搜索结果：Journal of medical microbiology

Microbes and their activities have pervasive, remarkably profound and generally positive effects on the functioning, and thus health and well-being, of human beings, the whole of the biological world, and indeed the entire surface of the planet and its atmosphere. Collectively, and to a significant extent in partnership with the sun, microbes are the life support system of the biosphere. This necessitates their due consideration in decisions that are taken by individuals and families in everyday life, as well as by individuals and responsible bodies at all levels and stages of community, national and planetary health assessment, planning, and the formulation of pertinent policies. However, unlike other subjects having a pervasive impact upon humankind, such as financial affairs, health, and transportation, of which there is a widespread understanding, knowledge of relevant microbial activities, how they impact our lives, and how they may be harnessed for the benefit of humankind – microbiology literacy – is lacking in the general population, and in the subsets thereof that constitute the decision makers. Choices involving microbial activity implications are often opaque, and the information available is sometimes biased and usually incomplete, and hence creates considerable uncertainty. As a consequence, even evidence-based ‘best’ decisions, not infrequently lead to unpredicted, unintended, and sometimes undesired outcomes. We therefore contend that microbiology literacy in society is indispensable for informed personal decisions, as well as for policy development in government and business, and for knowledgeable input of societal stakeholders in such policymaking. An understanding of key microbial activities is as essential for transitioning from childhood to adulthood as some subjects currently taught at school, and must therefore be acquired during general education. Microbiology literacy needs to become part of the world citizen job description. To facilitate the attainment of microbiology literacy in society, through its incorporation into education curricula, we propose here a basic teaching concept and format that are adaptable to all ages, from pre-school to high school, and places key microbial activities in the contexts of how they affect our everyday lives, of relevant Grand Challenges facing humanity and planet Earth, and of sustainability and Sustainable Development Goals. We exhort microbiologists, microbiological learned societies and microbiology-literate professionals, to participate in and contribute to this initiative by helping to evolve the basic concept, developing and seeking funding to develop child-friendly, appealing teaching tools and materials, enhancing its impact and, most importantly, convincing educators, policy makers, business leaders and relevant governmental and non-governmental agencies to support and promote this initiative. Microbiology literacy in society must become reality. Communities of microorganisms create second skins on essentially all body surfaces in contact with the environment of all macroorganisms of the biosphere—the animals and plants. These microbial skins constitute additional, dynamic, ecophysiological barriers that augment the physical and chemical barrier functions (e.g., to pathogen attack) of epithelial surfaces. But, in addition to their barrier activities, such microbial communities engage in multifaceted interactions with their hosts, provide essential functions and have a pervasive influence on the well-being and biological characteristics of the host partners. For example, plant-associated microbes mediate acquisition of essential minerals including nitrogen for growth (indeed, without microbially mediated nitrogen fixation, there would not have been enough biomass production by plant primary producers for the proliferation and evolution of animal consumers), protect against infections and produce hormone-like compounds that promote plant growth. Some microbes carried by plants are toxic to animals and hence function as a plant defence against predators. Microorganisms protect animals from disease, ferment food inside ruminants such as cows and digest food for insects. Although essentially all macroorganisms are covered with surface microbial communities, some also contain so-called endosymbiotic microorganisms that live within host cells. Endosymbionts play important roles in the life cycles of various organisms, like insects (where they may even determine the sex of the host), sponges and plants, and some other microorganisms, like protozoa. The intracellular organelles responsible for harvesting solar energy (plastids) in photosynthetic organisms, and for energy generation (mitochondria) in most organisms, evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria. The microbial component of an organism, the so-called microbiome [microbiome: ‘a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemical properties. The term thus not only refers to the microorganisms involved but also encompasses their theatre of activity’ (Whipps et al., 1988)], is an essential feature of an organism's identity and ecophysiology: germ-free animals and plants are laboratory freaks with defective developmental programmes that render them unfit and unable to survive in their natural habitats. The integrated whole, consisting of microbiome and host, is termed the biome. Perturbation of the microbiome, leading to so-called dysbiosis, may disturb its relationship with the host and disrupt functions that contribute to well-being, as evidenced by the herbicide glyphosate-provoked perturbation of the bee gut microbial community, leading to an increase in pathogen susceptibility (Motta et al., 2018). The human biome is, in terms of cell numbers, 50% microbial (Sender et al., 2016). Human gut microbes digest much of our food intake and release its nutrients in forms we can assimilate and utilize, provide essential vitamins, amino acids and other