Superficial white matter (SWM) supports local cortico-cortical communication. Still, its whole-brain organization remains difficult to characterize in vivo, due to its short length, high curvature, proximity to the gray-white matter interface, and individual variability. Here, we constructed a high-resolution, tractography-derived human SWM atlas using 7T diffusion MRI data from 171 participants in the Human Connectome Project. We combined deterministic and probabilistic tractography, multi-stage clustering, geometric filtering, and a deep-learning classifier trained on expert-informed SWM labels to identify anatomically plausible SWM clusters. The resulting atlas retained approximately 10% of whole-brain streamlines and comprised 643 and 1,403 SWM clusters under Yeo 7- and 17-network parcellations, respectively. Cross-dataset analyses supported reproducible SWM-like tractography patterns. We further provide network-level annotations, Neurosynth-based functional associations, and a TW-dFC-derived uncertainty index as complementary references for interpreting clusters. Together, this work provides a publicly available SWM atlas and processing framework for future studies of white matter connectivity.
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) share overlapping clinical features, making differentiation challenging. Although characteristic spinal cord gray matter lesions are typically present in AFM, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings may evolve during the disease course. In later stages, isolated ventral nerve root enhancement can be observed without visible gray matter lesions, mimicking the radiologic features of GBS. We report a child in whom AFM was ultimately favored, although the initial radiologic impression suggested GBS. A 23-month-old boy developed acute flaccid weakness of the left leg shortly after a febrile illness, which persisted for one month before presentation. Spinal MRI revealed ventral nerve root enhancement without gray matter lesions, a pattern suggestive of GBS; however, the clinical presentation was more consistent with AFM. Over two years of follow-up, persistent unilateral weakness and marked limb atrophy supported AFM as the more likely diagnosis. This case highlights the temporal evolution of imaging findings in AFM and emphasizes that delayed imaging may obscure characteristic features, potentially leading to diagnostic confusion with GBS.
Multidomain lifestyle interventions slow cognitive decline in at-risk older adults, but effects on cerebrovascular injury and whether any effect differs by age or across magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers remain unclear. To test whether a structured multidomain lifestyle intervention, vs a self-guided program, alters trajectories of cerebrovascular MRI markers and whether baseline diffusion MRI estimates subsequent vascular injury. POINTER Imaging was a prespecified secondary imaging analysis of the US POINTER (US Study to Protect Brain Health Through Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Risk) randomized clinical trial conducted at multiple US sites. Starting August 1, 2020, and continuing until March 1, 2023, all newly enrolled US POINTER trial participants who met criteria, including being 60 to 79 years of age and at increased risk for cognitive decline, were given the opportunity to enroll in POINTER Imaging. Annual MRIs were performed at baseline and up to 2 follow-up visits at 12 and 24 months. The imaging study ended May 14, 2025. Structured multidomain lifestyle arm (supervised exercise, dietary counseling, cognitive and social engagement, and health coaching) vs self-guided educational arm. Primary outcomes were cerebrovascular MRI markers of global white matter free water (FW), fractional anisotropy (FA), peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD), analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, and incident cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Age-group analyses (<70 vs ≥70 years) were prespecified. Linear mixed-effects models tested time, intervention arm, age group, and interactions for continuous outcomes; logistic regression evaluated incident CMBs. All analyses were adjusted for sex, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking and were conducted for the evaluable population. Data were analyzed September 5 to December 11, 2025. For 959 participants included in the analysis, the mean (SD) age was 68 (5) years, and 594 (61.9%) were female. A significant time × arm × age group interaction was observed for FW (β = 0.050; SE = 0.018; P = .006). In participants younger than 70 years, the structured intervention, compared with the self-guided intervention, attenuated the FW increase over time (β = -0.031; SE = 0.012; P = .009); no intervention arm difference was observed in participants aged 70 years or older (β = 0.019; SE = 0.014; P = .18). No intervention-related interactions were detected (eg, time × intervention arm interaction) for WMH (β = 0.002; SE = 0.016; P = .90), FA (β = 0.016; SE = 0.016; P = .30), PSMD (β = -0.011; SE = 0.021; P = .60), or ALPS (β = 0.006; SE = 0.021; P = .79). Overall, greater odds of incident CMBs were associated with higher baseline FW (odds ratio, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.24-2.14]; P < .001) and PSMD (odds ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.08-1.81]; P < .001). Greater WMH progression was associated with higher baseline FW (β = 0.014; SE = 0.006; P = .02) and lower baseline FA (β = -0.018; SE = 0.006; P = .004). In this secondary imaging analysis of a randomized clinical trial, FW was the cerebrovascular MRI marker most responsive to lifestyle intervention in adults 60 to 70 years of age, showing attenuated small-vessel disease-related injury. Findings suggested greater microvascular benefit when intensive lifestyle intervention is implemented earlier in late life. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03688126.
