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Procurement of equipments is a time-consuming process with an invariably long lead time due to a long procurement procedure. Long lead time may sometimes result in the procurement of an old equipment and may affect the modernization drive of any healthcare organization. Especially in Govt hospitals, it is noted with concern that there is a long lead time in equipment procurement. The study was conducted on procurement processes of 4 different hospitals of Public and Private Health sector. The study compared the timelines in different stages of the procurement process i.e. Acceptance of Necessity (AON) to Tender stage, Tender to Technical bid opening (TBO) stage, TBO to Final Bid opening (FBO) stage and FBO to Supply Order (SO) stage. This study on the medical equipment procurement process of the Central Govt organisation highlights significant delays, particularly between TBO to FBO stage, compared to much shorter durations in state health services and private hospital. Time taken by Central Govt organisation is more as compared to other healthcare organisations and the findings are statistically significant with p value less than 0.05. The study identifies major bottlenecks, including technical evaluation and retendering due to non-compliance with technical requirements, and suggests that detailed technical specifications, vendor compliance matrix and pre bid meetings, can mitigate these issues. The study also recommends regular training for personnel involved in procurement, enhancing inherent financial powers of competent financial authorities (CFA) and speedy process of files by integrated financial advisors (IFA).

This retrospective, cross-sectional study analyzed clinical CT scans from 367 Indian subjects (199 healthy; 168 with TMJ ankylosis) from a tertiary hospital to compare mandibular morphometric parameters between Indian subjects with healthy and ankylosed temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of differing age groups and sex. Furthermore, the study compared mandibular morphometry of the Indian population with that of other countries. Key mandibular parameters, including ramus length and condyle width, were measured from 3D reconstructions. Two-sample z-tests and paired t-tests were used (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.05). Ramus length was significantly shorter in ankylosis subjects across all age groups and sexes, as compared with healthy subjects, while condyle width was higher. However, both ramus length and condyle width in ankylosis group increased with age. The minimum observed ramus lengths in the ankylosis group were 14.01&#x202f;mm, 20.37&#x202f;mm, and 24.93&#x202f;mm in the pre-pubertal, pubertal, and adult age cohorts, respectively, while the maximum observed condyle widths were 25.42&#x202f;mm, 32.05&#x202f;mm, and 36.32&#x202f;mm for the same age cohorts. In unilateral cases, the affected side had shorter ramus length and wider condyle than the unaffected side. When comparing the mandibles of the healthy adult Indian group with those from other countries, Indian mandibles were found to be longer than Brazilian and Chinese, but shorter than Australian and Korean counterparts. This study aimed to establish to what extent TMJ ankylosis influences mandibular structure. The study identified two key mandibular morphometries in the ankylosis group, especially ramus length and condyle width, as being significantly different from those in the healthy group in India. The study also highlighted salient country-specific differences in mandibular morphometry. These findings would be crucial in the development of population-specific TMJ implants to improve clinical outcomes.

Increasing digital engagement among university faculty has intensified screen exposure, extended working hours, and disrupted sleep, potentially contributing to burnout. This study investigated the relationships between digital engagement and burnout among university faculty in India, with a particular focus on the mediating roles of weekly work hours and sleep patterns. A national cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 3,987 university faculty members across all geographical regions of India between February and October 2024. Data included socio-demographic characteristics, daily screen time, sleep quality assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, physical activity levels, and burnout measured using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of personal, work-related, and client-related burnout. Mediation analyses examined indirect effects of work hours and sleep duration on the relationship between screen time and burnout outcomes. Participants (mean age: 43.92 years; mean professional experience: 15.77 years) reported significant screen exposure (5.02&#xa0;h daily) and poor sleep quality (PSQI: 7.5). Multiple regression analyses (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;3,987) suggest sleep hours, weekly work hours, and screen time as universal burnout predictors. Daily screen time was associated with burnout outcomes in adjusted analyses, with mediation models indicating that these relationships were primarily indirect. Higher screen time was associated with increased weekly work hours, which in turn were linked to higher burnout, while more sleep duration showed a protective association with reduced burnout. Screen time also demonstrated a direct effect on personal burnout (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.327, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001), alongside indirect effects via work hours (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.301, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001) and sleep duration (&#x3b2; = -0.109, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). Notably, the direct effect was observed only for personal burnout, whereas the associations with work-related and client-related burnout were predominantly mediated. The findings of this study highlight the possibility of screen time effects on burnout, which operates primarily through work-related demands and sleep-related mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of workload management and suggesting a recovery process in mitigating burnout among faculty members of higher education institutions. The study protocol was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trial Registry India; assigned identifier: CTRI/2024/02/063155, dated 26/02/2024.

