Living tissues strengthen under repeated mechanical loading, yet replicating such adaptive growth in synthetic materials remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report a protein-based hydrogel that undergoes mechanochemically induced self-growth, autonomously reinforcing its baseline mechanical properties under applied stress. This strategy harnesses the copper-storage protein Csp1, whose force-regulated unfolding releases Cu(I) that catalyzes in situ azide-alkyne cycloaddition, generating secondary crosslinks under mechanical load. Upon unloading, Csp1 refolds and re-sequesters Cu(I), halting catalysis and restoring growth capacity. This mechano-catalytic feedback loop enables stress- and time-dependent self-reinforcement within a closed system, without external monomer supply. The hydrogel exhibits programmable mechanical memory via leveraging Cu(I) homeostasis in cyclic growth-pause-growth transitions. By coupling force-dependent protein conformational dynamics with catalytic activity, this strategy establishes a generalizable mechanochemical framework for designing self-adapting biomaterials whose structure and function evolve under mechanical stimulation.
Nanovibration, a kilohertz-frequency, nano-amplitude mechanical stimulation, has been shown to drive osteogenesis; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Mechanotransduction has been proposed with limited cell population-level evidence. We propose the use of a high-throughput mechanical phenotyping technique, Real-Time Deformability Cytometry (RT-DC), to observe mechanical changes in an osteogenic model, MG63s. We have demonstrated that MG63 cells respond to the nanovibrational mechanical stimulation by changing their cytoskeletal morphology and showing higher expression of osteocalcin than respective controls. We have also demonstrated the first use of Real-Time Deformability Cytometry (RT-DC) to reliably phenotype whole-cell population mechanical response to this stimulus. The use of high-throughput microfluidic techniques such as RT-DC is proving invaluable to more accurately assay population morphological changes compared to other established techniques, with potential application in mechanobiology, cellular quality control, and diagnostic scenarios. With consideration for osteogenic changes, RT-DC also poses potential use in the assessment of in vitro and ex vivo bone cell samples, highlighting clinical relevance for conditions such as osteoporosis and bone fracture.
This review explores the role of in vitro electrical and mechanical stimulation in modulating wound-healing behavior, with a primary focus on the predominant skin cell types: fibroblasts and keratinocytes. By analyzing the existing literature, we delineate the complex relationships between stimulation parameters-such as voltage, current, frequency, and mechanical strain-and cellular responses, including proliferation and migration. Our data-driven approach compiled more than 390 experimental data points for electrical stimulation and over 170 for mechanical stimulation in vitro, constructing a comprehensive library of cell responses that were previously fragmented and difficult to compare across studies. We critically evaluate various stimulation platforms and configurations, emphasizing their influence on cellular mechanobiology and their translational potential in regenerative medicine. Ultimately, this review underscores the necessity of a multi-parameter optimization strategy to effectively exploit electromechanical cues for targeted skin tissue regeneration.
Conventional structural design studies often prioritize mechanical metrics, yet lack a unified narrative that renders the aesthetic expression of form both quantifiable and verifiable. To address this gap, we develop a GAN-based framework for biomimetic topology fusion generation, leveraging Cycle-Consistent GANs (CycleGAN) to learn bidirectional mappings and morphological translations between two classes of natural prototypes under unpaired supervision: performance-oriented morphologies (e.g., dragonfly wing venation and leaf venation), which exhibit high structural efficiency but comparatively weak visual order, and aesthetics-oriented patterns (e.g., honeycomb cells and pinecone spirals), which display pronounced geometric regularity and proportional structure but limited load-bearing capacity. Through cross-domain translation and fusion, the model synthesizes hybrid topological textures that simultaneously encode cues of structural robustness and ordered geometric features. These synthesized morphologies are subsequently validated via flexural (bending) testing in terms of load-carrying capacity and energy absorption efficiency, and are objectively characterized by a multi-metric aesthetic quantification scheme-computed on binary, vectorized structural maps-covering symmetry, complexity, and order. Across multiple morphology-pair settings, the fusion-generated structures exhibit a more balanced overall profile in both mechanical response and aesthetic metrics, indicating effective synergy between engineering usability and visual expression. In addition, we provide an application example in conceptual form design for orthopedic exoskeletal products, illustrating the cross-domain potential of the proposed approach at the interface of engineering design and aesthetic design.