micronutrients that we cannot make ourselves, produce hormone-like compounds and thereby act as a second endocrine system (Brown and Hazen, 2015) and play currently unfolding roles in a range of physical and mental diseases (Wang et al., 2017; Du Toit, 2019). A classic example of human microbiome dysbiosis is antibiotic-induced perturbation of the gut microbial community, leading to Clostridium difficile gaining the upper hand and causing pseudomembranous colitis (Bartlett, 1979). It is crucial we recognize that from birth to death we live in an intimate, dynamic and mutually beneficial relationship with our microbial partners, an integrated, reciprocal relationship that to a significant extent specifies what and how—and hence who—we are (and, of course, who they are). To update Descartes: I think, therefore we are. We may fret about how little we know and can trust our human acquaintances, while knowing essentially nothing about our most intimate and influential friends. Attainment of an ability to maximize our personal well-being will require that we comprehend Microbes not only affect us personally as individuals, they have been exploited in the service of humankind since time immemorial, initially in the production of fermented food and drinks (beer, wine, fermented milk of the of of with microbial and, of through of and and of the of food to and its and, in through the microbial of human and of their pathogen to the of and the and of human microbes have taken of the (e.g., et al., there has been a in the the with and other the also the production of in the of a with and in which is (e.g., mediated are to the they not require high energy and toxic and and are generally As a consequence, microbial chemical which a to chemical and on the production of a of have as a and to chemical of into the of are cell and from natural there is a of including microbial for diseases by dysbiosis disease, and various et al., of relevant and to high and The of microbes for the production of and and et al., 2019). The ability to recognize of microbial activities in a to and and to evidence-based decisions on to facilitate their is essential for to be and to It necessitates knowledge of the microbiology at all levels in the decision including the general as key decisions on knowledge of microbiological will be the of well-being, of sustainability and the of The and of our on the of our to Microbes can impact on our in and are thus relevant to personal decisions we such as to birth by natural of the by et al., to the of against human milk to development of et al., et al., microbes in et al., to the of to microbiome and its health and and and indeed be for an et al., et al., can contribute to and in dysbiosis of and a et al., into the et al., what food to (e.g., which has a and is with et al., 2017; other and with and how to and how much to our and course, business can us to and can additional, and activities influence and their consideration is essential for decisions, such as the of a of a in an production of a in a food of a food of a health of of to protect our from we are to make – at the personal policy – decisions that have a high of in and we must know which microbial activities are relevant and how activities impact and be the decisions in our to be informed by a basic understanding of Microbes the forms of life, and are its they will to planet and other life forms have The world of the microbes and the to terms of of life in the is and a component of and are the of food and about of from the to about of the in the Microbes and that influence to the affect as well as the health of plants, and the 50% of the we microbes the that all to as well as the that life to from the to are the and of the Microbes are and their activities and influence the of all life on the are the life support system of the biosphere. Although we to be the of planetary health, microbes are much of and of planetary a of microbes a in to be from the and not be by life on as we know would to The microbiome is, in terms of activities and the only that we may on for the impact of from activities, and human et al., It is essential that we recognize the microbes play in planetary and health, and knowledge of what microbes and can that we may develop and for of the health of our It is that we is currently facing that an in to energy and materials, of due to are some of the Grand The needs of humanity and of planet Earth, and an to needs in a are in the Sustainable Development The for Sustainable A of the range of microbial that are to contribute to attainment of including that can of food for a world et al., 2017; et al., of and some of its of and to maximize of and sustainability of world of natural and (e.g., 2017; and This also the of microbial for growth and to and in part in the of the et al., but also in other A of in the the of The microbiome as a of and job in and the of microbiome to and of the that must be on the Grand Challenges and the will microbial The policy decisions to in their require knowledge of relevant microbial activities and how can be for beneficial Microbes are and key stakeholders in planetary and biological An of due knowledge and consideration of microbial to relevant and a that to into the roles microbes may play in policy development and at all levels and and, in Some of by of in the leading like et al., and et al., about the and of due to and of (indeed, the of of the in in have been since some to the of in (e.g., but to little we to be of the most important in an of infections The by in is in the infections and to a and its of is the for a in and the at the not basic of in animal and is to increase by during the health and business leaders (and, the general been of the ability of microbes to evolve and functions in to in their this the of thus to the of et al., we be in a the of and due to a in and a of understanding of the microbiology and personal which diseases et al., 2018). Although childhood infections to be infections and to microbes is to