The common perception of alcohol consumption is that it is a problem that negatively impacts the social and health aspects of individual drinkers with little or no regard for harm to others. This study aimed to determine the burden and predictors of alcohol harms to others (AHTO). This was a cross-sectional study carried out among urban, rural, and slum residents of a southern Indian district, using a pretested questionnaire. The details regarding various harms experienced due to an alcohol user either at home or outside were collected. The data was collected and analyzed using Epi info mobile application with software version 7.0. A total of 780 residents were interviewed in the study. Physical harms constituted the highest percentage of all reported harms (69.4%), followed by community problems (35.1%), financial losses (20.7%), and social inconveniences (18.5%), because of an alcohol user. Around 15% of parents reported that their children had to deal with abuse from an alcohol user at home or in the community and approximately 10% reported having to put in extra hours at work to make up for an intoxicated coworker. Households with alcohol consumption were found to have more harm than households without alcohol consumption (AOR, 5.4 vs. 1.0). The magnitude of AHTO is substantial and largely unacknowledged. It is evident from the study findings that AHTO is a major concern in society. All alcohol-related policies must recognize and prioritize AHTO to protect people from getting adversely affected by alcohol users.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effectiveness of essential medicines, particularly in resource-constrained health systems where high patient volumes, limited diagnostic capacity and inconsistent guideline adherence influence antibiotic prescribing. India faces a substantial AMR burden, with national surveillance reporting carbapenem resistance exceeding 80% in Klebsiella pneumoniae and over 90% in Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream isolates. In response, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has developed Standard Treatment Workflows (STWs) concise, evidence-based, point-of-care clinical guidance intended to support rational antibiotic use across levels of care. This Practise paper examines the stewardship orientation, system compatibility and readiness for scale-up of STWs to inform their wider adoption. We reviewed 157 STWs addressing conditions requiring antibiotic therapy and mapped recommended agents against the WHO Access-Watch-Reserve (AWaRe) classification, the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) and Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS). The recommended antibiotics predominantly fall within the WHO Access category and are largely drawn from medicines listed in India's NLEM. These features indicate strong alignment of STWs with antimicrobial stewardship principles and existing health system capacities. ICMR Standard Treatment Workflows are a stewardship-aligned, system-compatible clinical guidance tool with strong readiness for scale-up; this paper argues for their adoption in India and their relevance for other high-burden health systems.

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Cadaveric dissection enables medical students to locate organs within the body of an individual and help in practicing surgical skills and techniques. Voluntary body donation is of utmost importance to facilitate anatomy pedagogy. However, the number of individuals opting for voluntary body donation varies with the individual's awareness and attitude towards it. Aim of the study is to create and assess the awareness of voluntary body donation among social welfare professionals and students. This cross-sectional interventional study included those in the field of social work- undergraduate and postgraduate students, faculty, and certified professionals from several institutes in South India. Educational intervention in the form of an interactive session using an online platform was organized. Semi-structured pre and post-questionnaires were designed to assess the changes in awareness of voluntary body donation following the intervention. It was found that most of the respondents had knowledge of the term anatomy and body donation. However, they weren't sure of the purpose of cadavers in medical institutions, the laws governing them, and the procedures involved in body donation. The general perception, knowledge, and attitude involving voluntary body donation significantly improved among the study population after the session, underscoring the potential of digital interventions in educational outreach. Awareness talks among social welfare professionals and students are useful in spreading knowledge about the significance of body donation in the general community. By recognizing successful methods, this study gives insights that can be employed by organizations to encourage body donation programs more effectively.

