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Effects of four antiepileptic drugs, viz., diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione, phenobarbitone and ethosuximide, were studied on different in vitro and in vivo skeletal muscle preparations which consisted of frog rectus, rat phrenic nerve diaphragm and cat gastrocnemius sciatic nerve preparations. A dose related blockade of neuromuscular transmission was seen with all the compounds tested. The blockade was mainly confined to the neuromuscular junction, although direct stimulation of muscle was slightly affected. The blockade was partially antagonized by physostigmine, adrenaline, succinylcholine, choline, tetraethylammonium and KCl and was additive to that due to tubocurarine. Moreover, the drugs were found to possess moderate local anaesthetic activity. The blockade was therefore considered to be partly due to curariform activity and partly due to their local anaesthetic activity.

Between the Child and the Mecha Frenchy Lunning (bio) Prevalent in the narratives of anime and manga are the toylike tin men known as the "mobile suit" or "mecha," who are so compelling in their display of a mechanistic majesty and so intriguing in their representation of a complex web of desire. Mecha take many forms, but there are several constants that unite these forms through both their narratives and their visual composition. In narrative they are primarily armor for warring purposes, serving as highly technological protective suits for police or armies, as modes of transport and air travel, and, most significant, as containers for spiritual and physical transcendence for the pilots or operators who control them. As visual images, they are nearly always masculine in form: heavily decked out in idealized weaponry, with each giant muscle of the male form exaggerated and abstracted into sculptural plates of metal that are streamlined into a dynamic composition of hypostatized masculinity. Yet at the heart of the mecha phenomenon is the paradoxical pilot: a child, or at least an adolescent person. Sometimes female but always an immature identity, this pilot holds the other half of the dual mecha character. The pilot's gender tends to determine the nature of the narrative, in that "the female body is coded as a body-in-connection and the male body as a body-in-isolation."1 [End Page 268] These gendered and polarized notions of the body determine the goals of the narrative and proscribe the course of the journey for the pilots and the mecha that transports them. Whether male or female, adolescent or just immature, the pilot is generally posited as a human child: a person in the formative stage of development seeking a secured identity through a bodily identification via sexual and gender-specific tactics. These manga and anime stories produce a keen sense of poignancy and yearning in the reader/viewer, as a mature secured identity is a rare item in a contemporary postmodern culture that is obsessed and stuck in seemingly endless adolescent modes of desire. Between the child inside and the mecha outside is a gap: a symbol of a yawning sense of lack suffused with a complex of narratives that lie between the child-pilot subject and his or her mecha-ideal image of power and agency. That gap is the space of lack and the consequent production of desire, the space of conflicting drives and conflating worlds, and the space in which the sets, lights, and costumes for the performance of the transformation into maturity are set for what Jacques Lacan describes as the full emergence into the symbolic realm.2 These conditions within the space of the gap play perhaps the most decisive roles in supplying the narrative with its contents, for in that gap is scripted the journey that will counter the lack of the child with the image of its desire. RahXephon is a twenty-six-episode story of a young man's journey from childhood to his destiny through his personal coming-of-age event that is at the same time an event that transforms the world. The relationship between him and his mecha, the RahXephon, is a compelling example of how these sorts of narratives tend to speak to the issue of identity formation and the desire that fuels their performance. This anime can be read as an allegory of Lacan's landmark description of the three stages of subject development and as such suggests a potential key to the mecha anime and the fascination they hold. This essay charts the course of the anime against Lacan's description of the mirror stage, fort-da, and the oedipal complex to reveal their compelling coherence.3 The story of RahXephon is a dense interplay of interrelationships and an intertwining narrative of world histories and personal memories. It begins with the story of Kamina Ayato, a supposedly normal adolescent boy, who, after being brought to a temple at the end of a subway line in Tokyo after a train wreck, moves into a tale whose elements become clear only after the [End Page 269] viewer has experienced several more episodes. Ayato is an "Ollin...