facilitate development of a system in 2018). The of and which create that all microbes are and must be to a may have to the in in our society (e.g., and even that a against by microbes is through of et al., 2018). have been been taken to provide education on the to to pathogen with to a that us with key ecophysiological including system through microbial from animals and plants and et al., Microbes produce and et al., to microbial on and to increase on the other are microbial in is is to and the that may not be of the by microbes and plants is in to its release from by of is of is levels are our plant and microbial cannot with human in which in of which microbial production of and thereby and the of The production of animal from is by of the a that has been for a production is on which in is to which is by microbes into and the has a of widespread as a in is currently lead to microbial production of the (and, of course, in that can and of on of important personal and policy decisions to have to be the of production and in of essential into in of by which in to the of planetary for a including and the nitrogen as the most due to the that of all natural in this to the et al., is currently a in about the of but the to the world and produce food at a for the of society, from the business of and its are It that be to lead on and as the relationship nitrogen and microbial in the of to is a of the personal and policy which is needs to be to make such and policy decisions with and essentially that that microbes are involved in the production and of significant of including and in addition to we are all in by and hence are key For example, the of and their and thereby in the of diseases of and and plants, with the of is the essential of the It plant growth and is to an of animals and microbes which mediate an range of that functions and determine its surface that into that provide to of and as much as is in the atmosphere. the is often in and its nutrients the are their is by are the of microorganisms produce that act as to and and thereby augment its to The from much of the that is to the of the will in the to produce food to the population, release of of nutrients that will our and release that will increase this is to be is that to microbial activities which To that this is that world as the of the and the microbial But, for acquisition of microbiology literacy is It is not to know that microbes participate in an is essential to know what they well and what they has been to that the of microbes will of all from and without the that there will be But, microbes can an range of materials, the of some is sometimes their production and release into the environment is the ability of microbes to such and as evidenced by the of toxic like and in the food the of their and the currently unfolding of A range of currently facing including the of to the of and its impact on health, and and in the food and to a significant extent of the Grand Challenges that is relevant to the of microbiology literacy is biological and chemical of the human decisions are the can lead to that in the key to its can produce that with in high due to and can be in However, animal for production is a through the generation of animal that of and including Although some of this is in some in the environment may constitute a Although the and life cycles of and are generally into such provide information about of in that little relationship to the the may of for most and that the is in and and are at and some of them through into the to this is the that some may be by microbes to that are not in impact that can be toxic in to of the and that may be even toxic the initially the to such and may have in the environment are to be responsible at in part for levels of in and other and responsible for of like et al., et al., 2018). even is that become in the environment and the impact of of at on the health of and the environment is essentially but Microbes can the to such compounds and will often be the primary of from the However, they may not be to at at they are at and even they are in the of biological and chemical and the microbial to render the only to will be to our understanding of relevant microbial and For including responsible must defined for their life But, to the the microbial world may the only we can on for the on the planet et al., 2016). It is essential that microbial and be and become to development of and will our of to and are to but not key characteristics of our planet to be The is all of the planetary surface and are by and of human which much of what is on the surface and in the and sometimes for of A of this physical is the of to all of the from the they are and the of toxic from their of production and we may the of a chemical at its production to be and may lead to also biological contribute to and in the by and be by in the of and and in the of organisms, and and and and The of in the in an of in by from of diseases due to such as in like and in are of the of biological also a significant in the of and may be responsible for of plant diseases by of the most plant having a impact for and the which have and thus a host is by a range of and thereby a range of plant in that are and at of the may create of sometimes organisms, such as toxic that in and are by to from the in and the of the of and the of to as and of including materials, the and they of unlike microbes can and impact that they The of microbes is in the all microbes are A microbes are to by a they will be there and this A second important characteristic of the planet is the that by natural of often a sometimes an which in a that may be from that It may be due to we that we must an of some in addition to the of and we to into that microbes are not to significant and the they and thereby the of our and We to the are microbial activities involved in by the and, what are their to the we have not learned how to with cannot them what they will we make evidence-based from and how microbes to and are