Pilonidal Sinus Disease (PSD) is a cause of serious morbidity with varied clinical presentations. The management of the disease has seen sea-changes in the last few decades. Endoscopic pilonidal sinus treatment (EPSiT) involves the use of appropriately sized endoscope to delineate the anatomy of pilonidal sinus tract including any side branching tracts and ablating them using monopolar electrode under vision. Use of EPSiT in the Armed Forces settings has limited experience and we extended the use of EPSiT to ascertain its benefits in the manpower intensive military settings. This prospective study included 43 patients. The procedure was performed using the technique described by Meinero et al. including diagnostic and operative phase. Intraoperative findings were recorded and patients were followed up for the duration of the study. Data analysis was performed using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Male to female ratio in this study was 3.3:1. 81.4% of the patients presented with primary disease whereas 18.6% had recurrent disease. The operative time ranged from 12-35 minutes. The mean length of the tract was found to be 7.6 &#xb1; 1.9 cm. A single, two and three fistulous openings were seen in 69.8%, 23.2% and 7% patients, respectively. Return to work was within a range of 2-7 days. Average visual analogue scale (VAS) score of patients on post operative day (POD) 1 was 2.72 &#xb1; 0.83. Complete wound healing was achieved within 21 days in 97.7% patients. EPSiT an ideal procedure of choice among combatants where early return to work translates to operational readiness.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been linked to several types of cancer, including breast cancer. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) serves as an indicator of long-term blood sugar control, and elevated levels may contribute to the development of breast cancer. This study aims to evaluate the association between elevated HbA1c levels and breast cancer risk in women with T2DM attending a tertiary care hospital in South India, and to compare HbA1c levels between diabetic women with and without breast cancer. A retrospective case-control study was conducted at Kovai Medical Center from 2014 to 2016 among women with T2DM. Breast cancer was histopathologically confirmed. Data on HbA1c (<7.0% vs &#x2265;7.0%), body mass index, diabetes duration, menopausal status, and family history were collected. Associations with breast cancer risk were analyzed using Chi-square tests and logistic regression adjusted for confounders, with significance set at P&#x2005;<&#x2005;.05. The study included 182 women with T2DM and breast cancer and 197 age-matched controls without breast cancer. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c&#x2005;&#x2265;&#x2005;7.0%) was more prevalent among cases and significantly associated with breast cancer in multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, body mass index, menopausal status, diabetes duration, and insulin use (adjusted OR&#x2005;=&#x2005;2.98, 95% CI: 1.08-8.21, P&#x2005;<&#x2005;.0001). Additional risk factors included postmenopausal status (OR&#x2005;=&#x2005;4.52, 95% CI: 1.36-15.00), age 50 to 59 years (OR&#x2005;=&#x2005;8.30, 95% CI: 2.80-19.32), and insulin use (OR&#x2005;=&#x2005;2.57, 95% CI: 1.04-3.21). Most cases were estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negative, with 63% diagnosed at stage I. Advanced stages (II/III), triple-negative breast cancer (OR&#x2005;=&#x2005;2.78, 95% CI: 1.05-3.65), and higher Ki-67 index (intermediate: OR&#x2005;=&#x2005;1.91, high: OR&#x2005;=&#x2005;3.00) were linked to more aggressive disease. In this retrospective case-control study, higher HbA1c levels (&#x2265;7.0%) were associated with breast cancer presence and more advanced tumor stages among women with T2DM, although the odds ratio for HbA1c should be interpreted cautiously. Postmenopausal status and insulin use were more common among cases, while metformin use showed a nonsignificant inverse trend. triple-negative breast cancer status and higher Ki-67 index were also more frequent in advanced disease.

Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state increasing the risk of thrombosis and maternal mortality. Free protein S (FPS) levels are significantly reduced during pregnancy as compared to nonpregnant women. This study aims to ascertain the mean FPS levels for Indian pregnant women and study various factors like age, parity, trimester, hemoglobin (Hb) in relation to FPS. 521 pregnant and equal number of nonpregnant women were included in the study. Blood samples were collected and evaluated for FPS and Hb levels. P < 0.05 was considered statically significant. Mean FPS levels in pregnant women were significantly lower than nonpregnant women and showed a statistically significant fall in all the three trimesters. Mean Hb levels were also lower in pregnant females however correlation between FPS levels and Hb, age, and parity were not found to be significant. This study found that the mean FPS levels in healthy pregnant females decrease with increasing gestational age. The mean FPS levels will be useful in the Indian scenario as our study found FPS levels to be much lower than other studies.

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is a significant global health issue managed routinely with oral iron. However, its effectiveness is limited by dietary absorption factors and gastrointestinal (GI) side effects requiring parenteral iron therapies. This study compares the safety and efficacy of parenteral iron preparations, Iron Isomaltoside (i3R), and Ferric Carboxymaltose (FCM) in IDA. This is a single-center investigator-initiated randomized, phase III single-blind trial in Western India from January 2023 to July 2024. 280 participants with IDA and GI intolerance were assigned to receive 1000 mg IV infusion of either i3R or FCM. Patients were followed up at 4, 12, and 24 weeks for changes in hemoglobin (Hb) and Ferritin from baseline, along with safety evaluations. The mean change in Hb and mean Hb across the time intervals were comparable in both arms; however, the i3R arm had higher mean ferritin/ mean change in ferritin levels at 12 and 24 weeks (p < 0.05) with no age and gender difference in the subgroup analysis. Safety profiles in both arms were comparable. The study demonstrates the comparable efficacy of i3R and FCM in improving Hb and serum ferritin levels in IDA patients. Both treatments demonstrated safety and tolerability in a well-designed RCT.

Background/Objectives: Esophageal cancer is one of the major global causes of cancer mortality, and the 5-year survival rate remains below 20% because many cases are detected late. In this study, a Spectral-Aided Vision Enhancer (SAVE) algorithm was utilized to convert conventional white-light endoscopic images (WLI) into hyperspectral-like narrow-band imaging (NBI) images for machine-learning classification of Dysplasia, Normal, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). Methods: A total of 762 WLI images obtained from Kaohsiung Medical University were augmented to 1074 using the Al bumentations library, employing vertical flipping, horizontal flipping, and rotations. The SAVE conversion pipeline employs a 24-patch Macbeth color checker for calibration, &#x3b3;-correction, CIE XYZ transformation, and multivariate regression to interpolate spectral bands, yielding an average color difference of 2.79 (CIEDE2000) from true NBI. The training outcomes and performance metrics illustrate the versatility of the machine learning/deep learning models-Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-which were trained and evaluated on both the original WLI and SAVE datasets. Performance metrics were analyzed based on precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score. Results: The CNN sample achieved an accuracy of 100 percent on SAVE data, compared to 93 percent for WLI. The accuracy of RF improved, with WLI at 91% and SAVE at 96%, while SVM increased from 79% to 84%. These improvements indicate the diagnostically valuable spectral variations that can be amplified with SAVE, resulting in significant enhancements in pre-cancer/SCC sensitivity. Conclusions: The proposed SAVE method demonstrates significant potential for enhancing endoscopic imaging and advancing computer-aided diagnosis in esophageal cancer screening, with applicability in other gastrointestinal imaging scenarios as well.