This work reports the development of epoxy-based biocomposites via the valorization of coconut fiber, with tailored thermal and mechanical properties obtained by varying the reinforcement and curing system. An organosolv process was used to extract lignin from natural coconut fiber (NCF) using a 90% v/v aqueous acetic acid solution combined with 2% v/v HCl at 110 °C for 1 h, yielding organosolv coconut fiber lignin (OCFL) and modified coconut fiber (MCF). The polymeric matrix was composed of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A containing 0 or 50 wt% OCFL, while NCF and MCF were used as reinforcements. The biocomposites were prepared with a matrix-to-reinforcement mass ratio of 80:20 and cured with either a protic or an aprotic ionic liquid, specifically 10 wt% [HMIM][HSO4] at 180 °C or 10 wt% [BMIM][PF6] at 220 °C for 1 h. The biocomposites were characterized by thermogravimetry, constant-pressure calorimetry, gel content, water absorption, chemical resistance, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results show that the thermal, thermos-oxidative, chemical, and mechanical properties of the biocomposites can be modulated by controlling the type of reinforcement, the lignin content in the matrix, and the curing ionic liquid. The valorization of coconut solid residues through a sustainable organosolv-based route thus enables the design of thermosetting materials with high glass transition temperatures, high gel content, and self-extinguishing behavior suitable for high-performance applications, with potential to partially replace petroleum-derived materials in selected sectors of the chemical industry.
Conductive gels face an intrinsic trade-off between electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness, as conventional single-network or filled composite designs couple these functions. Here, we present a generalizable strategy to fundamentally overcome this constraint by architecturally decoupling the charge transport pathway from the mechanical load-bearing matrix. We demonstrate this concept by constructing a three-dimensional (3D) graphitic carbon skeleton (derived from carbonized melamine foam) as a pre-formed, continuous conductive scaffold. This rigid framework is subsequently infiltrated with a ductile poly(vinyl alcohol)/glycerol/water gel precursor via centrifugal assistance, followed by solvent exchange and wet-annealing to reinforce the matrix. In this architecture, the uninterrupted carbon network provides stable electron transport (0.35 S m-1), while the physically cross-linked PVA network, optimized through hierarchical hydrogen bonding and crystallization, delivers high mechanical performance (tensile strength ≈ 3.1 MPa, toughness ≈ 7.5 MJ m-3, fracture strain >310%). This decoupled design not only resolves the classic performance trade-off but also imparts multifunctionality, including stable piezoresistive sensing across a wide temperature range (-20 to 120 °C) and efficient photothermal conversion. This work establishes a robust and versatile platform for designing high-performance, environmentally resilient conductive materials for soft electronics by moving from material-centric compositions to architecture-defined functionalities.
This study presents the fabrication and optimization of poly(lactic acid)/gelatin (PLA/Gel) composite nanofibrous scaffolds simultaneously reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) and silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles using a dual-nozzle electrospinning approach. Separate PLA/SiO₂ and Gel/HA solutions were electrospun simultaneously, but each from one distinct syringe to enable independent control of processing parameters. Compositional and processing parameters were systematically optimized using the Taguchi design method, a novel approach for this type of hybrid scaffold. Morphological analysis showed that fiber diameter could be tuned by adjusting formulation parameters, with average diameters ranging from approximately ~200 nm to ~1000 nm under stable electrospinning conditions. Uniform, bead-free nanofibers were obtained at balanced compositions, whereas higher nanoparticle loadings led to greater diameter variability and bead formation. Surface wettability was tunable, with contact angles ranging from 130° to 28°, depending on composition. Thermal analyses revealed that both nanoparticle content and polymer blend ratio significantly influenced degradation and crystallization behavior. The optimized scaffold, consisting of a 50/50 Gel/PLA with 2 wt% HA and 2.5 wt% SiO₂, exhibited uniform, bead-free morphology, favorable hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering (tensile strength 3.5 MPa; Young's modulus 180 MPa). In vitro evaluations demonstrated enhanced cell viability, proliferation, mineralization, and osteogenic differentiation, particularly in HA/SiO₂-reinforced structures. Overall, these findings underscore the effectiveness of dual-nozzle electrospinning combined with Taguchi optimization for tailoring PLA/Gel nanofibers structure and performance in advanced bone tissue engineering applications.