To the act may exhort to act but only due consideration of the for and that may lead to that may be from the The of our planet necessitates we we must be to The is that knowledge of microbes and their activities is in a of the course, society has of to decision makers, for example to about the of of policies. The here is that microbial activities are pervasive and and affect the everyday decisions of in society, that the for of of microbiology knowledge is, to relevant in most we have on hand microbiologists, who have little influence on policy decisions at and on the other policy and decision who key knowledge essential for informed will we facing the of the (e.g., can be and by policy and we are to of the that have to of the the essential information of and evidence-based policy decisions, must be an component of our and knowledge to in the Some of society, such as educators, of of national and agencies and have the of microbiology knowledge their decisions have societal of all individuals make microbially relevant decisions and develop microbially relevant we are all stakeholders in policy decisions our health and well-being and of our To be to our and our to decision makers, as of we must be microbiology is thus a crucial for microbiology literacy at all levels of microbiology literacy must become part of the job of A knowledge and ability acquired during childhood education are generally to be essential for into knowledge of the a affairs, and and have been to constitute essential subjects of a knowledge of subjects is to be an essential of for the of and of the to information for personal and lives, and of the to make decisions that us through and as in contend that knowledge and understanding of microbes and their activities is as essential to general education as Microbiology must become a of the in that decision are and that all other stakeholders a basic understanding of how society and its are and with our microbial As a consequence, societal stakeholders will become to microbes affect our from (indeed, they affect us much teaching at the of primary education and be a all education to decision at all levels to informed decisions on and to provide and with the knowledge to the of such must comprehend the what is what is and what is must be to make evidence-based that them to make decisions about beneficial that some of to with agencies that such decisions on their they must know what knowledge needs to be to make evidence-based in the This has the that the of the microbiology to society to at the of the The of the of are to The microbiology literacy knowledge will initially of a the of Human Earth, and which will become These will be and It must be in of the of of the subjects teaching of microbiological can be for microbiology is a and can at various for relevant to will also be available there are microbial carried by and and agencies plants, and that on what is be at hand by of an of with for of how to the for knowledge and for will be available The in the knowledge are in range in a them to be in their for for some most will be as and hence constitute a system of for and to and and the is for to become with all the of their It must be that is not to create microbiology literacy by teaching the of microbiology and microbiology the is to an knowledge of microbial activities to of society to in everyday life, evidence-based policy development and planetary is essential that society to that the widespread that microbes are our is not only but Microbes are like most have little influence on our lives, are beneficial and only a are to like is the that most and about which we know the is crucial that microbes as a whole are as our as they not only us in our but can be upon to such as food and that the essential microbial 50% of our body are as It is essential that knowledge of microbes in society is to the and of This is of the microbiology literacy and will be at the of its in and not only of the but are also of human society, and the human As they provide and well-being and, as of and of macroorganisms is our As a animal and plant been a of in its and as a for the teaching of human and for education. and macroorganisms in as a of by of their microbes are to the general of of not generally on they create like and This component of the is in general education. in about and their on human and have of microbes in the general microbes essentially the and on a with how their is the without but we not have without our microbial life support It is therefore essential that the microbial world, in all its but from to and and its in the human will thus in literacy and the of microbial (e.g., will the It must become microbes are our can them in their and what they are As microbes from the and they will become will have their and will be by and who all have their by may even become in the This has in in which is a to the of microbiology literacy into Microbiology literacy initiative. Microbiology education in and a et al., in The is to the crucial knowledge and in society to evidence-based decisions on a of personal and societal and to the for a microbiology society, to be through incorporation of a of key microbiology in basic education. The second is to microbiologists, microbiological learned societies and microbially professionals, to participate in and contribute to this by the basic and for and and developing and seeking funding for of the teaching tools and the most of this is to microbiologists, microbiological learned societies and with contact to and influence with educators, business relevant governmental and non-governmental and to in an to of the crucial to microbiology literacy in society are all stakeholders in planetary and human can we to a of our ability to and to them to its to the To facilitate we terms in this that can be for This initiative on of who the to microbiology literacy in our of the and and teaching that can be integrated and facilitate the evolution microbiology literacy teaching curricula, they a

