Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in journalism, yet audience responses may depend on both AI provenance, meaning who or what is presented as having written the story, and transparency cues that disclose AI use. This systematic literature review synthesises empirical studies examining how AI provenance cues and AI disclosure cues in journalism affect perceived credibility and trust. Following PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection were searched on 2 February 2026 for English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers. Searches yielded 492 records. After deduplication and pre-screen exclusions, 290 records were screened at title/abstract level, and 47 studies with retrievable full texts were included. A structured narrative synthesis was conducted, guided by the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guideline, to map study designs, cue operationalisations, outcome targets (message, source, outlet), and moderators. Across heterogeneous designs, AI provenance cues were not associated with a consistent "AI penalty": most extractable results indicated no difference between AI-attributed and human-attributed news, and observed effects were typically conditional on topic, baseline trust, outlet/source cues, and whether human oversight was signalled. Evidence on disclosure cues was limited (10 studies) and was dominated by null or conditional findings. Scepticism appeared more likely when disclosures implied full automation without accompanying accountability or oversight information. A Cue-Inference-Target (CIT) framework is proposed to explain when AI cues shift epistemic-quality versus normative-legitimacy judgments. Future research should use factorial designs that separate provenance from disclosure and standardise reporting of cue wording, placement, and validated outcome measures.
The potential for implementation science (IS) to address health inequities is limited by insufficient attention to power. Although the field emphasizes context, it remains unclear how best to examine and intervene on power relations related to the implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs). This scoping review aimed to determine: 1) To what extent do research projects studying EBI implementation explicitly examine power? 2) In these studies, how is power conceptualized, defined, operationalized, and understood? 3) What opportunities exist to examine and intervene upon power through IS research? Following established procedures, we undertook a six-step process: 1) articulating research question and purpose; 2) identifying relevant studies; 3) selecting studies; 4) extracting data; 5) summarizing data; and 6) reporting results. We characterized studies' attention to power using Fung's power framework, which attends to everyday, policy, structural, and ethical power. Based on publications available as of February 2022, we included English-language EBI implementation studies from clinical, community, and public health settings that explicitly attended to power. Data extraction included study context, IS frameworks used, definitions and measures of power, and characterizations of how power influenced implementation processes and outcomes. Of 3,531 articles screened, 28 papers explicitly discussed power in relation to EBI implementation and 11 presented a formal definition of power. Most studies explored everyday and structural power, with far less attention to policy power and almost none to ethical power. Conceptualizations and operationalizations of power varied widely, and few studies reported grounding in IS frameworks. Explicit strategies to intervene upon power were limited. Most studies focused on short-term integration goals, with limited discussion of how power dynamics shape what counts as evidence, whose interests are served, or opportunities for systems transformation. Researchers have the opportunity to explicitly integrate power theories and frameworks into conceptual models for IS studies to reshape IS efforts and build this evidence base. This will allow the field to move towards critical, systems-focused perspectives that examine how power shapes and can be used to reshape the evidence base, implementation systems, implementation strategies, and implementation, health, and system outcomes.
To systematically evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on executive function in children and adolescents, and to quantify its effects on inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility using a three-level meta-analysis. PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases were searched from inception to May 2026. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled intervention studies examining the effects of HIIT on executive function in children and adolescents were included. Two reviewers independently conducted study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. The risk of bias in randomized controlled trials was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, while non-randomized intervention studies were assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Hedges' g was used as the effect size index. A three-level meta-analytic model was applied to account for the dependency of multiple effect sizes within the same study. Three-level Egger regression was used to assess publication bias and small-study effects, and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the findings. A total of 11 studies were included, comprising 9 randomized controlled trials and 2 non-randomized controlled intervention studies, with 776 children and adolescents. The meta-analysis showed that HIIT significantly improved inhibitory control (Hedges' g = 0.227, 95% CI: 0.066 to 0.388, p = 0.007), working memory (Hedges' g = 0.368, 95% CI: 0.200 to 0.535, p < 0.001), and cognitive flexibility (Hedges' g = 0.389, 95% CI: 0.184 to 0.593, p = 0.002). Sensitivity analyses showed that the positive effects of HIIT on inhibitory control and working memory remained statistically significant after excluding non-randomized studies. Subgroup analyses indicated positive effects across different work-to-rest ratios, intervention durations, and session durations; however, no significant between-subgroup differences were observed. Three-level Egger regression did not indicate significant funnel plot asymmetry or small-study effects. According to the GRADE assessment, the certainty of evidence was moderate for inhibitory control and working memory, but very low for cognitive flexibility. HIIT has positive effects on executive function in children and adolescents, particularly on inhibitory control and working memory, for which the certainty of evidence is moderate. Although HIIT also showed a positive effect on cognitive flexibility, this finding should be interpreted cautiously because of the limited number of studies and very low certainty of evidence. Further high-quality, large-sample studies with standardized intervention protocols and outcome measures are needed to confirm the effects of HIIT on executive function and to identify optimal training parameters for children and adolescents.
