Hormonal contraception has revolutionized women's reproductive control, yet its effects on romantic relationships are underexplored. We tested the Congruency Hypothesis, which predicts that changes in hormonal contraceptive (HC) use after forming a romantic relationship can reduce relationship quality. Using semi-representative samples from 51 countries (n = 10,482), we analyzed partnered women aged 45 or younger (n = 2,224) who reported HC use both when they met their partner and at the time of the study, and who rated their relationship satisfaction and intensity of the three components of love: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment toward their partner. We found no robust support for the Congruency Hypothesis. However, in a weighted model, participants who changed their HC use pattern reported slightly lower Passion than those who consistently used (or consistently did not use) HC. Our study contributes to the growing body of research on the role of HCs by offering some reassurance: for most women, choosing or changing HCs is unlikely to meaningfully alter their relationship quality, including their experience of love and relationship satisfaction. We acknowledge, however, that our study was underpowered to detect very small effect sizes (e.g., r = .04) reported in a recent meta-analysis, and should therefore not be read as a definitive contribution in the ongoing debate. Although such small effects are generally considered practically negligible at the population level, they may nonetheless carry personal relevance for individual women.
Futrell and Mahowald present a useful framework bridging technology-oriented deep learning systems and explanation-oriented linguistic theories. Unfortunately, the target article's focus on generative text-based Large Language Models (LLMs) fundamentally limits fruitful interactions with linguistics, as many interesting questions on human language fall outside what is captured by written text. We argue that audio-based deep learning models can and should play a crucial role.
Hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) is an effective contraceptive method with high user satisfaction rates. To guide the introduction of hormonal IUD into the public sector in Tanzania, an operational research study was conducted to assess client acceptability of hormonal IUDs. To explore clients' perspectives on contraceptives and experiences with hormonal IUDs. This observational mixed-methods study (2023-2024) used focus group discussions with current or future contraceptive users (N = 58, baseline), plus facility register reviews, a structured quantitative survey (N = 100, endline) and semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews (N = 18 at midline 2, N = 15 at endline) with hormonal IUD clients. Register and survey data were analysed for descriptive statistics. Qualitative data was analysed thematically and triangulated with quantitative data. In total, 1,198 clients chose hormonal IUD during the eight-month study. At baseline, women had limited knowledge and several concerns about IUDs and emphasised the importance of good contraceptive counselling. Client satisfaction with hormonal IUD at six months post-insertion was high (93% were strongly or somewhat satisfied). Most (92%, 83% and 100%) clients were strongly satisfied with the counselling, follow-up care and removal services received, respectively. Hormonal IUD clients found the characteristic of localised release of hormones possibly offering a better side-effect profile than other hormonal methods appealing. Hormonal IUD clients showed high satisfaction with the method and care received throughout the study. The authors recommend introduction of hormonal IUD into the public sector in Tanzania, with investments in community awareness, male engagement, and strengthening the quality of contraceptive counselling and side effects management. Main findings: Hormonal intrauterine devices were highly acceptable to women accessing family planning services at primary health care level in TanzaniaAdded knowledge: While other studies have found high acceptability of hormonal intrauterine device across several settings, this was the first such study conducted in Tanzania. It strengthens the evidence base that hormonal intrauterine devices are acceptable to clients across different contexts and adds new insight into features of hormonal intrauterine devices that women in Tanzania found appealing or concerning, which can help tailor counselling materials and provider training materials.Global health impact for policy and action: This study contributes to the global literature supporting high acceptability of hormonal intrauterine devices among women across a range of contexts and provides insights on how to align comprehensive counselling on contraceptive options with women’s needs.