Importance: Women remain underrepresented among editors of scientific journals, particularly in senior positions. However, to what extent this applies to medical journals of different specialties remains unclear. Objective: To investigate the gender distribution of the editors in chief at leading medical journals. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional study of the editors in chief at the top 10 international medical journals of 41 categories related to the medical specialties of the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Journal Citation Reports in 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of women as editors in chief. Results: This study found that, overall, women represented 21% (94 of 44) of the editors in chief, with wide variation across medical specialties from 0% to 82%. There were 5 categories for which none of the editors in chief were women (dentistry, oral surgery and medicine; allergy; psychiatry; anesthesiology; and ophthalmology) and only 3 categories for which women outnumbered men as editors in chief (primary health care, microbiology, and genetics and heredity). In 27 of the 41 categories, women represented less than a third of the editors in chief (eg, 1 of 10 for critical care medicine, 2 of 10 for gastroenterology and hepatology, and 3 of 10 for endocrinology and metabolism). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that women are underrepresented among editors in chief of leading medical journals. For the benefit of medical research, a joint effort from editorial boards, publishers, authors, and academic institutions is required to address this gender gap.

We compare the network of aggregated journal-journal citation relations provided by the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 2012 of the Science and Social Science Citation Indexes (SCI and SSCI) with similar data based on Scopus 2012. First, global maps were developed for the two sets separately; sets of documents can then be compared using overlays to both maps. Using fuzzy-string matching and ISSN numbers, we were able to match 10,524 journal names between the two sets; that is, 96.4% of the 10,936 journals contained in JCR or 51.2% of the 20,554 journals covered by Scopus. Network analysis was then pursued on the set of journals shared between the two databases and the two sets of unique journals. Citations among the shared journals are more comprehensively covered in JCR than Scopus, so the network in JCR is denser and more connected than in Scopus. The ranking of shared journals in terms of indegree (that is, numbers of citing journals) or total citations is similar in both databases overall (Spearman's \r{ho} > 0.97), but some individual journals rank very differently. Journals that are unique to Scopus seem to be less important--they are citing shared journals rather than bein

Rankings of scholarly journals based on citation data are often met with skepticism by the scientific community. Part of the skepticism is due to disparity between the common perception of journals' prestige and their ranking based on citation counts. A more serious concern is the inappropriate use of journal rankings to evaluate the scientific influence of authors. This paper focuses on analysis of the table of cross-citations among a selection of Statistics journals. Data are collected from the Web of Science database published by Thomson Reuters. Our results suggest that modelling the exchange of citations between journals is useful to highlight the most prestigious journals, but also that journal citation data are characterized by considerable heterogeneity, which needs to be properly summarized. Inferential conclusions require care in order to avoid potential over-interpretation of insignificant differences between journal ratings. Comparison with published ratings of institutions from the UK's Research Assessment Exercise shows strong correlation at aggregate level between assessed research quality and journal citation `export scores' within the discipline of Statistics.