暂无摘要（点击查看详情）
Amid increasing social pressures, the importance of psychological resilience as a key resource for stress coping has become prominent. Although exercise is considered a potential means to enhance resilience, a systematic quantitative assessment of moderating factors influencing its effect is lacking. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on enhancing psychological resilience and explore the moderating roles of intervention duration, age, and study design. Following PRISMA guidelines, relevant databases were searched up to January 2026. Randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies were included. Study quality was assessed using standardized tools. Analyses were conducted using a random-effects model, subgroup analyses, and heterogeneity tests. Ten studies were included. Exercise intervention had a significant positive effect on psychological resilience (pooled SMD = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.33-0.65). Intervention duration was a statistically significant moderator (p = 0.01) that survived Bonferroni correction for multiple subgroup tests (α < sub > adjusted < /sub > = 0.017), with long-term interventions (> 8 weeks, SMD = 0.64) yielding significantly larger effects than short-term interventions (≤ 8 weeks, SMD = 0.30). The intervention was effective across all age groups. Randomized controlled trials yielded a numerically larger effect size (SMD = 0.56) than non-randomized studies (SMD = 0.35), but the subgroup difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.21). No publication bias was detected. Exercise intervention is an effective approach to enhancing psychological resilience. Subgroup analyses confirmed that intervention duration is a statistically significant moderator, with long-term interventions yielding significantly greater benefits. This provides an empirical basis for designing personalized, long-term exercise programs for different populations.
Following China's shift towards pronatalist governance, vasectomy has been reported as difficult to obtain in some public hospitals, even as online narratives frame male sterilisation as responsible partnership and protection of women's health. Treating access as an institutional and discursive problem, this article analyses public-facing justificatory discourse rather than clinical practice itself. Using qualitative document analysis and reflexive thematic analysis, it examines a purposive multi-genre corpus of policy and legal texts, statistical reporting, English- and Chinese-language journalism, hospital public accounts, and peer-reviewed studies on vasectomy trends, reversal demand, and social media narratives. Four linked logics recur across the corpus: eligibility tied to administratively legible marital/parental status; refusal justified through regret-and-risk talk that protects both patients and institutions under policy ambiguity; responsibility recognised mainly when aligned with pronatalist family-completion trajectories; and opaque service boundaries that shift information work onto individuals and couples. These dynamics produce conditional reproductive citizenship: vasectomy remains legitimate in principle but is practically available chiefly to men legible as stable husbands and fathers and low risk for hospitals.
Drawing on Critical Data Studies and research on journalistic framing of emerging technologies, this study examines how German print media portray data risks associated with digital health technologies for chronic disease management. Using structural topic modeling of 3,027 articles from 2010 to 2024, we first identify that data protection concerns constitute a distinct and significant topic in chronic disease coverage. Subsequent manual content analysis of 367 articles from this topic reveals five media frames varying in their portrayal of these risks, from dismissive technological optimism to critical market skepticism. Despite these different frames, we found no significant differences between tabloid and quality publications or between daily and weekly newspapers, suggesting consistency in how German journalism approaches healthcare data risks. Our analysis contributes to understanding the role of media in shaping public perception of digital health technologies.
Research on physician communication and patient trust has expanded in recent years, yet the evidence remains fragmented across conceptualizations of communication, operationalizations of trust, research methods, and clinical and technological contexts. This systematic review synthesizes recent studies examining how physician communication styles are associated with patient trust in real physician-patient interactions. Following PRISMA guidelines, 13 studies published between January 2021 and July 2025 were identified from 5,730 records retrieved from English-language peer-reviewed journals. Across quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and review-based evidence, physicians' communication styles-including information-giving, socio-emotional, partnership-building, paternalistic, and nonverbal approaches-were examined in relation to patient trust. Overall, clear information delivery, empathy, active listening, shared decision-making, and supportive nonverbal behaviors were generally associated with higher levels of patient trust, while directive or paternalistic communication showed more context-dependent effects. Using established multidimensional understandings of patient trust as an analytic lens, the review shows that communication-trust associations were shaped by clinical settings and digital or technological conditions. Taken together, the findings highlight key patterns and gaps in the literature and underscore the need for more rigorous and cross-cultural research, as well as communication training that emphasizes empathy and partnership to strengthen physician-patient trust.