While there is robust literature on the negative impact of adolescent device use on physical and psychological health, there is less research on the use of technology in the presence of others and its implications for key relationships. Known as "technoference" and "phubbing," these device-based behaviors have only recently been examined in parent-child contexts. The present study investigated adolescents' perceptions of their primary caregivers' device-centric behaviors, the emotional appraisal of that behavior, and their association with the caregiver-adolescent attachment relationship. We hypothesized that adolescents' perceptions of less attentional availability would be associated with higher levels of insecure attachment. To test this, we validated the Device Attachment Interference Scale (DAIS) in a general population sample of U.S. adolescents (N = 600; ages 12-17). We also examined the association between DAIS scores and adolescent-reported attachment to a primary caregiver using the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure of the DAIS. Additionally, higher DAIS scores were consistently associated with greater insecure attachment (both anxious and avoidant) to both mother- and father-like figures. These findings highlight adolescents' perceptions of caregiver attentional availability in the context of device use as a potentially important relational context associated with attachment insecurity. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Futrell and Mahowald frame the success of neural language models (LMs) as supporting gradient, usage-based linguistic theories. I argue that LMs can also instantiate theories based on formal structures - the types of theories seen in the generative tradition. This argument expands the space of theories that can be tested with LMs, potentially enabling reconciliations between usage-based and generative accounts.
Futrell and Mahowald argue that the success of large language models should move the field away from the formal structures of generative linguistic theory. The limited success of these models falls short of formal linguistic theory in explaining both the character of human languages and understanding the trajectory of child language acquisition.
Anthropomorphism is a widely used marketing strategy, yet less is known about how baby-schema anthropomorphic cues embedded in eco-friendly logos function as compact visual identity cues to promote consumers' green purchase intention through positive emotional attribution. Drawing on baby-schema theory and mental-state attribution, we examine the impact of anthropomorphic eco-friendly logos on green purchase intention, the mediating roles of perceived love and perceived hope, their sequential pathway, and the moderating effect of environmental attitude. A within-subjects study was conducted with 299 valid participants in China, using established and adapted scale items for data collection. Our results demonstrated that anthropomorphic eco-friendly logos significantly enhanced green purchase intention. Perceived love and perceived hope each mediated this relationship, and the sequential pathway from perceived love to perceived hope was also significant. Moreover, environmental attitude positively moderated the link between anthropomorphic logos and perceived love, with a stronger effect among consumers with higher pro-environmental attitudes. These findings highlight a positive emotional attribution mechanism through which anthropomorphic eco-friendly logo cues promote green consumption and clarify the boundary role of environmental attitude.
Preceptorship is a key component of medical student clinical experience. Demand for clinical preceptors is increasing. An updated understanding of why preceptors continue or discontinue these roles, particularly in pre-clerkship settings, is needed to optimize recruitment and retention. To inform recruitment and retention of pre-clerkship preceptors at a large public medical school, the authors examined preceptor motivations for precepting, reasons for leaving, and factors influencing a successful preceptorship. The authors conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study (survey followed by semi-structured interviews) between September 2024 and December 2024. Participants were current and former pre-clerkship preceptors from 57 clinical sites across 22 organizations in academic and community clinical settings. Rapid qualitative methods using templated summaries and matrix analysis were applied to identify major themes. A total of 202 current and former pre-clerkship medical student preceptors participated in surveys characterizing their experiences: 158 current preceptors (including 36 planning to stop) and 44 former preceptors with a 70% response rate. Most preceptors cited a love of teaching as their primary motivation. Thematic analysis identified three themes: (1) Preceptors chose to precept because they love teaching-when they leave it is often related to life and work-related factors; (2) Heavy clinical workload was a barrier to a good preceptorship experience; (3) The importance of guidance flexibility, and supportive structures for preceptors. Pre-clerkship preceptors are primarily motivated by a passion for teaching, but personal and professional pressures contribute to attrition. Addressing clinical workload and providing flexible, supportive program structures may improve preceptor retention.