The consideration of diversity, equity and inclusivity (DEI) is an important part of promoting a robust and respectful workforce, and is critical to the continued success of organisations, including healthcare providers, academic institutions and professional societies. Many professional bodies representing medical physicists have made commitments to DEI principles in the form of mission statements, policies, steering groups, frameworks and workforce surveys. In the Australian and New Zealand medical physics community, DEI work has included reflecting on the impact of stereotypes, surveys on workforce experiences, and capturing workforce diversity metrics (including gender, nationality, age and professional background). These projects have been conducted with the support of the Australasian College of Physical Sciences and Engineering in Medicine (ACPSEM) and have contributed to the enhancement of DEI in the ACPSEM workforce. Most of this work has been focused on gender diversity, reflecting increasing involvement in the Australian and New Zealand workforce: women accounted for 41\% of medical physics trainees and 32\% of registered medical physicists in a 2020 survey. In 2021, the

Access to diverse, well-annotated medical images with interactive learning tools is fundamental for training practitioners in medicine and related fields to improve their diagnostic skills and understanding of anatomical structures. While medical atlases are valuable, they are often impractical due to their size and lack of interactivity, whereas online image search may provide mislabeled or incomplete material. To address this, we propose MIRAGE, a multimodal medical text and image retrieval and generation system that allows users to find and generate clinically relevant images from trustworthy sources by mapping both text and images to a shared latent space, enabling semantically meaningful queries. The system is based on a fine-tuned medical version of CLIP (MedICaT-ROCO), trained with the ROCO dataset, obtained from PubMed Central. MIRAGE allows users to give prompts to retrieve images, generate synthetic ones through a medical diffusion model (Prompt2MedImage) and receive enriched descriptions from a large language model (Dolly-v2-3b). It also supports a dual search option, enabling the visual comparison of different medical conditions. A key advantage of the system is that it

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN:2319-7692(Print), ISSN:2319-7706(Online) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal with reputable academics and experts as members of its Editorial Board. The Current Microbiology aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles. Review and letters in all areas of major importance to techniques of microbiology and applied research with publishes high quality of review and research articles on novel aspects of Microbiology including Environmental, Food, Agricultural, Medical, Pharmaceutical, Veterinary, Soil, Water and Biodeterioration.

This paper examines the state of the art in mobile clinical and health-related apps. A 2012 estimate puts the number of health-related apps at no fewer than 40,000, as healthcare professionals and consumers continue to express concerns about the quality of many apps, calling for some form of app regulatory control or certification to be put in place. We describe the range of apps on offer as of 2013, and then present a brief survey of evaluation studies of medical and health-related apps that have been conducted to date, covering a range of clinical disciplines and topics. Our survey includes studies that highlighted risks, negative issues and worrying deficiencies in existing apps. We discuss the concept of 'apps as a medical device' and the relevant regulatory controls that apply in USA and Europe, offering examples of apps that have been formally approved using these mechanisms. We describe the online Health Apps Library run by the National Health Service in England and the calls for a vetted medical and health app store. We discuss the ingredients for successful apps beyond the rather narrow definition of 'apps as a medical device'. These ingredients cover app content quality, usability, the need to match apps to consumers' general and health literacy levels, device connectivity standards (for apps that connect to glucometers, blood pressure monitors, etc.), as well as app security and user privacy. 'Happtique Health App Certification Program' (HACP), a voluntary app certification scheme, successfully captures most of these desiderata, but is solely focused on apps targeting the US market. HACP, while very welcome, is in ways reminiscent of the early days of the Web, when many "similar" quality benchmarking tools and codes of conduct for information publishers were proposed to appraise and rate online medical and health information. It is probably impossible to rate and police every app on offer today, much like in those early days of the Web, when people quickly realised the same regarding informational Web pages. The best first line of defence was, is, and will always be to educate consumers regarding the potentially harmful content of (some) apps.

Using the Scopus dataset (1996-2007) a grand matrix of aggregated journal-journal citations was constructed. This matrix can be compared in terms of the network structures with the matrix contained in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI). Since the Scopus database contains a larger number of journals and covers also the humanities, one would expect richer maps. However, the matrix is in this case sparser than in the case of the ISI data. This is due to (i) the larger number of journals covered by Scopus and (ii) the historical record of citations older than ten years contained in the ISI database. When the data is highly structured, as in the case of large journals, the maps are comparable, although one may have to vary a threshold (because of the differences in densities). In the case of interdisciplinary journals and journals in the social sciences and humanities, the new database does not add a lot to what is possible with the ISI databases.