To systematically evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality-based interventions in reducing craving among individuals with substance use disorders. Nine randomized controlled trials involving 553 participants (290 in the intervention groups and 263 in the control groups) were included, covering illicit drug, alcohol, and nicotine use disorders. Meta-analysis demonstrated that VR interventions significantly reduced craving in individuals with substance use disorders (SMD = -0.52, 95% CI [-0.78, -0.27], P < 0.05). This moderate effect size, considered alongside the distribution-based minimal clinically important difference threshold of approximately 0.5 standard deviations, suggests a potentially clinically meaningful improvement. Subgroup analyses indicated greater efficacy among individuals with illicit drug use disorders (SMD = -0.61). Interventions involving more than seven sessions (SMD = -0.60), session durations of less than 60min (SMD = -0.61), and VR cue exposure combined with neutral environments demonstrated comparatively superior effects. However, these subgroup findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of included studies. Current evidence indicates that virtual reality interventions may contribute to reducing craving among individuals with substance use disorder and demonstrate promising potential for clinical application. Although the included studies were generally of moderate-to-good methodological quality and the overall certainty of evidence was rated as moderate, the optimal intervention parameters have yet to be clearly established. Therefore, larger-scale and more rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to further confirm the clinical efficacy, stability, and generalizability of VR-based interventions.
The aim of evidence-based health information and decision aids is to help users with making decisions that are consistent with their personal values and preferences. Information on harms of interventions can be especially challenging due to gaps in the evidence ecosystem and special communication requirements. The aim of this project was to develop a tool that assists creators in the communication of harms of interventions. The project group in the Patient Information and Participation Working Group of the Network for Evidence-Based Medicine (EbM Network) included creators from different fields including science, journalism, patient information, and consumer protection. Starting with the discussion of case studies, the SCHADEN tool was developed in an iterative process over a period of two years, during which twelve video conferences, several small group meetings, and two congress workshops were held. The draft of the tool was put up for discussion via the EbM network as part of a public consultation phase and later finalized. In four sections, nine key questions, and 29 detailed questions the tool reflects the full development process and comprises both a short version and a comprehensive manual. It serves as a reflection instrument that makes necessary decisions explicit, supports documentation and provides methodological assistance. The tool recognizes that the development of health information or decision aids may differ in terms of resources and formats with different requirements and objectives. The SCHADEN tool is intended to supplement existing standards such as the Good Practice Guidelines for Health Information and the Guideline Evidence-based Health Information.
Cyberbullying has emerged as a prominent form of online aggression, yet evidence on the role of online media remains fragmented because media-related variables are often treated as broad and undifferentiated constructs. This meta-analysis synthesized associations between six characteristics of online media use and cyberbullying perpetration. A systematic search of international databases identified 97 eligible studies published between 2004 and 2025, comprising 248,316 participants. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled correlations, and moderator analyses examined cultural background and temporal patterns of content exposure. Five of the six focal variables were significantly associated with cyberbullying perpetration. Exposure to online violent content, exposure to online sexually explicit content, duration of online media use, and perceived online anonymity were positively associated with cyberbullying, whereas media literacy was negatively associated with it. Among these variables, perceived online anonymity showed the strongest association. By contrast, exposure to online prosocial content was not significantly associated with cyberbullying. Moderator analyses indicated that temporal pattern significantly moderated the association between exposure to online violent content and cyberbullying, with stronger coefficients for short-term than for long-term exposure. Most other subgroup differences were not significant. Sensitivity analyses showed that, despite substantial heterogeneity in most models, the overall pattern of findings remained stable. These findings suggest that online media should not be treated as a unitary correlate of cyberbullying. Distinguishing specific media characteristics may help refine theory and inform more targeted prevention efforts in online contexts.