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created substantial social, economic, and psychological challenges worldwide. This study examines changes in subjective well-being and happiness patterns during the COVID-19 period compared with the pre-pandemic period in Türkiye as an emerging country context. We analyze nationally representative Life Satisfaction Survey data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) for the 2019-2021 period, covering approximately 10 thousand individuals aged 18 and above each year. Multinomial logistic regression models are employed for each year, preserving the original five-category happiness variable ranging from "very happy" to "very unhappy". First, during the COVID-19 period, the percentage of individuals who defined themselves as happy or very happy decreased from approximately 54% in 2019 to 48.7% in 2020, before slightly recovering to 50.1% in 2021. Second, "health" remained the most frequently reported source of happiness among categories such as success, job, love, and money both before and during the pandemic period. The findings indicate that the main determinants of happiness remained broadly stable during the pandemic-period years, although the magnitude of several associations changed. Women reported higher happiness levels than men, whereas employed women exhibited relatively lower happiness levels. Having a job alone did not consistently affect happiness; however, employed individuals with at least a high school education tended to report higher happiness levels before the pandemic period. Furthermore, higher income, being married, health satisfaction, income satisfaction, and social life satisfaction were positively associated with happiness. A U-shaped relationship between happiness and age groups was also observed. Although higher-income individuals consistently reported greater happiness levels, the strength of this association weakened during the pandemic-period years. Finally, hopefulness about the future demonstrated the strongest and most consistent association with happiness. Hopeful individuals exhibited substantially greater odds of belonging to the "very happy" category, with odds ratios of approximately 18.0 in 2019, 15.1 in 2020, and 17.9 in 2021. The findings suggest that although happiness levels declined during the COVID-19 period in Türkiye, the main determinants of happiness remained largely stable. Socioeconomic conditions, health satisfaction, and future expectations were important factors associated with happiness, while hopefulness about the future emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor across all years.
The history of AIAN people in the US has been told many times, but Western academic researchers have failed to shift that history into wisdom and uncover teachings for living in the present day. The aim of this paper is to document Indigenous elders' childhood experiences and stories, and to record the wisdom they wish to pass on to the next generation in an accessible, written form. This study used elder-centered research methods situated within a postcolonial paradigm. Methods centered on the lived experience and values of Indigenous people and a three-step process of identifying data, developing a methodology, and validating wisdom messages in a visual model. Participants were recruited for this study through existing connections and prior research experience. Inclusion criteria for participants were: (1) elder status in their community/Tribe, (2) willingness to share a story from childhood and wisdom, and (3) validate stories and the visual model presented in this manuscript. There were two open-ended questions asked during the information gathering interviews: (1) "Tell me a story from your childhood," and (2) "What is some wisdom you want to pass on?" Fourteen stories (vignettes) are presented in this section along with a visual model that highlights primary messages (themes). Past, present, and future messages from stories are illustrated using an Indigenous Life Course timeline against the backdrop of colonial events and American Indian policy. This study supported the transmission and continuation of Indigenous knowledge systems, lifeways, practices, traditions, values, and experiences that are often lost or never recorded. This study illuminates the life stories of elders who possess deep resilience and strength and have experienced the devastating impacts of colonialism and the loss of land, language, values, and family systems. Combined, these wisdom messages have the potential to heal individuals, inform community-based programs, and elevate Indigenous knowledge in public health. Elders' deep wisdom and legacy are reflected in what they wanted to share with readers, a call to action about how to live: Keep Praying. You Have A Voice. Go Back to the Old Ways, Share Your Stories About How to Live, Walk in Beauty. Love Your Family, Limit Technology, Protect the Land, and Medicines. Deal with Pain, Practice Ceremony and Self-care, Live in Balance. Pray, Help People, Commit to Something. Practice Ceremony, Forgive, Heal from Losses, Be Generous, Help Others, Seek Happiness.