Air purifiers with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters aim to reduce particulate matter from the air, including infectious aerosols, potentially lowering airborne disease transmission in classrooms. This pilot study, informing a larger randomized trial (RCT), explored the acceptability and feasibility of air purifiers in classrooms, and estimated their effect on particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration. This study, conducted in schools in the greater Oslo area, Norway, from January to April 2023, consisted of two parts lasting 6 and 9 weeks, respectively. In part 1, eligible primary school classrooms received either ceiling-mounted or portable purifiers. In part 2, we conducted a three-arm randomized multiple crossover trial of ceiling-mounted versus portable purifiers versus no air purification. Schools with three classrooms on the same floor with adequate space for air purifiers were eligible. We evaluated acceptability and feasibility of installing and operating air purifiers by collecting interview data from students (part 1) and teachers (parts 1 and 2). The feasibility of collecting consent and questionnaires from students' legal guardians and student absences from municipality records was explored. We evaluated superiority of air purification versus no air purification and noninferiority of portable versus ceiling-mounted air purifiers on PM2.5 concentration using sensor measured air quality data. Five primary schools (five classrooms) and one adult education school (three classrooms) participated in parts 1 and 2 of the study, respectively. Ceiling-mounted and portable air purifiers were feasible to install and operate and were well-accepted by students (n = 11) and teachers (n = 7). No harms were reported. Consent and questionnaires were collected from 23 of 114 students' legal guardians. Collecting absence data from municipality records was feasible, although inconsistencies in teachers' recording affected weekly accuracy. Air purification was superior to no air purification in reducing PM2.5 concentration (p = 0.011), and portable purifiers were noninferior to ceiling-mounted units (p < 0.001) and significantly reduced PM2.5 compared to no air purification (rate ratio 0.71; 95% CI 0.57-0.89). Installing and operating air purifiers in classrooms is feasible and acceptable. Portable purifiers are user-friendly and reduce PM2.5 concentration. It was challenging to obtain consent from students' legal guardians to collect absence data; municipality records proved more practical. A larger RCT on air purifier effectiveness in schools will be feasible if data collection challenges can be overcome. NCT06374316 (retrospectively registered 15 April 2024).
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a ubiquitous synthetic flocculant and water treatment agent whose extensive agricultural and industrial applications have sparked increasing concerns regarding aquatic ecosystems. The environmental fate of PAM is fundamentally governed by interfacial interactions within the aqueous phase, where natural organic matter (NOM) acts as a key mediator in biogeochemical processes. Although NOM effectively associates with PAM through multiple functional groups, the microscopic mechanisms underlying NOM-PAM complexation, particularly in terms of molecular-level structural characterization and dynamic association processes, remain insufficiently resolved. Therefore, this study integrates molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to systematically investigate the complexation and aggregation behavior between NOM and three PAM variants, namely, nonionic (NPAM), cationic (CPAM), and anionic (APAM). Results indicate that in unitary systems, NPAM exhibits the highest intrinsic aggregation propensity, while electrostatic repulsion hinders the self-assembly of APAM and CPAM. Upon NOM addition, heteroaggregation is markedly enhanced through hydrophobic interactions and cation-mediated interfacial coupling. Specifically, NOM-APAM assemblies form the most compact, alternating layered architecture via multipoint Ca2+ bridging, whereas NOM-CPAM complexes display the loosest, interpenetrating arrangements with free fragments due to competitive Ca2+ coordination. Consequently, NOM complexation significantly restricts the mobility of PAM, with the most pronounced dynamic constraints observed in ionic PAM systems. Furthermore, PAM effectively immobilizes NOM within heteroaggregates, with NOM-APAM complexes imposing the strongest restriction on NOM migration. Collectively, these findings suggest that the formation of NOM-PAM aggregates has profound implications for the environmental fate of natural and anthropogenic polymers in aquatic systems.