Artificial intelligence is increasingly being explored in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) to support personalized and responsive communication. Integrating emotion recognition into AAC systems may help users convey emotion content in real time, enhancing social interaction and communication quality. This preliminary study utilized DeepFace, a facial emotion recognition tool, as a starting point for integrating emotion recognition into AAC systems. Twelve neurotypical children and four children with autism, aged 8-13 years, completed two tasks: an imitated (copy) emotion condition using static images and a semispontaneous emotion-elicitation condition. Similar to existing AAC devices, each participant completed an individualized calibration procedure to help tailor the model to their facial expressions. Number scale ratings of the user experience were also collected. Overall, the system demonstrated promising provisional accuracy, particularly for happiness, sadness, and calm (neutrality), although performance varied across emotions, participants, and task types. User experience ratings were generally positive, suggesting satisfaction and engagement with the system, with variability observed. Findings highlight the value of calibration and personalization in AAC. Future work should expand training data sets to better represent children's facial expressions, incorporate multimodal inputs, and explore the alignment of synthetic speech output with detected emotions. Broader studies including active AAC users, diverse developmental and cultural backgrounds, and more spontaneous real-world interactions are needed. These results support the preliminary utility of DeepFace as a possible starting point for integrating emotion recognition into AAC systems, but further research is warranted. Directions for user-centered development are also discussed. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32511465.
Exposure to particulate matter, hazardous gases, and noise among workers causes millions of deaths, injuries, and disabilities annually. These exposures are not measured frequently, and most workers are never monitored because resources for monitoring are limited globally. Even in high-income countries, just two or three samples per workplace inspection are collected on average. Considerably larger sample sizes are required to estimate measures of central tendency and upper percentiles of common exposure distributions. Therefore, interventions and epidemiological studies often rely on poor estimates of those parameters. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that a small team can cost-effectively measure all workers' exposures to multiple hazards within a facility (~100 workers) in a single day while minimizing participant burden and loss of productivity. We deployed novel, compact personal monitors-called AirPens-to measure exposures to total particulates, formaldehyde, and A-weighted noise among workers at a furniture manufacturing facility during one full work shift. AirPens were preloaded with sampling media and preprogrammed to minimize field deployment time. On-board sensor data were used to identify sampling anomalies, confirm that AirPens were worn, and validate sampling results. Valid samples were then used to estimate exposure distribution parameters. A team of five people deployed 83 AirPens at the facility. After quality assurance screening, 67 PM, 67 noise, and 22 formaldehyde samples remained valid (or 72, 67, and 31, respectively if samples below the limit of detection are counted as valid). PM and noise exposure distribution parameters (e.g., arithmetic and geometric mean, 95th percentile) were estimated with high certainty. Uncertainty (i.e., confidence intervals) grew several fold when smaller sample sizes were analyzed. Use of streamlined multi-hazard monitoring technology enables dramatically higher sample throughput for workplace exposure assessment. This approach reduces the uncertainty of workplace risk assessment and facilitates more in-depth analyses of personal exposure. Comprehensive monitoring of personal exposure to air pollution is lacking due to technological and logistical limitations inherent to established monitoring methods. This lack of monitoring limits occupational health practice and epidemiologic research, which rely on sufficient sample sizes to support expert judgments or statistical inferences. This work demonstrates a new wearable sampler for particle, gas, and noise hazards, designed to overcome typical barriers to personal exposure assessment (e.g., cost, time, participant burden). Results show that this new sampling approach can produce measurements of similar quality, but on a much larger scale, compared to established technology.
As the U.S. population ages, identifying accessible, community-based approaches that promote older adults' physical and psychosocial well-being is increasingly important. Recent studies have shown that dance interventions can improve physical fitness and cardiovascular health among older adults. Line dancing, a widely practiced group activity, may offer benefits that extend beyond recreation. Guided by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and the Sense of Community (SOC) framework, this study explored how older adults experience line dancing as a form of health-motivated engagement. Eight older adults (aged 65-83; seven women and one man) who regularly attended community line dancing classes at two senior centers in College Station, Texas, participated in semi-structured, in-person interviews. Data were analyzed using a phronetic iterative approach. Six themes were identified for autonomy, three for competence, and three for relatedness across individual and community levels. Participants experienced autonomy through self-directed engagement in dance, including lifelong passion, ongoing learning, and leadership within dance groups. Competence was reflected in skill confidence and bodily self-awareness, supported by peer recognition and opportunities to contribute to the group. Relatedness emerged through collective emotional resonance, interpersonal bonding, and a strong sense of community belonging. Together, these experiences fostered vitality, purpose, and sustained participation, demonstrating how line dancing fulfilled older adults' basic psychological needs while strengthening community connections. Community line dancing supports self-determined, socially connected, and adaptive engagement among older adults. By integrating SDT and SOC, this study provides insights into how community-based dance programs can promote healthy aging and social well-being.