Minimizing tension in skin tissue is one of the key factors in reconstructive surgery, as residual stress after defect closure directly affects tissue regeneration and wound healing. To achieve the required skin mobility and thereby reduce tension, careful flap design is essential. Because skin exhibits intrinsic in-plane anisotropy arising from the preferred orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis and its mechanical properties vary across anatomical regions, incorporating skin mechanics into surgical planning is therefore crucial. To investigate the interaction between flap design and skin anisotropy, we utilized a silicone-based skin surrogate fabricated by 3D printing with a uniform stacking direction and developed a flap mechanics testbed that enables the controlled application of pretension. Three canonical flap designs, advancement, rotation, and transposition, were examined under different anisotropic orientations, with circular defects introduced into the skin surrogate. The kinematics during the flap closure were acquired by tracking marked control points using 3D scanning, and the deformation and maximum principal stress fields were in turn reconstructed from these kinematic measurements using a B-spline tensor product surface representation and Kirchhoff-Love shell kinematics, without solving a boundary-value problem. The resulting stress fields show that both flap type and its orientation relative to the underlying anisotropy influence residual stress distributions. These findings underscore the importance of considering both skin anisotropy and proper flap design to minimize post-operative tension and demonstrate that the proposed computational and experimental framework can guide the optimal flap orientation for a given defect geometry and anisotropy.
Frailty, which is expected to increase in prevalence and incidence among older adults, is a significant public health concern. This qualitative study was conducted to explore the perspectives and experiences of nursing home residents regarding frailty. The study was conducted using a phenomenological qualitative research design. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 18 older adults aged 65 and over living in a nursing home in Türkiye between July and August 2025. The interview form was prepared in line with the relevant literature, the interviews were transcribed, and the data obtained were systematically analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data: (i) interpretations of frailty and aging, (ii) experiences of frailty: restriction, fear, and disconnection and (iii) coping and psychological adaptation to frailty. The findings revealed that participants were generally unfamiliar with the concept of frailty; however, they described physical weakness, dependency, and limited mobility as its primary indicators. A decline in social relationships, along with feelings of loneliness and being forgotten, was found to exacerbate frailty, whereas inner resources such as family bonds, love of life, and mental resilience emerged as protective factors. Due to its multidimensional nature, frailty requires a holistic assessment of nursing home residents encompassing both physical and psychosocial aspects. It is critically important for nurses working in nursing homes to identify frailty at an early stage, monitor it regularly, and implement preventive interventions to maintain the health and well-being of older individuals.
Female dentists make up a large proportion in China and often face heavy workloads and occupational pressure. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current situation, challenges and mental health conditions of female dentists in China. A cross-sectional survey among female dentists in China was conducted using a structured questionnaire. The survey collected information on demographic characteristics, workload, income satisfaction, psychological status, occupational stress, and occupational attitudes. Logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with income satisfaction, anxiety symptoms, depressive emotions, and professional commitment. A total of 3,504 valid responses from female dentists across China were collected. 27.22% participants reported income dissatisfaction, with 55.5% perceiving income not proportional to their effort and 45.32% believing they earned less than male colleagues of the same level. Age, practice status, clinical specialty, annual income and workload all affect income satisfaction. Family responsibilities substantially impacted careers, with 44.06% having given up opportunities for advancement due to family reasons. Mental health burdens were substantial, with 97.6% reporting occasional or frequent anxiety and 86.24% experiencing depressive moods. Work-family imbalance is the strongest positive predictor of anxiety and depression. A total of 78.48% participants expressed love for their profession, though only 40.83% would actively recommend it to others. Dissatisfaction with income, work intensity and promotion speed and work-family imbalance significantly reduces professional commitment. Female dentists in China constitute a highly qualified group yet facing multifaceted professional obstacles. Income satisfaction, psychological well-being, and occupational enthusiasm among female dentists are influenced by multiple factors. Systemic interventions are urgently needed to address pay equity, provide support for work-family balance and mental health to ensure a sustainable and healthy future for the dental workforce. This survey provides important insights into the current career landscape of female dentists in China and may inform strategies aimed at improving porfessional development and workforce equity.