Vallecular masses are uncommon lesions, typically benign. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) arising in vallecular cysts is exceedingly rare, with only three previous case reports documented in the medical literature. A 58-year-old male presented with a two-month history of throat foreign body sensation without any systemic symptoms. Physical examination and initial assessment appeared unremarkable. Fibre optic laryngoscopy and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed a 3 &#x2192; 3-cm smooth cystic lesion in the right vallecula. Transoral collar-assisted surgical excision was performed, followed by a comprehensive histopathological examination. Histopathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL NOS). Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed no additional mitotically active lesions in nodal or extranodal sites. This case represents the first reported case of DLBCL NOS in a vallecular cyst. Despite NHL being a rare aetiology for vallecular masses, clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. This case underscores the importance of a thorough diagnostic evaluation for unusual vallecular masses.

Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy where early detection is critical for survival. However, early-stage lesions typically present subtle mucosal changes that are difficult to identify using standard White Light Imaging (WLI), and hardware-based Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) is not universally available. In this study, we propose a novel image processing algorithm termed the Spectrum-Aided Vision Enhancer (SAVE) to address these challenges in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). Leveraging hyperspectral data principles, SAVE transforms standard WLI endoscopic images into enhanced, NBI-like representations, significantly improving mucosal contrast and lesion visibility without requiring additional hardware. To validate the efficacy of this approach for medical image analysis, we utilized a dataset of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and dysplasia. We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis using five state-of-the-art deep learning models: YOLOv8, InceptionV3, Inception-ResNet-V2, ConvNeXt-V2, and MobileNetV2. Experimental results demonstrate that models trained on SAVE-enhanced images significantly outperform those trained on traditional WLI in both classification and detection tasks. This study presents a cost-effective, software-driven solution that integrates advanced image processing with deep learning, offering a robust tool for the automated screening of esophageal malignancies.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare but aggressive biliary tract malignancy. This study explores the transcriptomic profile of GBC to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and dysregulated pathways involved in its pathogenesis. RNA sequencing was performed on 13 GBC tumors and 6 matched controls. Functional enrichment analysis (FEA) as well as weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify dysregulated pathways, functionally relevant gene modules and hub genes. Key targets were validated in patient tissues and cell lines. A total of 1319 DEGs were identified (528 upregulated, 791 downregulated). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed activation of E2F targets and G2/M checkpoint, with downregulation of bile acid metabolism and estrogen response pathways. A tumor grade-correlated gene module was identified by WGCNA. FEA of the gene module highlighted pathways related to cell cycle and cell division. Co-expression analysis identified TPX2 as a central hub gene. Inhibitors of aurora kinase, TPX2 dependent enzyme, significantly reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion in GBC cells. Elevated Aurora kinases expression was also observed in GBC. This first transcriptomic analysis of GBC in South-East Asian Indians uncovers key drivers like TPX2 and Aurora kinases in disease progression. The study highlights cell cycle dysregulation and sex-linked signatures, offering insights for biomarker discovery and targeted therapies.

The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) comprises a diverse group of opportunistic pathogens that are critically relevant to human and animal health. Bcc induces life-threatening infections of the lung in human patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease and causes mastitis and abscesses in sheep and goats. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the presence of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) in goats in Bangladesh using serological tests such as the Glanders Rapid Detection Test Kit (GRDTK) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and molecular tests such as PCR, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. A total of 40 goat blood samples were collected, comprising 30 samples from goats exhibiting a history of abortion accompanied by respiratory symptoms and 10 samples from clinically healthy control goats. Among the 30 samples from symptomatic goats, eight isolates (26.67%) were observed to grow in Luria-Bertani broth, while there was no growth from the control group. Five (62.50%) were found positive for bacterial presence when analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene-specific PCR assay for broth-positive samples. In the Genomix GRDTK and ELISA tests, six isolates were identified as positive for Burkholderia spp. Of the eight broth culture-positive samples, two (25%) were found to be positive by genus-specific PCR using groEL primers and species-specific amplification using zmpA primers. Phylogenetic analysis of positive goat samples confirmed the presence of the Bcc, which showed 100% similarity with the strains from India, Japan, and China. The discovery is the first detection of Bcc in animals in Bangladesh. It raises significant concerns for animal and public health. These findings highlight the critical need for strengthened diagnostic strategies, improved microbiological surveillance, and further research into Bcc's epidemiology and zoonotic potential within the One Health framework to understand better and mitigate its zoonotic risks.