Due to continuous cultivation, high soil acidity, and low nutrient inputs, soil fertility depletion has been a major threat to northwest Ethiopia's crop productivity and food security. This study aimed to examine the effects of vermicompost and lime rates on soil properties and malt barley (Hordeum distichum L.) productivity under a furrow irrigation system on acidic soil in the Mecha district, northwest Ethiopia. The treatments were combinations of three levels of vermicompost (0, 2.66-, and 5.31-tons ha-1) and three levels of lime (0-, 2.16-, and 3.24-tons ha-1) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the integrated application of 5.31 tons of vermicompost and 3.24 tons of lime ha-1 provided the highest soil pH (6.20), available phosphorus (8.55 mg kg-1), total nitrogen (0.25%), and organic carbon (3.40%). On the other hand, adding vermicompost and lime in combination or separately noticeably decreased the exchangeable acidity and aluminum toxicity. Besides, the integrated application of 5.31 tons vermicompost (VC) and 3.24 tons lime (L ha-1 provided the highest dry biomass (12.22 tons ha-1), grain yield (5.30 tons ha-1), and net benefit (197, 246 Ethiopian Birr (ETB). Overall, the integrated application of vermicompost and lime can substantially increase soil fertility and crop yields. However, this study needs further testing and validation at varied rates in other areas.

Insect pests like thrips attack onion crops and cause a yield loss of 30%—90% in the Mecha district. Hence, field research was conducted in Mecha District, Ethiopia, under irrigation conditions in 2019/2020 to develop management options for onion thrips. The treatment combinations were: two onion varieties: Adama red and Bombay red; two botanicals, namely, Datura stramonium and Azadirachta indica leaf powder, and the two synthetic insecticides, dimethoate (40%) and karate (5%). The study w

Background: Lactating mothers are frequently at risk for nutritional deficiencies due to the physiological requirements of lactation. Throughout the world, a significant number of lactating mothers have micronutrient intake inadequacy. Evidence on micronutrient intake during lactation is limited in rural Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine micronutrient intake inadequacy and associated factors among lactating mothers. Methods and materials: value <0.05. Result: A total of 430 lactating mothers participated in the study, with a 96% response rate and a mean age of 29.46 ± 5.55 years. The overall prevalence of micronutrient intake inadequacy was 72.3% (95% CI: 67.9, 76.5). The odds of micronutrient intake inadequacy were 2.5 times higher among lactating mothers aged 18-25 years old as compared to mothers in the age group ≥36 years old (AOR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.09, 5.83). Mothers with the educational status of unable to read and write and primary school incomplete were 3.5 (AOR = 3.49, 95% CI: 1.24, 9.83) and 3.6 (AOR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.06, 11.99) times more likely to have micronutrient intake inadequacy than mothers with secondary school completed or above educational status, respectively. Mothers whose partner's occupation was other than farming were 3.3 times more likely to have micronutrient intake inadequacy as compared to mothers whose partners were engaged in farming (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 10.27). Lactating mothers who were from food-insecure households were 83% more likely to have high micronutrient intake inadequacy as compared to lactating mothers from food-secure households (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.23). Lactating mothers with nutrition-related unfavorable attitudes were 77% more likely to have inadequate intake of micronutrients compared to lactating mothers with favorable attitudes (AOR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.93). Conclusion: The prevalence of micronutrient intake inadequacy among lactating mothers was high. Age of the mothers, educational status of the mothers, occupation of the partner, household food security, and nutrition-related attitude were significantly associated with micronutrient intake inadequacy. Community driven nutrition education and interventions are needed to address the high micronutrient intake inadequacy among lactating mothers in rural Ethiopia.