The dry-hot valley region is characterized by pronounced topographic relief and a complex land-use mosaic, resulting in strong nonlinearity and fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in soil organic matter (SOM). These characteristics increase the difficulty and uncertainty of remote sensing-based digital soil mapping. Although Yuanmou County has been widely investigated, limited attention has been paid to regional-scale SOM prediction in dry-hot valley ecosystems using long-term satellite-derived phenological dynamics and deep learning approaches. To address this gap, this study integrated 475 topsoil samples, topographic factors, environmental covariates, and multi-year satellite-derived phenology time-series variables to develop a regional-scale SOM prediction and assessment framework in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, China. The predictive performance of four models was compared, including a convolutional neural network (CNN), a CNN-random forest hybrid model (CNN-RF), a CNN-long short-term memory model (CNN-LSTM), and an attention-augmented CNN-LSTM model (CNN-LSTM-Att). The results showed that model architecture had a substantial influence on SOM prediction accuracy, with overall performance ranked as CNN-LSTM-Att > CNN-LSTM > CNN-RF > CNN. Among the four models, CNN-LSTM-Att achieved the best performance on the independent test set, with R2 = 0.61, RMSE = 2.49 g kg⁻1, and MAE = 1.39 g kg⁻1. The incorporation of temporal modeling and the attention mechanism improved the extraction of dynamic phenological signals associated with SOM formation, resulting in a more refined spatial representation. The CNN-LSTM-Att prediction map clearly identified low-SOM areas along the northern valley corridor and high-SOM zones in the forest-dominated southern and eastern regions, while showing stronger sensitivity to local patches and transitional ecotones. Overall, coupling long-term phenological dynamics with an attention mechanism improved both the predictive accuracy and spatial expressiveness of SOM mapping in complex terrain, providing a useful methodological reference for SOM assessment and precision land management in dry-hot valley regions.
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a novel fiber source (ValoproWin; VLPW) composed primarily of insoluble, poorly fermentable fiber on growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, 300 weanling pigs (initially 5.6 ± 0.47 kg) were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of dietary formulation strategy (low acid-binding capacity to a pH of 4; ABC-4; vs. conventional) and VLPW feeding duration (0, 10, or 24 d) with a fixed VLPW inclusion of 2.5%. In Exp. 2, 360 weanling pigs (initially 6.3 ± 0.26 kg) were used to evaluate five VLPW levels (0, 1.75, 2.75, 3.75 and 5%) within a low ABC-4 diet and a positive control diet with no added VLPW and the ABC-4 was not considered (conventional). In Exp. 3, 335 weanling pigs (initially 5.6 ± 0.87 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial evaluating VLPW addition (2.5 or 5%) and formulation method (diluted or adjusted), with a control diet without VLPW. Across all three experiments, pigs were fed experimental diets during the first two dietary phases (approximately from weaning at 21 d of age to d 24 postweaning), followed by a common phase 3 diet. In experiments 1 and 2, no nutrient adjustments were made to the diet when VLPW was added, which resulted in nutrient dilution proportional to the VLPW level. In Exp. 1, VLPW feeding duration did not affect growth performance, whereas in Exp. 2, increasing VLPW tended (quadratic, P = 0.067) to decrease overall average daily gain ( ADG ). In Exp. 3, pigs fed diets with 5% of VLPW during the experimental period tended (P = 0.057) to have decreased gain-to-feed ratio compared with those fed diets with 2.5% VLPW. Across all experiments, although low ABC-4 diets or diet dilution affected growth performance during the experimental period, no overall differences were observed. In Exp. 1, added VLPW increased fecal DM at d 10 (P = 0.019). In Exp. 2, fecal DM increased (linear, P < 0.005) on d 10 and 24 as VLPW increased. Similarly, in Exp. 3, increasing VLPW increased (linear, P < 0.001) fecal DM on d 10, regardless of formulation method. In conclusion, VLPW increased fecal DM in weanling pigs but had no effects on overall growth performance across multiple dietary strategies and inclusion levels.