This systematic review synthesizes empirical evidence on the associations between loot box engagement and adolescents' behavioral or psychological outcomes. Following the PRISMA guidelines, 26 empirical studies published between 2017 and 2025 were identified through comprehensive searches in PsycINFO, ERIC, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Guided by the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model, the review categorizes findings into three domains: (1) external stimuli associated with exposure to loot boxes, (2) cognitive and habitual factors that mediate individual responses, and (3) behavioral outcomes related to problematic engagement. External stimuli interact with cognitive biases and habitual tendencies to shape adolescents' engagement patterns. Four hypothetical pathways are proposed: (1) The Gaming-Loot Box-Gambling Convergence Pathway; (2) The Multifactorial Pathway Influencing Loot Box Engagement; (3) The Moderating Pathway of Perceived Normative Pressure; and (4) The Feedback Loop Between Problematic Use and Cognitive-Behavioral Factors. The findings offer implications for prevention and youth protection in digital gaming contexts.
Menstrual challenges such as dysmenorrhea, irregular cycles, and premenstrual symptoms are common among adolescent girls, often compromising their overall well-being. Recent studies indicate that sports participation may enhance menstrual health, though quantitative data specific to Chinese adolescents remains limited. This study aimed to examine the connection between sports involvement and menstrual health through a reproductive health lens. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, girls aged 12-18 completed structured questionnaires of 300 people assessing their sports activities, menstrual pain intensity, cycle regularity, premenstrual symptoms, perceived stress levels, and sleep quality. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multivariate regression techniques. Results revealed that increased engagement in sports was significantly linked to lower severity of menstrual pain, improved cycle predictability, and reduced premenstrual symptoms. These associations held strong even after adjusting for factors like age, BMI, stress levels, and sleep quality. Reliability across measurement scales ranged from satisfactory to high. This research highlights the positive role of sports participation in enhancing menstrual health among Chinese adolescent girls. Promoting regular and moderate physical activity emerges as an effective strategy to boost reproductive health and overall well-being during adolescence. Les troubles menstruels tels que la dysménorrhée, les cycles irréguliers et les symptômes prémenstruels sont fréquents chez les adolescentes, affectant souvent leur bien-être général. Des études récentes indiquent que la pratique sportive pourrait améliorer la santé menstruelle, bien que les données quantitatives spécifiques aux adolescentes chinoises restent limitées. Cette étude visait à examiner le lien entre la participation sportive et la santé menstruelle sous l'angle de la santé reproductive. Une étude transversale a été menée auprès de filles âgées de 12 à 18 ans, qui ont rempli des questionnaires structurés évaluant leurs activités sportives, l'intensité de la douleur menstruelle, la régularité du cycle, les symptômes prémenstruels, les niveaux de stress perçu et la qualité du sommeil. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives, de corrélations et de régressions multivariées. Les résultats ont révélé qu'une plus grande participation sportive était significativement associée à une intensité réduite de la douleur menstruelle, une meilleure prévisibilité du cycle et une diminution des symptômes prémenstruels. Ces associations sont restées significatives après ajustement pour des facteurs tels que l'âge, l'IMC, le stress et la qualité du sommeil. La fiabilité des échelles de mesure était satisfaisante à élevée. Cette recherche souligne le rôle positif du sport dans l'amélioration de la santé menstruelle des adolescentes chinoises. Promouvoir une activité physique régulière et modérée apparaît comme une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la santé reproductive et le bien-être général durant l'adolescence.