Despite advancements in small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs), they continue to face significant clinical challenges, including thrombosis, insufficient endothelialization, and incompatible mechanical properties. To address these limitations, this study developed a heparin-incorporated vascular adventitia extracellular matrix (vaECM)/PCL fiber-co-hydrogel vascular scaffold using electrospinning-co-electrospray technology combined with vaECM self-assembly gelation. This scaffold combines the mechanical strength of PCL fibers with the bioactivity of vaECM hydrogel, while the incorporated heparin enhances its antithrombotic properties. Material characterization reveals that the fiber-co-hydrogel scaffold possesses a biomimetic layered structure, tunable mechanical properties, self-healing ability, low swelling ratio, and hierarchical degradation. Co-culture experiments with endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells demonstrate that this scaffold significantly promotes endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration, as well as the maturation of smooth muscle cells. Blood compatibility tests confirm its superior anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties. In a rat abdominal aorta replacement model, the scaffold showed significantly enhanced endothelial coverage by week 4, and by week 16, it supported the regeneration of mature vascular smooth muscle and orderly remodeling of the extracellular matrix. These results highlight the remarkable vascular regenerative potential of this fiber-co-hydrogel scaffold, driven by its bioactive vaECM hydrogel and bio-matched material stiffness, offering a promising avenue for the clinical application of small-diameter vascular grafts.
This retrospective cohort study examined patient characteristics and comorbidities associated with mechanical ventilation and mortality among 28,128 hospitalized Kentucky Medicaid patients aged 18-64 years with COVID-19 in 2020-2021. Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for mechanical ventilation and Cox regression estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for mortality, controlling for demographics, rurality, and comorbidities. Mechanical ventilation was required in 18.8% of patients, and 8.4% died. Older age (45-54: aOR = 1.25; aHR = 1.28; 55-64: aOR = 1.35; aHR = 1.61), male sex (aOR = 1.30; aHR = 1.10), rural residence (aOR = 1.18; aHR = 1.15), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR = 1.66; aHR = 1.12), chronic kidney disease (aOR = 1.16; aHR = 1.22), and atrial fibrillation (aOR = 1.75; aHR = 1.21) were associated with higher risk of both ventilation and mortality. Each one-unit increase in a ventilation duration severity score corresponded to a 64% higher mortality risk (aHR 1.64). Findings highlight increased risk among adults aged 45-64 years, men, rural residents, and patients with pulmonary, renal, and cardiac conditions. Tailored primary care management for identified high-risk patients may help reduce the risk of severe outcomes and inform future preparedness efforts.
The development of stable, environmentally benign, and high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has increasingly focused on innovative inorganic absorber materials. In this study, we conduct a detailed evaluation of the optoelectronic and mechanical properties of Ca3AsBr3, a promising non-toxic halide perovskite, using density functional theory (DFT) alongside SCAPS-1D simulations. The DFT results indicate that Ca3AsBr3 possesses a direct bandgap of 1.66 eV, along with good mechanical stability and strong optical absorption, making it well-suited for photovoltaic applications. To further investigate device performance, four electron transport layers (ETLs)-WS2, SnS2, CdS, and TiO2 were incorporated into HTL-free FTO/ETL/Ca3AsBr3/Au architecture, allowing analysis of energy band alignment, defect tolerance, and overall efficiency. Among these configurations, the WS₂-based device demonstrated superior performance, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.50%, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.165 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 20.55 mA/cm², and a fill factor (FF) of 85.64%. Further simulation results highlight that an optimal absorber thickness of 1200 nm, along with reduced bulk and interface defect densities (≤ 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ and ≤ 10¹³ cm⁻²), plays a crucial role in minimizing non-radiative recombination losses and improving charge carrier collection. Overall, this work identifies Ca3AsBr3 as a viable eco-friendly absorber material and emphasizes the importance of ETL optimization in achieving efficient, stable, and scalable PSC devices.