Colloidal suspensions exhibit diverse phases from fluid-like to solid-like, which are critical for numerous industrial applications. However, accurately identifying their phases remains a challenge, as they depend on a complex interplay of solid volume fraction, particle size distribution, and interparticle interactions. Near phase boundaries, subtle microstructural changes can induce drastic macroscopic property variations, yet these differences are often indistinguishable through conventional observation. To overcome these limitations and the high computational costs of long-time simulations, we propose a transformer-driven framework based on reference-based data embedding. Unlike standard point cloud models that directly embed positions, our approach utilizes particle stress information as the primary feature while using spatial coordinates solely as a reference to map interparticle relationships. This allows the transformer-driven model to effectively capture structural characteristics at both local and global scales. By training the model exclusively on unambiguous regions far from phase boundaries to prevent mislabeling, we successfully predicted the complete phase diagram, which was further validated through theoretical and statistical analysis. Notably, our methodology significantly alleviates the need to monitor long-term structural convergence, which is typically challenging due to the inherently slow phase evolution in attractive colloidal systems. This framework provides a robust and cost-effective tool for the systematic discovery and reverse engineering of complex soft condensed matter.
Poor sleep quality is linked to cognitive decline and increased risk for neurological conditions. Additionally, white matter (WM) degeneration is a hallmark of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. As myelin is a key component of WM, directly assessing myelin is essential to understanding the relationship between sleep and WM. Previous neuroimaging studies have explored this link using nonspecific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proxies for myelin. We examined the relationship between insomnia and daytime sleepiness with WM using quantitative MRI metrics. Myelin was measured using myelin water fraction, a sensitive and specific marker of myelin content. WM integrity was evaluated through individual relaxometry and diffusion MRI metrics, as well as a composite index derived from principal component analysis of all quantitative MRI measures. The Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale was used to assess insomnia and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for daytime sleepiness. Linear regressions assessed associations between sleep and both individual and composite WM metrics, adjusting for relevant covariates. Results showed that poorer ESS scores were significantly associated with lower WM integrity and lower myelination, particularly across relaxometry-based metrics. We found a significant ESS × sex interaction, with a stronger association between poor sleep and lower WM integrity among females compared to males. These sex differences were even more pronounced in the composite index. This varying association between sleepiness and WM by sex provides a potential avenue for understanding differential vulnerability to neurodegeneration and highlights the need for future sex-specific investigations into the role of sleep in demyelination and brain aging.
•Normative WMH-based evaluation framework improves early detection and risk stratification of covert CSVD.•Age-inappropriate WMH burden identifies advanced CSVD independent of chronological age.•Higher WMH deviation associates with adverse vascular profiles despite similar or younger age.•WMH deviation shows graded associations with multidomain cognitive impairment and gray matter atrophy.•Severe WMH deviation predicts increased long-term all-cause mortality (HR ∼1.9) independent of age.
This article relates to Interpreting particulate matter-depression trajectory findings: Baseline adjustment, mixtures, and mediation.
To report an atypical phenotype associated with two rare COL4A1 glycine missense variants located in exon 23. Clinical, neuropsychological, and brain imaging data of four patients with such variants were reported. Four unrelated patients presented with late-onset cognitive alterations starting between 55 and 65 years of age. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed extensive white-matter hyperintensities on T2 or Flair images in all subjects, associated with multiple dilated perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia with features of status cribrosum in the three oldest individuals. None of the patients had a history of haemorrhagic stroke. Three of these patients had previously experienced mood disturbances. All had a family history of depression and/or suicide. Three of these unrelated patients shared a rare missense variant p.(Gly474Arg) in COL4A1, whereas the fourth one carried a p.(Gly486Glu) variant; these two variants affect two closely linked glycine residues encoded by exon 23 and located in a major cell-binding site of the triple helix. Missense variants affecting closely clustered glycine residues within the glycine-X-Y repeats encoded by exon 23 of COL4A1 are associated with an atypical, late-onset form of cerebral small vessel disease, characterised by diffuse leukoencephalopathy with a status cribrosum pattern and predominantly cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric manifestations.