Orgasm can be an important component of sexual wellbeing broadly and specifically in the preconception period, yet epidemiologic research on orgasm is limited. We used cross-sectional data from Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO), a cohort study of females attempting conception with one male partner (N = 6022; 2020-2025), to descriptively evaluate orgasm frequency, its correlates and its relationship to orgasm intensity. We used self-reported data to assess orgasm frequency (Likert scale: never/rarely to always/almost always) and intensity (0-10). Across correlates (e.g. encompassing sociodemographic, medical, behavioral factors), we calculated the absolute difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) in the percentage of participants reporting the highest versus lowest orgasm frequency within levels of each correlate, standardized relative to the difference in the full sample. Over half of the sample reported orgasming 'always', 'almost always' or 'most times' during sexual activity. Partner support was a strong correlate; participants whose partner 'rarely' provided love/affection and emotional support reported less frequent orgasms (standardized percentage-point differences of -11.0, 95% CI -36.7, 14.7 and -27.5, 95% CI -44.4, -10.6, respectively). Irritable bladder syndrome (standardized percentage point difference -15.4, 95% CI -25.5, -5.3), diabetes (standardized percentage point difference -5.8, 95% CI -18.2, 6.7) and depressive symptoms (highest category standardized percentage point difference -11.6, 95% CI -19.3, -4.0) were strong correlates of less frequent orgasms. Participants with lower function on other domains of sexual function reported fewer orgasms. Important correlates of preconception orgasm frequency spanned relational, clinical and sexual function factors. We discuss implications for conducting etiologic orgasm research.
The purpose of this study was to address the relationship between social determinants of health (both individual and neighborhood levels) to understand more fully how social conditions are associated with physical functioning among breast cancer survivors (BCS). We conducted a secondary analysis of a national sample of breast cancer survivors recruited via Institutional Review Board-approved social media (i.e., Facebook) and online cancer-affiliated resource sites (e.g., Pink Ribbon Connection, Dr. Susan Love Foundation). BCS provided their address and demographic factors and completed the physical functioning survey (PF-10). Neighborhood social determinants of health (SDOH) included Yost National Rank Index and neighborhood factors (walkability and rural vs. urban status) using Geocoding. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used. BCS who were older (p = 0.038) and single (p = 0.008) had poor physical functioning. Socioeconomic factors including higher education (p = 0.001), higher income (p = 0.034), and higher neighborhood socioeconomic status (Yost Index, p = 0.016) were associated with greater physical functioning. Neighborhood factors (walkability and rural vs. urban) were not associated with physical functioning in BCS. Physical functioning of BCS was linked to age, social network (marital status), and socioeconomic status. Future interventional research is needed that accounts for individual and socioeconomic factors to mitigate their effects on the physical functioning of BCS.
Potted miniature roses are widely cultivated as popular indoor ornamental plants. Owing to increasing consumer demand, new varieties are introduced to the market each year. Cross-breeding remains the most prevalent method for developing potted miniature roses. In the present study, Rosa noisettiana Thory, a climber rose species, was used as the seed parent, while ten commercially popular miniature rose cultivars (Rosa White Star, Hot Jewel, Rosa Sweet Star, Rosa Bling Love Star, Orange Jewel, Rosa Shining Star, Rosa Lady Star, Orange Romance, Red Romance, and Sparkling Jewel) served as pollen donors. The success of hybridization was evaluated, and both quantitative and qualitative traits were analyzed in 861 F₁ hybrid individuals to assess the breeding potential of miniature roses. The percentage of pollen viability ranged from 17.71% to 46.79%, while the pollen germination rate varied between 10.33% and 21.68%. In total, 250 controlled pollinations were performed, all of which successfully developed into 250 fruits (hips). These fruits collectively contained 7,249 seeds. The results revealed that R. noisettiana × miniature rose combinations exhibited a 99.5% fruit set rate, with an average of 29.23 seeds per fruit and a seed germination rate of 20.53%. However, the recurrent blooming rate ranged between 15% and 34%, and many tall individuals were obtained from these crosses. Key commercial traits, such as flowering time, plant height, flower diameter, and petal number, were found to vary depending on the parental genotypes. In contrast, flower color did not exhibit as much variation as expected in the hybrid combinations. Based on these findings, further crosses should be conducted with different rose species to enhance genetic diversity in breeding programs and achieve more effective outcomes in the ornamental plant sector. Moreover, early selection methods utilizing genetic markers could be developed to increase the recurrent blooming rate and to obtain more compact plants.