Pioneered in Japan embraced in Europe and the United States, the engineering discipline of mechatronics seeks to design optimum performance into subsystems of electromechanical products. Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of precision mechanical engineering, electronic control and systems thinking in the design of products and manufacturing processes. The author examines the benefits of mechatronics by discussing the example of the design of an electronic braking system for automobiles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Introduction The land area under Eucalyptus plantations has now significantly increased among Ethiopian smallholder farmers whereby Eucalyptus is grown on their farms in the form of a woodlot primarily for income generation. Despite its widespread adoption, studies and systematic documentation on its adoption and economic impact are inadequate to inform evidence-based policy development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variables influencing the adoption of Eucalyptus woodlot in Mecha District, northern Ethiopia. Methods A multistage sampling method was used to sample 186 respondent households from three villages namely Enashenifalen, Addisameba , and Rim in the district. Primary data was gathered through key informants (13), in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (3), and direct observations, which were complemented by data from secondary sources obtained from published and unpublished documents. A double-hurdle econometric model was used to identify factors influencing households’ adoption decisions and adoption intensity of Eucalyptus woodlot. Results and discussion The findings indicate that household adoption decisions are significantly influenced by the number of parcels of land, off-farm work engagement, credit availability, and farmers’ perceptions of woodlot production. Family size (negatively), land holding size, number of parcels of land, market access, the adjacent farm, and farmers’ perceptions of Eucalyptus woodlot production all significantly influenced the adoption intensity of Eucalyptus woodlots. Furthermore, the major constraints were a lack of support and training, a lack of land segregation, and limited technologies. Providing support and training, alternative options for farmers, cluster planting, technology adoption, developing and implementing Eucalyptus policies, and enforcing rules and regulations are all areas that need to be addressed to improve the livelihood of the community.

BACKGROUND: Home storage of antimicrobials is a worldwide practice. Irrational storage and inappropriate use of antimicrobials should get special attention in low-income countries due to limited information, knowledge, and perceptions. This study was conducted to survey home storage of antimicrobials and assess its predictors in Mecha Demographic Surveillance and Field Research Center (MDSFRC), Amhara region, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 868 households. Predeveloped structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographics, knowledge on antimicrobials and perception about home stored antimicrobials. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 to execute descriptive statistics, and run binary and multivariable binary logistic regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: The total number of households included in this study were 865. Female respondents represent 62.6%. The mean age (±) of respondents was 36.2 (± 13.93) years. The mean family size (±) of the household was 5.1 (± 2.5). Nearly one-fifth (21.2%) of the households stored antimicrobials at home with a condition similar to any household material. Most commonly stored antimicrobials were: Amoxicillin (30.3%), Cotrimoxazole (13.5%), Metronidazole (12.0%), and Ampicillin (9.6%). The most common immediate source of home stored antimicrobials was discontinuation of therapy (70.7%) either from symptomatic improvement (48.1%) or missing doses (22.6%). Predictors of home storage of antimicrobials with corresponding p-value were: age (0.002), family size (0.001), education status (< 0.001), home distance from the nearby healthcare institution (0.004), counseling while obtaining antimicrobials (< 0.001), knowledge level on antimicrobials (< 0.001), and perception of home stored antimicrobials as a wisdom (0.001). CONCLUSION: Substantial proportion of households stored antimicrobials in a condition that may exert selection pressure. To reduce home storage of antimicrobials and its consequences, stakeholders should give due attention to predictors variables related to sociodemographics, level of knowledge on antimicrobials, perception of home storage as a wisdom, and counseling service.

World Health Organization stated that traditional medicine is an important part of health care and countries need to consider integrating it into their primary health care system. Traditional bone setting has a long history in Ethiopia and it enjoys enormous acceptance in the community. However, these methods are raw, there is no standardized training and at the same time, complications are common. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the prevalence of traditional bone setting service utilization and associated factors among people with trauma in Mecha district. Methods A Community- based cross-sectional study design was employed from January 15 to February 15, 2021. A total of 836 participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Binary and multiple logistic regressions were employed to assess the association between the independent variables with traditional bone setting service utilization. Results The prevalence of traditional bone setting service utilization was 46.05%. Factors significantly associated with TBS utilization were: Age ≥ 60 years (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03- 0.43), rural residence (AOR = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.76 -7.50), occupation (merchant (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07 -0.61), and housewife (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI: 1.33 -12.70), type of trauma: dislocation (AOR = 6.40, 95% CI: 3.69-11.10), and strain (AOR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.05- 4.14)), site of trauma: extremity (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.37), trunk (AOR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03-0.22), and shoulder (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11-0.37), cause of trauma: fall down and natural deformity (AOR = 9.87, 95% CI: 5.93-16.42) and household annual income greater than > 36,500 (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.29-4.22). Conclusion The prevalence of traditional bone setting practice is high in the study area, despite recent advancements in the practice of orthopedics and trauma in Ethiopia. Since TBS services are more accepted in society, the integration of TBS into the health care delivery system is recommended.