Time-restricted eating (TRE) has emerged as a promising nutritional strategy for improving metabolic health, yet its additive benefits when combined with structured exercise remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of exercise combined with a 16:8 TRE protocol on body composition and glucose-lipid metabolism in adults. Following PRISMA guidelines and PROSPERO registration (CRD420251240058), eight electronic databases were searched through August 2025 for randomized and randomized crossover trials comparing exercise plus 16:8 TRE with exercise alone. Three reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessment (ROB 2), and GRADE evaluation. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using R software. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression explored potential moderators. Fifteen trials involving 511 participants were included. Compared with exercise alone, the combined intervention significantly reduced body weight (MD - 1.44 kg, 95% CI - 2.74 to -0.13) and fat mass (MD - 1.04 kg, 95% CI - 1.95 to -0.13). Significant improvements were also observed in triglycerides (SMD - 0.25, 95% CI - 0.45 to -0.06) and LDL cholesterol (SMD - 0.22, 95% CI - 0.37 to -0.08), while other body composition and glycemic markers showed no significant changes. Greater reductions in body weight and fat mass were observed when TRE was combined with aerobic exercise, and LDL-C reductions were more pronounced in men. Sensitivity analyses confirmed result robustness with minimal publication bias. Exercise combined with a 16:8 TRE protocol may confer small additional short-term benefits for body weight, fat mass, and selected lipid markers beyond exercise alone. However, the evidence base is limited by the small number of studies, modest sample sizes, and imbalance in participant characteristics across sex and metabolic status. These findings should therefore be interpreted cautiously.
Internet rumor refutation represents a critical issue in the current governance of the Internet information environment. Different from the mainstream research that focuses on refutation subjects, methods, and information presentation formats, this study adopts a psychological perspective at the individual level to examine how a typical environmental factor-social crowding (the subjective psychological experience arising when spatial demand exceeds supply due to high population density per unit area) affects individuals' willingness to refute rumors, as well as the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of this effect. The findings provide implications for motivating individual participation in Internet rumor refutation. Considering rumor refutation as a prosocial behavior, this study integrates the moral judgment framework and focuses on the positive side of greater self-other overlap induced by social crowding. Through one questionnaire survey and two experimental studies, most of the hypotheses are supported. The results indicate that social crowding positively influences willingness to refute rumors, with impression management and social connectedness serving as parallel mediators in this relationship. Additionally, interdependent self-construal positively moderates the relationship between social crowding and social connectedness, whereas the moderating role of independent self-construal was not supported. This study expands online rumor-refutation research from the perspective of environmental antecedents, proposes an altruistic-egoistic dual-pathway model, and provides practical implications for governments and social media platforms in rumor governance.
Driven by the Confucian cultural ideal of "wang zi cheng long"-the fervent hope that one's child will rise like a dragon (i.e., achieve extraordinary success)-Chinese parents commonly engage in intensive academic involvement, such as frequent homework checking. However, the mechanisms through which this high-intensity monitoring affects adolescent mental health, and whether its effects are culturally specific, remain underexplored. Drawing upon the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theory and the stress process model, this study used data from the 2022 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) on 1831 adolescents aged 9-15 to examine the impact of parental homework checking frequency on adolescent loneliness, the mediating role of academic pressure, and the moderating role of parental educational expectations. The results show that parental homework checking frequency was positively associated with academic pressure, which in turn was positively associated with loneliness. The mediating role of academic pressure was significant. Parental educational expectations significantly and negatively moderated the relationship between homework checking and academic pressure, and the moderated mediation was significant. Simple slope analysis indicated that the positive association between homework checking and academic pressure was stronger. In the Confucian cultural context that emphasizes academic achievement and filial responsibility, frequent parental homework checking is associated with adolescent loneliness through increased academic pressure. Unexpectedly, high parental expectations served as a buffer-a pattern that differs from typical findings in Western individualistic cultures, where high expectations often directly increase psychological distress. These findings suggest that interventions in Chinese family education should distinguish controlling from supportive monitoring and transform high expectations into emotional support and resource investment, thereby reducing adolescents' academic pressure and loneliness.
Research demonstrates that correction consistently reduces misperceptions, increasing the importance of understanding how often people see such corrections. To answer this, researchers often rely on self-reported measures through surveys. However, there is little consistency in these measures across studies, hindering comparability and theory development. To investigate whether different measures of self-reported correction experiences affect their estimated frequency, this study uses a preregistered online survey experiment to examine two key factors: the question wording ("corrected" vs. "told they shared misinformation") and the response options (binary vs. four vs. five-point frequency scales). Findings reveal that frequency scales produce consistently higher estimates of three correction experiences (witnessing, performing, and being corrected) compared to binary measures, although classifying those who rarely experience correction alongside those who never do reduces these differences. Moreover, using the term "correction" leads to higher self-reported instances of performing corrections than the "told misinformation" phrasing, but does not impact estimates of witnessing or being corrected. These results offer researchers clear takeaways for comparing measures across multiple datasets and reinforce the importance of moving toward consistent measures in the future to ensure we can better understand how often people experience corrections.