搜索结果：Journal of the history of ideas

With their highly selective choice of excerpts, patristic anthologies played a major role in shaping the early modern confessional debate. They were more easily diffused and read than the complete editions of the Fathers. My paper will explore their diffusion in print and the role of the Greek Fathers in the Lutheran Latin controversies during the second half of the century, focusing on the activity of Herman Hamelmann (1526-1595). His handling of Greek Fathers in the many controversies with Protestant and Catholic adversaries are of the utmost interest in terms of editorial strategy, historical arguments, and marketing results.

This article offers a new interpretation of anti-colonial constitutional thought of the mid-twentieth century. Historians and political theorists have long viewed the circulation of democratic constitutions at the moment of decolonization in terms of the diffusion of electoral, parliamentary government. This article argues against such a "parliamentary" reading of anti-colonial democracy by examining the political thought of Indian Marxist thinker M. N. Roy (1887-1954). I reconstruct Roy's writings on anti-parliamentary forms of popular sovereignty through the 1940s. Further, I situate Roy's democratic theory as a response to understandings of political representation within the Indian national movement.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the study of Roman remains led to the questioning of many local traditions, including those that associated the episcopal see of Tournai with the valiant Nervii. The rediscovery of ancient Itineraries and the absence of vestiges in Tournai led scholars to question this association: they preferred to locate the city of the Nervii in Bavay. This new thesis irritated several Tournaisian authors who defended the illustrious past of their city. This scholarly controversy illustrates the new role that the material evidence played in the construction of historical discourses and local identity at that time.

Although the Republic of Letters has become today a main area of interdisciplinary research, early North America has remained largely impermeable to this new body of scholarship. In this article I use the category of the Republic of Letters to overcome some of the limitations of the "Atlantic world" paradigm and to shed new light on the intellectual history of eighteenth-century America. Along with studying the means through which American savants gathered information about scholarly trends and recent publications, I also bring to light the strategies they used to actively contribute to the production and organization of knowledge.

The rise of a musical public in the early nineteenth century has been recognized as an important example of what Habermas identified as the emerging bourgeois public sphere. This article explores how patterns of musical consumption were shaped by the authority of music-critical journalism, especially given contemporary critiques about the aesthetic worth of instrumental music. To assert music's aesthetic legitimacy, the leading music journal of the period developed a critical discourse, characterized by the use of an "applied aesthetics," to guide public preferences governing music consumption and to explicate these choices within larger philosophical debates about music's aesthetic value.

This article contributes to the genealogy of the concept of academic freedom with a focus on the English universities in the middle of the seventeenth century. It argues that libertas scholastica (the corporate freedom of the universities) and libertas philosophandi (liberty of philosophizing, within and without the universities) were distinctive guiding concepts, sometimes in opposition but occasionally complementary, in debates over the universities in this period. If these two notions together constitute the antecedents of the modern concept of academic freedom, their conjunction must be recognized as a much more contingent and irregular phenomenon than has been previously understood.

The first three years of Melanchthon's stay in Wittenberg (1518-1521) are marked by the "hybrid" nature of his figure. Until the publication of his Loci communes, he was enrolled as a theology student. Meanwhile, he worked as professor of ancient Greek. In these years, he also moved from an "Erasmian" to a "Lutheran" position. Did his relentless work on the Greek Fathers in a firmly Augustinian environment play a role in shaping Melanchthon's interpretation of Luther's standpoint? To what extent did this investigation affect the incipient theological thinking of the praeceptor Germaniae as we know it?

This paper discusses humanist translations of Greek patristic texts dedicated to Pope Nicholas V. Patristic studies were particularly relevant for his pontificate, which followed the Council of Ferrara-Florence and witnessed the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks. Nicholas's patronage was informed by his wish to unite the eastern and the western church, make Rome the ultimate capital of the Christian world, and preserve the literary heritage of the Byzantine empire. To determine the role patristics played in his translation project, this paper situates the patristic translations dedicated to him in the context of his translation patronage and collecting activities.

Geriatrics is the medical specialty that cares for health problems of older persons, including acute care, chronic care and rehabilitation, in various settings such as the community, hospitals and long-term care. This article analyzes the situation of geriatric medicine in Spain before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the challenges and changes needed to improve geriatric care in the future. The first part of this paper describes the main landmarks of the Spanish health system. In 1986, a key law (Ley General de Sanidad) was approved by the Spanish Parliament, launching the development of the national health care system. In parallel, we describe and comment the development of geriatrics in Spain along this period is described. Later, the interactions between the health system and geriatrics along the next decades is reported, using 2020 (when started the COVID-19 pandemic started) as deadline of our past history. In the second part, the most important characteristics of the current situation of Spanish and European geriatric medicine are described, in order to propose ideas on how geriatric care can be designed and reimagined in the future.

This article examines responses from Lutheran pastors, theologians, and physicians to the arguments given by Johann Weyer in 1563 that those women who confessed to a pact with the devil suffered from melancholy and were thus not responsible for their acts. Weyer's conception of melancholy was a medical one, yet among Lutheran pastors and theologians the concept of a spiritual form of melancholy emerged that came from religious sources. The article clarifies the difference between the concepts of medical and spiritual melancholy within Lutheranism and reviews the respective roles they played in the debates over Weyer's arguments.