This study examines issues pertaining to early marriage and its effects on girls' education in rural Ethiopia, with special reference to Mecha Woreda in West Gojjam, Amhara Region, where early marriage is most common and girls' participation in formal education is very low by national as well as regional standards. The study employed primary and secondary methods of data collection. The primary data collection took seven months (between April 2003 and January 2004) in two phases of fieldwork. The first month was devoted to conduct preliminary household surveys, based on which baseline information was gathered and focus families were selected. The remaining months were devoted to conduct personal in-depth interviews with focus families and key informants, participant observation, extended case studies and focus group discussions coupled with video-tape recording and photographing. In short, in the field, most of the data were collected through the "classical" combination of ethnographic methods. I conducted the ethnographic fieldwork research among Bachema and Rim peasant communities of Mecha Woreda (District). Bachema, 5 km away from the woreda's capital, is situated in the lowland (qolla) ecological zone, whereas Rim, about 40 km away from the woreda's capital, is situated in the midland (wäyna däga) ecological zone. I also made shorter visits to other peasant communities in the highland (däga) ecological zone and conducted informal discussions there about marriage customs and early marriage practices. In conducting the ethnographic fieldwork among the rural communities of Mecha Woreda, the local language (Amharic) was used as a means of communication. The study lays emphasis on in-depth and detailed aspects of the issue at hand rather than on generalization. From this emerged an ethnographic fieldwork approach as little formalized as possible, with special attention paid on focus families and extended case studies. Studies on early marriage as well as girls' education in Ethiopia have focused on meso-level generalizations based on base-line surveys and quantitative methods. As a result, the local socio-cultural and economic structures surrounding early marriage and girls' education have been neglected. In everyday observation and participation over the period of the ethnographic study, I documented the daily life as well as numerous social, religious and especially wedding ceremonies. In a network study, I observed and investigated factors motivating parents to arrange early marriages for their children, particularly for daughters; and to send or not to send them to the locally available formal school. Through this method, I detected the impact of family or kinship networks as well as of social-village networks on parents' decision to arrange an early marriage for their daughters, or sending them to the local formal school. The local socio-cultural pressures and economic structures underlying gender socialization and formal schooling among the ethnographic research settings are the core of this research. From this perspective, I examined the social as well as economic dimensions of both, "boy-men's" and "girl-women's" lives. In the studied agrarian communities, the social and cultural pressures on girls to marry at an early age are very strong. A high social and cultural value is attached to virginity until marriage for girls, and an unmarried girl above the age of 14 is locally labeled as qomo qär (unmarriageable), which is an embarrassment or a disgrace to her family as well as to herself. She is also considered an economic burden to her family since her involvement in domestic tasks at home, like her mother's, is valued as unproductive, though her contribution in terms of time invested in diversified economic, including agricultural, activities is higher than males'. Based on personal in-depth interviews with focus families and with early-married female pupils in the ethnographic research sites, the study reveal that the trend of the age at first marriage is getting down from 10 to 7 years and from 12 to 9 years. In other words, the majority of mothers were married between the ages of 10 to 12, whereas the majority of the daughters are now married between the ages of 7 to 9. More specifically, the average age at first marriage for the mothers' generation is 11, whereas it is 8 years for the daughters' generation. Though it is commonly acknowledged in the literature that early marriage is most common among the rural communities of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, this study reveal the trend, contrary to my expectation, that the prevalence rate of early marriage is increasing among the ethnographic research settings. The underlying reason behind this trend remains to be further investigated and analyzed. On the basis of the preliminary findings, I have organized a two-day exploratory workshop on "Early Marriage and Girls' Education in Mecha Woreda" (September 18-19, 2004) at Merawi, the woreda's capital. The workshop has proved to be a good opportunity to discuss the ethnographic material which I had collected so far and to identify the root-causes of early marriage and reasons for not sending girls to the locally available formal schools. The workshop has proved to be a good opportunity to identify locally appropriate strategies for challenging the negative aspects of early marriage and then to promote girls' formal schooling in the study area. Of course, there are various interactive and complex economic and socio-cultural structures and pressures accounted for the endurance, acceptance, and even the increasing trend of the practice of early marriage among the studied peasant communities. The most critical factors contributing to the highest prevalence rates of early marriage among the ethnographic research settings are family poverty, shortage of land due to fragmentation of family farm plots, and life insecurities. The major factors forcing parents to arrange early marriage for their children, particularly for daughters, can be summarized as follows: (1) Economically well-to-do peasant families can forge economic alliances with the relatively well-to-do families only through their children's marriage; (2) Sons who attain the age of 18 from land-poor families can claim land from the local Peasants' Association only if they got married, without taking into account the age of their brides. On the other hand, land-rich families with adult sons arrange a marriage for them just to maintain their landholdings. In both cases, the brides are usually below the age of 11; (3) Due to the aggravating family poverty, peasant parents tend to arrange the marriage for all of their children at the same time, in order to avoid the problem of preparing wedding feasts for each of them; (4) Securing children's future through marriage alliance is the major concern of peasant families due to life insecurities. As a result, the parents desire to see their children married or settled before becoming old or passing away. The daughters "marry out" because of patrilocality after marriage, so that their parents consider "investments" in them as a lost. Here it is worth mentioning that the socio-cultural motives behind early marriage are gender-specific. As a result, compared to boys, most girls get married at an earlier age just to avoid the qomo qär-stigma (fear of girls being unmarriageable after the age of 14) and to protect them from pre-marital sex, which is not equally scorned for boys. In this context, though economic motives and life insecurities are the major driving forces of early marriage for both sexes, socio-cultural values related to "femininity" and "virginity" have also contributed to the comparatively higher prevalence rate of early marriage among girls. Hence, there is a need for examining the pre-marital life of girls in the light of the overall control of women's life through men, on the one hand, and how this affects girls' access to and success in formal education, on the other. The ways in which girls and women manage to balance social expectations and real life challenges are demonstrated and analyzed in the extended case studies. My observations reveal that, in reality, the range of possible behavior is far wider than the superficially accepted social norms would suggest. In this context, the gap between the ideal patterns of behavior and the real ones becomes obvious. Furthermore, the gap between the national laws/policies legislating against early marriage/promoting girls' education and that of the local practices and realities is thoroughly examined in the light of the local peoples' reasons for arranging early marriage for their daughters, instead of sending them to the locally available formal school. The study reveals that parents' decisions on arranging early marriage for their daughters are usually based on gender differential expectations and values. In the first place, parents have the fear that their daughters will be unsuccessful in the formal schooling as compared to their sons. For most parents, the only successful vocation for the "girl-child" is to be a wife and mother. This motivates parents to give their daughters in marriage at an early age so that they can achieve social recognition in their community. As a result, parents prefer to invest on educating their sons rather than their daughters. In general, economic and social structures, life insecurities and the gender ideology are the main causes of early marriage, particularly for girls. The study examines the harmful consequences of early marriage on girls' overall-development in general and their participation in formal schooling in particular and concludes by suggesting possible areas for further research and future intervention.