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Menopause is a substantial life transition for women, signifying the end of reproductive capability, with implications for symptoms, long-term health and well-being. Women's experiences during menopause can differ widely, affecting their attitudes towards this transition. This study aimed to investigate knowledge and attitudes towards menopause among midlife women in Malaysia. A community-based cross-sectional online survey using non-probability sampling was conducted among Malaysian women aged 40-60 years residing in an urban setting. A validated online questionnaire was used to assess the study parameters. Knowledge and attitudes were quantified, and associations with sociodemographic factors were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation analysis were performed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics version 26.0. Of the 300 respondents, the majority were Malay (94.7%), married (85.3%) and aged 55-60 years (27.3%). Over half (52.0%; mean score=12.98±6.77 [22 max score]) demonstrated poor knowledge, while 45.3% held negative attitudes towards menopause. The average attitude score was 33.48±6.58 [56 max score], indicating a generally negative orientation towards menopause. A weak but significant positive correlation was observed between knowledge and attitudes (r=0.249, P<0.01). Targeted educational initiatives may be beneficial in enhancing menopause-related knowledge and fostering more positive attitudes among midlife Malaysian women. Future research should rigorously assess changes in knowledge, attitudes and related clinical behaviours after such interventions to inform policy and practice.
•Age-adjusted WMH deviation may reflect cumulative vascular risk burden.•Incremental value beyond absolute WMH burden requires validation.•Mortality associations should be assessed for clinical utility.•Risk prediction metrics are needed to support implementation.•Network-level analyses may strengthen biological interpretation.•Vascular and neurodegenerative mechanisms require further differentiation.•Normative WMH grading shows promise for personalized CSVD assessment.
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a group of nonselective cation channels, which play critical roles in a variety of physiological processes and are also involved in the development of various carcinomas. However, the presence of TRP channels and their role in human benign salivary gland tumors has not been investigated yet. We assessed the mRNA expression of the TRP channels TRPA1, TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPM4, TRPM8 as well as the channel associated factors TCAF1 and TCAF2 in human specimens of pleomorphic adenoma (PA, n = 10) and Warthin tumors (WT, n = 10) of the parotid gland. The control group consisted of 5 healthy human parotid gland (PG) specimens. The analysis has been performed using qRT-PCR. The mRNAs of TRPM4, TRPC6, TCAF1 and TCAF2 were found in normal parotid gland tissue and even more pronounced in PA and WT. However, no mRNA of TRPA1, TRPC3 and TRPM8 could be detected in normal parotid tissue nor in WT. In contrast, TPRC3 and TRPM8 mRNA were detected in PA. In 4 out of 10 PA high mRNA expression levels were found for these two genes. Our current pilot study suggests that TRPM4, TRPC6, TCAF1 and TCAF2 are expressed in normal parotid gland tissue and partially elevated in PA as well as WT of the parotid gland. TRPC3 and TRPM8 seem to be restricted to PA and may be highly expressed in a subgroup of parotid gland PA. These findings are important for a better understanding of PA biology.