This essay examines how the transnational interactions of two secularist organizations, the International of Proletarian Freethinkers (IPF) and the Soviet League of Militant Godless (League), and their social contexts, shaped the meaning, direction, and fate, of secularism in interwar Europe. It shows that while Soviet atheism played a central role in European secularism, its actual reach and influence abroad was indirect and, ultimately, limited. It also argues that Soviet atheism's most significant impact was the consolidation of an anti-secularist alliance against "Godless Communism" that cast a shadow long after the decline of atheism in the Soviet Union itself.

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès's 1795 proposal for a Constitutional Jury is usually portrayed as the first proposal for an institution to control the constitutionality of laws, and thus the ancestor of the modern constitutional court. Challenging this view, this article resituates the Constitutional Jury in a broader transatlantic tradition concerned with creating a conservative power, a non-judicial and explicitly political constitutional guardian, and demonstrates the influence of the 1776 Pennsylvania Council of Censors on Sieyès's Constitutional Jury. Drawing upon the insights provided by this tradition, it then reevaluates the history of constitutionalism and the contemporary crisis of constitutional guardianship.

This paper considers a series of medical congresses, abolitionist networks, and eugenic debates, and the intertwining of scientific and feminist knowledge in tackling prostitution and trafficking from 1899-1921. It argues that western male civilizational and racialized assumptions profoundly influenced the ideas of gender and international relations in international law-making at the beginning of the 20th century. The article retraces genealogies of feminist approaches to international law based on criminalized and sanitized understandings of gender violence, sexual rights, and justice for women.

Michelet combined various models of morphology to build his own model of history and nature. In this model, Michelet used the concept of organic type in multiple senses and timelines, creating the dream of a predetermined, ideal future of France, while at the same time emphasizing the significance and necessity of the people's will to bring that future into reality. In blending natural scientific models and national history, Michelet did not aim to subsume history under science, but to create a new, powerful national faith with the aid of scientific tools.

This essay explores hitherto unnoticed conceptual transactions between reflections on scientific method and a rethinking of political-economic categories in early-nineteenth century Britain through the writings of William Whewell and Richard Jones. Closely examining personal correspondences between Whewell and Jones, their works, contemporary debates on political economy and the problem of scientific method, Jones's pedagogic practices, Karl Marx's engagements with Jones, and his receptions as a teacher of political economy in colonial governance and imperial education, I argue that Jones drew upon Whewell's philosophical considerations on the relation between "fact" and "idea," to reconstitute the epistemological orientation of political economy.

This article uses new archival evidence to reframe the controversy over the authorship of the Ḥatäta Zär'a Ya'ǝqob (also known as the Wärqe), a philosophical autobiography set in seventeenth-century Ethiopia. We demonstrate that, already in the context of the Catholic mission to evangelize the Oromo people of southern Ethiopia, accusations were made against a Capuchin missionary, Fr. Giusto da Urbino (1814-56), to the effect that he had endorsed, edited, or even forged this work. Catholic authorities promptly attempted to suppress the Ḥatäta Zär'a Ya'ǝqob, identified in an 1857 report as a "true Lucretius of Ethiopian literature."

This article examines Paracelsus's doctrine of signatures as a crucial component of his challenge to humoral medicine, integral to his localist understanding of diseases and drugs action. It addresses the boundaries that lead scholars to regard these aspects of Paracelsus's thought as "scientific," while the doctrine of signatures is associated with "religion" or "magic." By considering overlooked theological tracts, it demonstrates the interconnectedness of the three aspects of his thought, tracing Paracelsus's reinterpretation of the signatures as invisible signs back to his belief that all Gewächse (i.e., animals, plants, stones, and metals) grow from an invisible tree sprouted from God.

The Kastner Affair (1953-58) was a watershed moment. As historians and legal analysists explained, "The first time an Israeli court had to confront the Holocaust, it was a Jewish leader who was put on trial, not the Nazi perpetrators." The judge's private comments demonstrate growing confusion about the legal and historical status of complicit parties, who do not answer clear ideological alignments and cannot be judged on the basis of "criminal intent." Indeed, complicity will be understood here as a spectrum of in-betweeness, a contextual form with weak intentionality. It floats between plan and its realization, cause and effect.

As disenchantment began to be recognized as a recurring, never-ending process in recent scholarship, "When Jupiter Meets Saturn" argues that Aby Warburg and Karl Sudhoff's debate on Reformation astrological medicine provided a new theory of the emergence of modern science and rationality. Drawing on their encounter and divergence in interwar Germany, especially their curatorial collaboration for the 1911 Internationale Hygiene-Ausstellung, the article shows that Warburg and Sudhoff generated completely opposite historical evaluations of astrological medicine using the very same materials. Approaching history as healers, they developed different ways of seeing from medical epistemologies and brought out entangled temporalities from images.