INTRODUCTION: Iron and folate supplementation can effectively control and prevent anaemia in pregnancy. In Ethiopia, all pregnant women are prescribed iron folate during their ANC visit. However, limited adherence is thought to be a major reason for the low effectiveness of iron supplementation programs. Therefore this study was done to investigate factors associated with compliance of prenatal iron folate supplementation among women who gave birth in the last 12 months before the survey in Mecha district. METHODS: Community based cross sectional study design was employed in Mecha district from June 25 - July 15/2013. A sample of 634 women who gave birth 12 months before the survey was included in the study. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique after allocating the total sample to each kebele proportionally. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured Amharic questionnaire. Collected data were edited, coded and entered to Epi info version 3.1 and exported to' SPSS version 16. Bivariate and multivariable analysis was computed. RESULTS: A total of 628 women who gave birth twelve months before the survey were enrolled. In this study only 20.4% of participants were compliant with iron foliate supplementation. In multivariable analysis, age of the mother, educational status of the mother, knowledge of anaemia and iron folate tablets, and history of anaemia during pregnancy were significantly associated with compliance to iron folate supplementation (P<.05). Belief that too many tablets would harm the baby and fear of side effects were the major reasons given for noncompliance. CONCLUSION: Compliance to iron folate supplementation is very low in the study area. Increasing female education and increasing knowledge of women about anaemia and iron folate tablets are recommended to increase compliance to iron folate supplementation.