Autologous grafts remain the clinical gold standard for vascular reconstruction; however, their use is limited by donor site morbidity, poor availability, and long-term failure. Synthetic alternatives, while effective in large-caliber vessels, fail in small-diameter applications (<6 mm) due to thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and biomechanical mismatch. In this context, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) emerge as a solution, requiring biomaterials that closely replicate the structural, mechanical, and hemocompatible properties of native vessels. Aliphatic polyesters such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and poly(ε-caprolactone) are extensively studied but show poor endothelialization and mechanical deficiency. In contrast, poly(butylene trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PBCE) attracts interest for its biocompatibility, thermal stability, and processability. Its copolymerization with Pripol 1009, a commercial fatty diacid, enables modulation of mechanical properties and degradation rate, two of the key parameters for vascular engineering. In this work, electrospun scaffolds based on these copolymers are fabricated in flat and tubular formats and characterized in terms of morphology, mechanical behavior, hemocompatibility, and endothelialization potential. Certain formulations display mechanical properties comparable to native vessels, support endothelialization and smooth muscle cell adhesion, and do not trigger coagulation pathways in in vitro assays. These results identify PBCE/Pripol copolymers as promising candidates for next-generation TEVGs, bridging the gap between synthetic reliability and biological performance in small-diameter vascular applications.
Soft electronic devices require durability to endure their inherent exposure to diverse mechanical deformations, including scratches, punctures, and repeated bending. Without intrinsic damage recovery mechanisms, such deformations inevitably compromise mechanical integrity and limit device lifetime. To address this issue, the strategic incorporation of reversible dynamic bonds enables autonomous self-healing while simultaneously achieving high mechanical toughness through energy dissipation during bond rupture. To this end, optimizing the glass transition temperature and bond exchange kinetics is essential to ensure sufficient chain mobility for rapid interfacial diffusion and autonomous mechanical recovery. Building on the reversible bond nature, this review presents emerging self-healable and tough soft electronics applications in three major areas: (1) Multimodal electronic skins capable of comprehensive physiological signal sensing; (2) modularly reconfigurable systems with adhesive-free interlayer bonding that enable user-on-demand device assembly; (3) optoelectronic devices that seamlessly integrate light-emitting and pressure-sensing capabilities. These applications demonstrate that dynamic bond engineering enables elastomeric devices to simultaneously achieve mechanical robustness, functional adaptability, and autonomous self-healing. Such advancements position them as durable platforms with extended operational lifetimes, paving the way for next-generation wearable and implantable bioelectronics in real-world applications.
‌BACKGROUND: Micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) have been confirmed to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, the optimal number of perforations and the associated changes in alveolar bone structure, composition, and biomechanical properties under different numbers of perforations remain unclear. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing OTM were divided into four groups: OTM (0 MOPs), 2MOP, 3MOP, or 4MOP. Rats were euthanized on Days 3, 7, or 14, and maxillary samples were analyzed using micro-CT, Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation to assess bone morphology, composition, and biomechanical properties. MOPs accelerated OTM, with 3MOP and 4MOP showing superior efficacy to 2MOP. Alveolar bone in 3MOP and 4MOP groups exhibited initial resorption followed by regeneration from Days 3-14. Mineral-to-matrix ratios decreased then increased from Days 3-14 across all groups, while carbonate substitution levels showed the opposite trend. Elastic modulus and hardness followed a similar decreasing-increasing pattern. No consistent pattern of intergroup differences was observed in bone microstructure, chemical composition, or biomechanical properties. MOPs can accelerate OTM, with three MOPs potentially offering a more effective balance between therapeutic efficacy and surgical intervention. No additional acceleration effect was observed in the four-perforation group. Under higher trauma levels (≥3 MOPs), alveolar bone demonstrated a time-dependent transition (initial resorption followed by regeneration) across microstructural, compositional, and biomechanical parameters.