Standardising taxonomic names is an essential step in biodiversity studies to ensure robust data aggregation under the most recent accepted species nomenclature. Fuzzy (inexact) matching is widely used in this process to detect correspondences between scientific names that differ due to alternative spelling or orthographic mistakes. Such an approach assumes that species names are sufficiently distinct such that names differing in just a few characters in fact refer to the same taxon, but this has rarely been evaluated. Across c. 230,000 marine species names, we show that name similarity is common: 19.34% of specific epithets differ by three or fewer edits from another epithet within the same genus. Shared epithets are also widespread within and across phyla, occurring in 73% of all marine species; in 6.05% of these cases, the associated genera differ by three or fewer edits. This level of similarity increases the risk of incorrect matches, limiting the reliability of automated text-string tools in biodiversity big data analyses and highlighting the importance of combining post-matching filters with systematic and authorship information in taxonomic workflows to support name resolution beyond orthographic similarity.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a significant public health burden in Europe, with marked spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and fine particulate matter (PM) are considered important environmental risk factors; however, the association of submicron particulate matter (PM1) with CKD mortality and the potential non-linear exposure-response patterns of these pollutants remain insufficiently characterized. In this ecological study, national-level aggregated data from 39 European countries from 1990 to 2022 were analyzed. Environmental exposure was assessed using population-density-weighted exposure estimates, and spatial heterogeneity was analyzed using a Geodetector approach. Linear mixed-effects models (LMM) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) were used to investigate the associations between environmental factors and age-standardized CKD mortality rates (ASMR). XGBoost, combined with SHAP interpretation tools, quantified the relative contributions and identified non-linear thresholds. Finally, a partial correlation network analysis revealed the interaction structures among environmental factors. After adjusting for confounders, NOx and particulate matter exposures showed significant positive correlations with CKD mortality risk. LMM revealed a pronounced "particle size effect": the coefficient for PM1 (β = 0.220 deaths per 100,000 population on the raw ASMR scale) was higher than that for PM2.5 (0.199) and PM10 (0.141). GAMM results supported the robustness of these associations on the logit-transformed proportional scale, and higher HDI was inversely associated with CKD mortality (βIQR = -0.056). XGBoost and LOESS analyses further revealed non-linear characteristics: particulate matter exposure exhibited an S-shaped saturation curve, whereas NOx exposure displayed a J-shaped threshold effect (with risk steeply increasing beyond 9 ppb). Network analysis indicated a strong positive correlation between high temperatures and CKD mortality (r = 0.42), whereas humidity was inversely correlated. Spatial detection further identified PM1 as the strongest explanatory factor of spatial variation in European CKD mortality rates (q = 0.243). Conversely, a higher Human Development Index (HDI) exhibited relatively robust protective effects against CKD mortality (β = -0.056). Our findings suggest that CKD mortality in Europe may be associated with NOx and fine PM (particularly PM1) exposure, which exhibit complex non-linear relationships. These findings support further evaluation of submicron particulate matter in environmental monitoring frameworks and suggest that transport-related pollution and heat-related climatic conditions warrant attention in strategies aimed at reducing regional CKD mortality disparities.
Prior observational studies have reported conflicting results regarding whether antidepressant treatment reduces long-term dementia risk, likely due to confounding by indication and reverse causation. We aimed to investigate the association between baseline antidepressant use and incident dementia, incorporating cognitive and neuroimaging outcomes. We conducted a prospective cohort study using UK Biobank participants free of dementia at baseline. Antidepressant use was self-reported at baseline (2006-2010). Incident dementia was identified through linked electronic health records until December 19, 2022. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VD), adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, health-related, antidepressant indication factors, and co-medication of other anticholinergics. In subsamples, cognitive performance (n = 57,330) and structural brain imaging (n = 42,276) were examined as intermediate outcomes. Among 461,464 participants, 33,721 (7.3%) reported baseline antidepressant use. Over a mean follow-up of 13.4 years, 7,922 (1.7%) developed incident dementia. Baseline antidepressant use was associated with higher risks of all-cause dementia (adjusted HR: 1.47, 95% CI 1.36-1.60), AD (1.53, 1.36-1.73), and VD (1.44, 1.23-1.70). Users performed worse on fluid intelligence and prospective memory tasks and showed lower total and gray matter volume, regional reductions in the hippocampal gray matter and basal nucleus, and greater white matter hyperintensity volume. Baseline antidepressant use was linked to a higher risk of dementia, poorer cognitive performance, and adverse brain structural changes. These findings underscore the importance of judicious prescribing, regular cognitive monitoring, and consideration of non-pharmacological approaches in clinical care.
The collective behavior of passive particles within chiral active matter has emerged as a significant area of soft matter research. However, most existing studies focus on systems where chirality is imposed by external torques rather than intrinsic activity. In this work, we study emergent dynamics in a suspension of active spinners and passive colloids by computing many-body hydrodynamic interactions via Ewald summation. By systematically exploring a broad range of area fractions and rotational velocities, we identify distinct phase-separation regimes sensitive to the system's kinematic parameters. Specifically, we report the emergence of unique structural morphologies, including the formation of passive particle vortices surrounding phase-separated active spinners and the development of large-scale active-passive bands. We characterize the underlying dynamics by analyzing the temporal evolution of characteristic length scales and the non-equilibrium velocity distributions of the passive particles. Our findings provide new insights into the role of long-range hydrodynamic couplings in governing the self-organization of non-equilibrium condensed matter.