Ethiopia is still in the early stages of implementing agricultural value chains in general, and the tomato value chain in particular. Tomato production in Bure, Jabitehinan, and North Mecha Districts has played a critical role in generating income and creating jobs for many smallholder farmers, resulting in poverty reduction. Tomato growers, on the other hand, faced numerous challenges, including lack of clear tomato value chain depiction, poor product value addition, frail value chain linkage, and the perishable nature of the crop itself. As a result of these issues, tomato growers experienced low product prices, a lack of market information, and market inefficiencies, all of which limited the potential benefit of tomato value chain actors. Therefore, this study was aimed to mapping tomato value chain actors, their roles and linkages; to identify the major tomato market channels, and analyzing the structure, conduct and performance (S-C-P) of tomato value chain in the selected districts. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from randomly selected 280 tomato producers and 60 traders. To improve the validity of the data, the researchers were used focus group discussion and key informant interview in two rounds with a total size of 10 participants per discussion and secondary data were included from published articles and unpublished district reports. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was applied to select tomato producers and random sampling for traders. Descriptive statistics was applied to analyze data and generate valuable information on market structure, conduct and performance of tomato value chain. The survey result shows that input suppliers, producers, rural collectors, retailers, wholesaler, processors and consumers were identified as core tomato value chain actors. From the survey result, only 40.7% of the total respondents stated that tomato value addition was implemented and practiced. The perishability nature of the product and the low value addition practice of producers were led to less beneficiary in the tomato value chain. Processors obtained 44.82% of the profit share, which is the highest amount of profit share among other tomato value chain actors. Result from analysis of market concentration indicated that tomato market characterized by oligopolistic market structure with the buyers’ concentration ratio of 45.53%. Market conduct shows that 73.21% of the price of tomato was set by traders while producers were price taker. Regarding to the market performance analysis, the highest TGMM was registered in channel X which accounts the estimated percentage share of 75% of consumer price. This study recommended that the decision maker should take-up initiative for strengthening of tomato value chain performance by capacitating farmer association to increase their bargaining power and supporting actors involved in local tomato markets. In addition, it is recommended that the government of the region should developed a policy that reduce oligopolistic tendency of market structure so as to create competitive tomato market environment for all actor in the market.

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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechaisms of Photochemical Reactions in Solution. XXVIII.1 Values of Triplet Excitation energies of Selected SensitizersWilliam G. Herkstroeter, Angelo A. Lamola, and George S. HammondCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 21, 4537–4540Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01075a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01075a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1423Altmetric-Citations219LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

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OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to asses knowledge of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV among reproductive age women and associated factors at Mecha district, North West Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 853 reproductive age women from July 1- 30/2016 in Mecha district. By multistage sampling technique data were collected through pre-tested questionnaire. The collected data was entered in Epi Data 3.1 and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression model were used. RESULT: About 22.4% of the respondents were knowledgeable on prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Having knowledge on PMTCT of HIV was significantly associated with urban residence (AOR = 2.486, 95% CI 1.160-5.328), education level of secondary and above (AOR = 5.445, 95% CI 2.698-10.986), those having history of antenatal care followup (AOR = 4.430, 95% CI 1.471-13.340), those with history of institutional delivery (AOR = 4.766, 95%CI 2.004-11.334), those having comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS (AOR = 1.697, 95%CI 1.011-2.846), women who were knowledgeable about mother to child transmission of HIV (AOR = 2.203, 95% CI 1.37-3.54), and women who held discussions with their husband regarding HIV/AIDS, (AOR = 2.700, 95% CI 1.658-4.396).