Remotely triggered earthquakes have emerged as a compelling yet puzzling phenomenon for advancing seismic-hazard forecasting. Here, we propose a unifying mechanism to explain their enigmatic behaviors, that is, the pore-pressure dynamics in fault gouge. Using a bounding surface model rooted in critical-state soil mechanics, we embed gouge deformation into a computational framework that tracks stress evolution under the perturbation of teleseismic waves. Our simulations reveal that dynamic loading drives pore-pressure increases several times larger than the applied stress amplitude, thus markedly weakening the fault and enabling failure under minimal perturbations. Also, we show that compressional components of the waves amplify pore pressure far more than shear components, explaining the superior triggering capacity of Rayleigh waves over Love waves. Given that pore pressure dissipates slowly in low-permeability gouge, weakening persists well beyond the transient forcing, promoting elevated seismicity after wave passage. Together, these results establish fault-gouge pore-pressure dynamics as a fundamental mechanism for remote earthquake triggering.
BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive public health and human rights issue, yet survivors' agency is often framed narrowly within linear victim-survivor narratives that overlook how intersecting identities and structural constraints shape their options and responses. Objectives: To explore how women who have experienced IPV negotiate agency and reclaim voice within intersecting social, cultural, and personal borderlands of experience.DesignQualitative narrative inquiry informed by intersectionality and borderlands theory.MethodsTwo women living in a Canadian city, who self -identified as having experienced IPV and had been out of violent relationships for at least three years, participated in biweekly narrative conversations from August to December 2023. Analysis attended to intersecting social locations (including Indigeneity, sexuality, socioeconomic position, and professional roles) and to liminal in-between moments of safety and danger, love and abuse, dependence and resistance, silence and voice.ResultsAnalysis identified three interrelated movements in women's agency over time, regressive transformation, hibernation, and progressive transformation, operating simultaneously rather than sequentially. For example, Aila's parenting decisions revealed agency constrained by child welfare surveillance yet oriented toward intergenerational change, while Artemisia rediscovered her pre-abuse self through old journals and art, illustrating hibernated agency gradually re-emerging.ConclusionThis study challenges linear victim-survivor models of recovery by conceptualizing agency as a dynamic, relational process shaped by intersectional locations and borderland spaces. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is abuse by a current or former partner. It affects millions of people worldwide and causes serious, lasting harm to physical and mental health. Much of what has been written about this issue focuses on the moment a survivor leaves an abusive relationship, as if that single decision defines their experience. But surviving abuse is far more complicated than that. This study shares the stories of two women in Canada, called Aila and Artemisia, who experienced IPV. Over five months, each woman had in-depth conversations with the researcher about their relationships, how they coped, and how they rebuilt their lives. Their stories were analyzed paying close attention to how factors like race, sexuality, economic situation, and personal history shaped their experiences in unique ways. Three patterns emerged from both women’s stories. First, over time, abuse gradually wore down their confidence, independence, and sense of self. Second, both women went through periods of going quiet and suppressing their feelings and opinions. This was not out of weakness, but as a way to stay safe. Third, both women slowly began to rediscover themselves, often through small acts like setting a boundary, speaking up, or imagining a different future. Importantly, these were not neat, one-after-another stages. The women moved back and forth between all three at different times and in different parts of their lives. This research challenges the idea that recovery is a straight line from victim to survivor. It shows that strength looks different for every person. Support services need to respect that complexity rather than expecting women to follow a single path to healing.