivity is due to the slow doubling and cycling time of strain PAH179. This is in accordance with ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition by posaconazole leading to critically low ergosterol levels only after multiple rounds of division, and is further supported by the lack of effect of posaconazole on the non-replicative trypomastigote form. A washout experiment with prolonged posaconazole treatment showed that, even for more rapidly replicating strains, this compound cannot clear all parasites, indicative of a heterogeneous parasite population in vitro and potentially the presence of quiescent parasites. Benznidazole in contrast was able to kill all parasites. The work presented here shows clear differentiation between the nitro-aromatic drugs and posaconazole in several assays, and suggests that in vitro there may be clinically relevant heterogeneity in the parasite population that can be revealed in long-term washout experiments. Based on these findings we have adjusted our in vitro screening cascade so that only the most promising compounds are progressed to in vivo experiments.

Control of human infectious disease has been promoted as a valuable ecosystem service arising from the conservation of biodiversity. There are two commonly discussed mechanisms by which biodiversity loss could increase rates of infectious disease in a landscape. First, loss of competitors or predators could facilitate an increase in the abundance of competent reservoir hosts. Second, biodiversity loss could disproportionately affect non-competent, or less competent reservoir hosts, which would otherwise interfere with pathogen transmission to human populations by, for example, wasting the bites of infected vectors. A negative association between biodiversity and disease risk, sometimes called the "dilution effect hypothesis," has been supported for a few disease agents, suggests an exciting win-win outcome for the environment and society, and has become a pervasive topic in the disease ecology literature. Case studies have been assembled to argue that the dilution effect is general across disease agents. Less touted are examples in which elevated biodiversity does not affect or increases infectious disease risk for pathogens of public health concern. In order to assess the likely generality of the dilution effect, we review the association between biodiversity and public health across a broad variety of human disease agents. Overall, we hypothesize that conditions for the dilution effect are unlikely to be met for most important diseases of humans. Biodiversity probably has little net effect on most human infectious diseases but, when it does have an effect, observation and basic logic suggest that biodiversity will be more likely to increase than to decrease infectious disease risk.

Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of "surra," is a salivarian trypanosome, originating from Africa. It is thought to derive from Trypanosoma brucei by deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA (genetic material required for cyclical development in tsetse flies). It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area. The disease spread from North Africa towards the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines, and it was also introduced by the conquistadores into Latin America. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles, and elephants. It found a new large range of wild and domestic hosts in Latin America, including reservoirs (capybaras) and biological vectors (vampire bats). Surra is a major disease in camels, equines, and dogs, in which it can often be fatal in the absence of treatment, and exhibits nonspecific clinical signs (anaemia, loss of weight, abortion, and death), which are variable from one host and one place to another; however, its immunosuppressive effects interfering with intercurrent diseases or vaccination campaigns might be its most significant and questionable aspect.

355 m/s n° 4, vol. 31, avril 2015 DOI : 10.1051/medsci/20153104003 3. Carissimo G, Pondeville E, McFarlane M, et al. Antiviral immunity of Anopheles gambiae is highly compartmentalized, with distinct roles for RNA interference and gut microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015 ; 112 : E176-85. 4. Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, et al. The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science 2002 ; 298 : 129-49. 5. Cirimotich CM, Dong Y, Garver LS, et al. Mosquito immune defenses against Plasmodium infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2010 ; 34 : 387-95. 6. Smith RC, Vega-Rodriguez J, Jacobs-Lorena M. The Plasmodium bottleneck: malaria parasite losses in the mosquito vector. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2014 ; 109 : 644-61. 7. Keene KM, Foy BD, Sanchez-Vargas I, et al. RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O’nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 ; 101 : 17240-5. 8. Waldock J, Olson KE, Christophides GK. Anopheles gambiae antiviral immune response to systemic O’nyong-nyong infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012 ; 6 : e1565. 9. Myles KM, Wiley MR, Morazzani EM, Adelman ZN. Alphavirus-derived small RNAs modulate pathogenesis in disease vector mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008 ; 105 : 19938-43. 10. Dennison NJ, Jupatanakul N, Dimopoulos G. The mosquito microbiota influences vector competence for human pathogens. Curr Opinion Insect Sci 2014 ; 3 : 6-13. En effet, il serait dramatique que des moustiques censes etre plus resistants a Plasmodium deviennent susceptibles a d’autres pathogenes. ‡ Compartimentalization of immune responses in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: consequences for insect vector immunity research

For malaria control, the utility of transgenic vector Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) refractory to Plasmodium transmission, will depend on their interbreeding with the wild vector population. In many species, larger males are more successful in obtaining mates. In São Tomé island, we determined that size did not affect mating success of male Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto, the main malaria vector in tropical Africa. Also we showed that larval intraspecific competition is probably insignificant in this population of An. gambiae. Thus, the potential success of transgenic An. gambiae is unlikely to be affected by size selection under field conditions.

Paleoparasitology, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, volume 98, supplement 1, edited by Adauto José Gonçalves de Araujo, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Françoise Bouchet and Karl Reinhard, 2003, Institu...

Although Brazil was declared free from Chagas disease transmission by the domestic vector Triatoma infestans, human acute cases are still being registered based on transmission by native triatomine species. For a better understanding of transmission risk, the geographic distribution of Brazilian triatomines was analyzed. Sixteen out of 62 Brazilian species that both occur in >20 municipalities and present synanthropic tendencies were modeled based on their ecological niches. Panstrongylus geniculatus and P. megistus showed broad ecological ranges, but most of the species sort out by the biome in which they are distributed: Rhodnius pictipes and R. robustus in the Amazon; R. neglectus, Triatoma sordida, and T. costalimai in the Cerrado; R. nasutus, P. lutzi, T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata, T. melanocephala, and T. petrocchiae in the Caatinga; T. rubrovaria in the southern pampas; T. tibiamaculata and T. vitticeps in the Atlantic Forest. Although most occurrences were recorded in open areas (Cerrado and Caatinga), our results show that all environmental conditions in the country are favorable to one or more of the species analyzed, such that almost nowhere is Chagas transmission risk negligible.

Candida albicans is a yeast that commensally inhabits the human body and can cause opportunistic or pathogenic infections. Objective. To investigate the antifungal activity of citral against C. albicans. Methodology. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by the broth microdilution techniques. We also investigated possible citral action on cell walls (0.8 M sorbitol), cell membranes (citral to ergosterol binding), the time-kill curve, and biological activity on the yeast's morphology. Results. The MIC and MFC of citral were, respectively, 64 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL. Involvement with the cell wall and ergosterol binding were excluded as possible mechanisms of action. In the morphological interference assay, it was observed that the product inhibited pseudohyphae and chlamydoconidia formation. The MIC and the MFC of citral required only 4 hours of exposure to effectively kill 99.9% of the inoculum. Conclusion. Citral showed in vitro antifungal potential against strains of C. albicans. Citral's mechanism of action does not involve the cell wall or ergosterol, and further study is needed to completely describe its effects before being used in the future as a component of new antifungals.