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Background/Objectives: The early identification of skin cancer by standard RGB dermoscopy is a clinical difficulty because of the complex visual differences between impacted lesions and healthy tissue. Methods: For the biomedical challenge, a novel approach to signal processing and image reconstruction is introduced in this study, called the spectrum-aided visual enhancer (SAVE). The proposed SAVE mechanism aims at reconstructing the diagnostically relevant spectral information from the conventional RGB dermoscopic images using the principles of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and band selection (BS). After quality control and pre-processing, the images in the ISIC2019 dataset were selected, with 865 images that contain basal cell carcinoma (BCC), seborrheic keratosis (SK), and actinic keratosis (AK) lesions. To reduce data leakage, the dataset was split into training, validation, and testing subsets of 70%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. Five supervised deep learning object detection models were trained and tested on the conventional RGB image dataset and on the SAVE-enhanced dataset. Five supervised deep learning object detection models, namely, YOLOv8, YOLOv10, YOLOv11, SSDLite, and SSD, were trained and tested on the conventional RGB image dataset and the SAVE-enhanced dataset. Additional repeated experimental assessments and statistical comparisons were also carried out to evaluate the improvement in performance. Results: The experimental results showed that the SAVE-based pre-processing always yielded better performance in terms of lesion detection than conventional RGB image processing. The SAVE framework for SSD was evaluated and compared with all other evaluated models and was found to be the most successful, with an accuracy of 96%, a precision of 97%, a recall of 96%, and an F1 score of 96%. Conclusions: The results indicate that the proposed SAVE framework could be a promising RGB-compatible spectral enhancement technique for boosting skin cancer detection and computer-aided dermatologic analysis with the aid of AI.

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Aberrant glycosylation contributes to tumor progression by regulating receptor signalling, immune evasion, and metastatic. However, the prognostic and therapeutic relevance of glycosylation-related genes (GRGs) in LUAD has not been comprehensively defined. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively evaluate GRG-associated molecular subtypes and their clinical and therapeutic relevance in LUAD. Methods: GRGs were curated from multiple public databases and integrated with transcriptomic and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas LUAD cohort (TCGA-LUAD) with validation in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. Consensus clustering, pathway enrichment, and immune profiling were used to identify glycosylation-associated subtypes. A glycosylation activity scoring (Glyco. marker) was developed to quantify glycosylation features. Drug response prediction was analyzed using OncoPredict and the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was analyzed to evaluate cell-type-specific GRG expression. Selected proteins were by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in LUAD tissue microarrays. Results: GRG expression stratified 513 LUAD patients into four molecular clusters with distinct clinical and immune characteristics. The Glyco.High group showed elevated expression of MGAT5 (mannosyl (&#x3b1;-1,6)-glycoprotein &#x3b2;-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase), ST6GAL1 (&#x3b2;-galactoside &#x3b1;-2,6-sialyltransferase 1), GALNT7 (polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7), and FUT8 (fucosyltransferase 8), frequent tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations, increased immune checkpoint expression, and enrichment of regulatory T cells. The Glyco. marker score predicted overall survival and was associated with stemness signatures. Drug response prediction suggested reduced sensitivity to platinum chemotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors but increased sensitivity to phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) inhibitors. Conclusion: GRG-based molecular stratification identifies clinically distinct LUAD subtypes associated with immune regulation, tumor stemness, and therapeutic response. The Glyco. marker system provides a potential framework for prognostic assessment and precision oncology strategies in LUAD.