Bone remodelling is essential for maintaining skeletal integrity by preserving the balance between bone formation and resorption, with excessive osteoclast activity contributing to osteoporosis. Osteocytes act as central regulators of osteoclastogenesis through mechanically sensitive paracrine signals, yet the influence of osteoblasts and their mesenchymal precursors remains less defined. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as mediators of bone cell communication, although their role in osteoclast regulation are still underexplored. This study demonstrates that mesenchymal-derived bone cells inhibit osteoclastogenesis through an EV-dependent mechanism shaped by their differentiation stage and mechanical environment. Mechanically stimulated osteocyte-derived EVs showed the strongest anti-catabolic response. Notably, we identify miR-150-5p as a mechano-responsive miRNA enriched within osteocyte EVs, capable of inducing a dose-dependent reduction in osteoclastogenesis. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that EV treatment and miR-150-5p delivery induce substantial transcriptional changes in osteoclast precursors, including downregulation of shared target genes linked to bone remodelling. Overall, we highlight mechanically activated osteocytes as key regulators of osteoclastogenesis through an EV-mediated mechanism, in which miR-150-5p represents a promising candidate contributor within the broader EV cargo landscape, highlighting their potential for future cell-free therapeutic strategies.
Complex tissue architecture is achieved through multiple rounds of morphological transitions. Here, we analyzed cellular flows and tissue mechanics during avian skin development by employing chicken and transgenic quail skin explant models. We demonstrate how novel cellular flows initiate chemo-mechanical circuits that guide epithelial protrusion, folding, invagination, and spatial cell fate specification. During initial feather bud formation, stiff dermal condensates protrude vertically from the locally softened epithelial sheet. As the bud elongates, it stretches the epithelial cells at the base, thus mechanically activating YAP, which causes the epithelial sheet to fold downward and form a stiff cylindrical wall that invaginates into the skin. This stiff epithelial tongue is essential for the compaction and formation of the tightly packed dermal papillae. These topological transformational events are mechanically interconnected, and the completion of one circuit initiates the next. In contrast, during scale development, the rigid epithelial sheet restricts dermal cell flows, preventing further topological transformation. Based on these findings, we developed a topological transformation model describing how this process enabled the evolution of feather follicles from scales.
Pulp necrosis in immature permanent teeth arrests root development and compromises long-term prognosis. This study aimed to develop a multifunctional scaffold integrating structural biomimicry, mechanical matching, and sustained growth factor release for orderly root regeneration. A poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) conical scaffold was fabricated via melt electrowriting (MEW) combined with mechanical winding. Bone morphogenetic protein‑2 (BMP‑2)-loaded microspheres were prepared and physically incorporated into the scaffold. The scaffold surface was modified with collagen. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were cultured on the scaffold to evaluate proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation. The scaffold exhibited a trilayer "collagen-microsphere-PCL" architecture with mechanical compatibility (elastic modulus: 22.5 MPa; fracture strength: 5.29 MPa; elongation: 441.59%). Microspheres (2.86 ± 0.45 μm) showed a gradient distribution and sustained release (70-75% over 90 days). In vitro, the scaffold promoted hDPSC adhesion and proliferation and significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation with elevated alkaline phosphatase activity, upregulated the expression of osteogenic-related genes, and increased protein levels. The scaffold integrates structural support, controlled growth factor delivery, and a bioactive interface, offering a promising strategy for root development in immature permanent teeth. By enabling physiological root development, the scaffold addresses a critical unmet need, offering a viable alternative to conventional root canal therapy.
Press-fit acetabular components achieve long-term fixation through osseointegration, yet the extent of bone ingrowth necessary for durable stability in well-functioning implants remains unclear. Postmortem retrievals provide a unique opportunity to directly assess the bone-cup interface in clinically successful total hip arthroplasties (THAs). This study evaluated osseointegration and biomechanical fixation strength in deceased-donor acetabular components to better define the characteristics of stable long-term fixation. Cadaver pelvis specimens containing uncemented THAs from a single institution were evaluated. There were 29 acetabular components that underwent axial pull-out testing using a universal testing machine. A total of seven of these were additionally processed for histologic evaluation, including dehydration, acrylic embedding, thin-sectioning, staining, and digital imaging. Osseointegration was quantified by bone-area fraction occupancy (%BAFO), representing the proportion of bone occupying the porous thread spaces of the cup. All 29 specimens failed through fracture of the ilium rather than at the bone-cup interface, indicating that the mechanical integrity of the osseointegrated construct exceeded that of the surrounding bone under axial tension. Among the seven histologically analyzed components, %BAFO ranged from 4.2 to 27.0% (mean 15.1%), despite all implants being clinically stable at the time of death. There were no significant linear correlations observed between %BAFO and time implanted, fracture load, or body mass index. A significant quadratic relationship between %BAFO and age was identified, peaking near 81 years. Cementless acetabular components exhibited strong fixation despite modest osseointegration, with failure occurring through host bone on axial testing. Durable biological fixation appears achievable with limited, but mechanically favorable bone ingrowth.