This study was carried out to evaluate microbial quality of raw cow's milk taken at different sampling points from farmers and dairy cooperatives in Bahir Dar Zuria and Mecha district. The overall mean total bacterial count, coliform count and percent lactic acid of milk produced in the study area were 7.58 0.09 log 10 cfu/ml, 4.49 0.11 log 10 cfu/ml and 0.23% 0.01, respectively. The hygienic quality of raw cow's milk of the dairy cooperatives was poor with an overall mean total bacteria count, coliform count and percent lactic acid of 8.12 log cfu/ml, 4.94 log cfu/ml and 28 percent, respectively. The overall mean of the predicted probabilities of clot-on-boiling and alcohol tests were 0.23 0.12 and 0.51 0.11, respectively. While, most of the milk samples collected from the dairy cooperatives were likely to clot both by clot-on-boiling and alcohol tests as compared to the samples collected from individual farmers. All the indirect tests and the actual bacterial counts indicated that the microbiological quality of milk produced by farmers and collected by the dairy cooperatives in the study area was poor and this call for scrupulous hygienic measures during production and handling of milk.

Background : Diarrheal disease is widely recognized as a major cause of child morbidity and mortality in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. There exist variations in explanatory variables of diarrhea depending on the context of the study. Objective : To examine the effects of selected environmental, socio-economic and behavioral factors on childhood diarrhea in Mecha District, West Gojjam, Ethiopia. Methods : A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in February 2009. A proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select 768 households that had at least one under-five child. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire by trained data collectors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify predictors of childhood diarrhea. Results : The prevalence of diarrhea among mothers and under-five children was 8.2% and 18.0%, respectively. Maternal education (AOR=5.6, 95% CI: 1.5 - 19.4), maternal history of recent diarrhea (AOR, 5.5; 95% CI, 2.9 - 9.8), availability of latrine facility (AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.4), duration of breast feeding (AOR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.1- 7.3), and age of the child (AOR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.3 - 5.9) had a significant association. Conclusion: From this study, variation in the level of diarrheal morbidity is well explained by maternal factors and presence of latrine facility. Educating mothers focusing on sustained behavioral changes in the use of latrine integrated with personal hygiene is an important intervention for the prevention and control of diarrhea among children. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2011;25;(3):192-200]

BACKGROUND: Globally, about 50 million children younger than age 5 years experience wasting; of these 16 million (2.4%) are severely wasted. In Ethiopia, about 9% of the children are severely underweight, 10% are wasted, and 3% are severely wasted. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors that could lead to underweight, stunting, and wasting among school-aged children in Mecha, northwest Ethiopia, along with their magnitude. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mecha, northwest Ethiopia from April 1, 2018, to June 15, 2018. The study enrolled 422 school-aged children. A pretested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Binary logistic regression analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting were 5.8%, 10.8%, and 11.6%, respectively. Access to school-based feeding was significantly associated with a lower level of underweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.137; 95% CI, 0.020-0.921), and claimed decreased frequency of feeding during illness was associated with a higher level of wasting (AOR = 3.307; 95% CI, 1.025-10.670). Furthermore, younger age of the child (AOR = 16.721; 95% CI, 3.314-84.357), mother's age between 18 and 45 years (AOR = 3.474; 95% CI, 1.145-10.544), and increased frequency of feeding (AOR = 0.270; 95% CI, 0.098-0.749) were all associated with a lower level of stunting. CONCLUSIONS: . 2020; 81:XXX-XXX) © 2020 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.