Conductive hydrogels combining high toughness and low hysteresis are crucial for soft electronics but remain difficult to achieve due to the intrinsic conflict between energy dissipation and elastic recovery in polymer networks. Here, we report a synergistically engineered conductive hydrogel based on a copolymer network of acrylamide (AM) and N-acryloyl tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THMA), reinforced by MXene nanosheets and a hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C16mim]Br). The ionic liquid introduces dynamic hydrophobic associations and ionic interactions that regulate polymer chain packing, suppress water migration, and stabilize the three-dimensional network, while MXene nanosheets act as bifunctional fillers to enhance both mechanical robustness and electrical conductivity. Owing to these multiscale synergistic interactions, the hydrogel exhibits ultrahigh stretchability (3548%), high toughness (15.3 MJ/m3), and exceptionally low hysteresis (4% at 100% tensile strain), effectively mitigating the long-standing toughness-hysteresis trade-off. The hydrogel further enables flexible strain sensors with fast and stable electromechanical responses. This work provides a generalizable strategy for coordinating energy dissipation and elastic recovery in conductive hydrogels, offering insights for the design of mechanically robust and energy-efficient soft materials.
Fluorinated gel polymer electrolytes (FGPEs) prepared via in situ polymerization are expected to expedite the large-scale application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) by enabling stable LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) and good compatibility with high-voltage cathodes. However, the electron-withdrawing nature of fluorine units retards polymerization kinetics of such monomers, resulting in GPEs with compromised mechanical performance and cycling durability. Herein, a design principle for in situ formation of fluorinated copolymers is proposed to regulate the polymerization kinetics of trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA)-typed monomers. Such strategy yields relatively uniform polymer chains with moderate molecular weights, which are subsequently crosslinked to form a robust fluorinated-nitrogenated copolymer network (FNPE). The tailored polymer matrix integrates the capabilities to form a LiF-containing SEI promoted by fluorinated segments, enhanced mechanical robustness, and a Li3N-rich interphase contributed by the N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) domains. Consequently, the FNPE achieves NCM811(6.8 mg cm-2, 1.2 mAh cm-2)//Li full cells with high capacity retention (> 80%, 225 cycles), and applicable in wide temperature range (-15 to 60°C) and pouch cell configuration (40 µm Li). Through experimental and multiscale modeling investigations, this work elucidates the intrinsic kinetic challenge for in situ formed FGPEs and provides a new design principle of copolymer-type electrolytes for durable LMBs.
Tympanoplasty repairs tympanic membrane (TM) perforations using grafts. In pediatric patients, cartilage grafts are preferred over fascia due to superior mechanical properties that prevent complications from negative middle ear pressure, including graft failure, retraction, and cholesteatoma formation. However, autologous grafts cause donor-site morbidity and increased surgical time. To overcome these limitations, we engineered an allogeneic porcine meniscus decellularized (MEND) fibrocartilage graft with a unique microchannel structure created by selective elastin and vascular digestion to promote host cell invasion and integration. We evaluated MEND in a rat TM acute perforation model, comparing outcomes to autologous cartilage and fascia grafts, the current clinical standards of care. TMs were monitored via otoendoscopy through 4 weeks, then analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. MEND and auricular cartilage grafts successfully closed perforations by day 3, outperforming fascia grafts which frequently dislodged due to poor mechanical integrity. However, unlike cartilage grafts, MEND fully remodeled by day 28, providing superior graft closure and tissue integration compared to both traditional materials. These findings demonstrate MEND's potential as an off-the-shelf solution for pediatric tympanoplasty.