The diagnosis and treatment of various diseases had been expedited with the help of medical imaging. Different medical imaging modalities, including X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Imaging, Ultrasound, Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), and Emerging Technologies for in vivo imaging modalities is presented in this chapter, in addition to these modalities, some advanced techniques such as contrast-enhanced MRI, MR approaches for osteoarthritis, Cardiovascular Imaging, and Medical Imaging data mining and search. Despite its important role and potential effectiveness as a diagnostic tool, reading and interpreting medical images by radiologists is often tedious and difficult due to the large heterogeneity of diseases and the limitation of image quality or resolution. Besides the introduction and discussion of the basic principles, typical clinical applications, advantages, and limitations of each modality used in current clinical practice, this chapter also highlights the importance of emerging technologies in medical imaging and the role of data mining and search aiming to support translational clinical research, improve patient care, and

A number of journal classification systems have been developed in bibliometrics since the launch of the Citation Indices by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) in the 1960s. These systems are used to normalize citation counts with respect to field-specific citation patterns. The best known system is the so-called "Web-of-Science Subject Categories" (WCs). In other systems papers are classified by algorithmic solutions. Using the Journal Citation Reports 2014 of the Science Citation Index and the Social Science Citation Index (n of journals = 11,149), we examine options for developing a new system based on journal classifications into subject categories using aggregated journal-journal citation data. Combining routines in VOSviewer and Pajek, a tree-like classification is developed. At each level one can generate a map of science for all the journals subsumed under a category. Nine major fields are distinguished at the top level. Further decomposition of the social sciences is pursued for the sake of example with a focus on journals in information science (LIS) and science studies (STS). The new classification system improves on alternative options by avoiding the problem

Using three years of the Journal Citation Reports (2011, 2012, and 2013), indicators of transitions in 2012 (between 2011 and 2013) are studied using methodologies based on entropy statistics. Changes can be indicated at the level of journals using the margin totals of entropy production along the row or column vectors, but also at the level of links among journals by importing the transition matrices into network analysis and visualization programs (and using community-finding algorithms). Seventy-four journals are flagged in terms of discontinuous changes in their citations; but 3,114 journals are involved in "hot" links. Most of these links are embedded in a main component; 78 clusters (containing 172 journals) are flagged as potential "hot spots" emerging at the network level. An additional finding is that PLoS ONE introduced a new communication dynamics into the database. The limitations of the methodology are elaborated using an example. The results of the study indicate where developments in the citation dynamics can be considered as significantly unexpected. This can be used as heuristic information; but what a "hot spot" in terms of the entropy statistics of aggregated cit

Purpose: The Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center (MIDRC) open data commons was launched to accelerate the development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to help address the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to quantify longitudinal representativeness of the demographic characteristics of the primary imaging dataset compared to the United States general population (US Census) and COVID-19 positive case counts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Approach: The Jensen Shannon distance (JSD) was used to longitudinally measure the similarity of the distribution of (1) all unique patients in the MIDRC data to the 2020 US Census and (2) all unique COVID-19 positive patients in the MIDRC data to the case counts reported by the CDC. The distributions were evaluated in the demographic categories of age at index, sex, race, ethnicity, and the intersection of race and ethnicity. Results: Representativeness the MIDRC data by ethnicity and the intersection of race and ethnicity was impacted by the percentage of CDC case counts for which data in these categories is not reported. The distributions by sex and race have retained their level of repres

Artificial intelligence (AI) models trained using medical images for clinical tasks often exhibit bias in the form of disparities in performance between subgroups. Since not all sources of biases in real-world medical imaging data are easily identifiable, it is challenging to comprehensively assess how those biases are encoded in models, and how capable bias mitigation methods are at ameliorating performance disparities. In this article, we introduce a novel analysis framework for systematically and objectively investigating the impact of biases in medical images on AI models. We developed and tested this framework for conducting controlled in silico trials to assess bias in medical imaging AI using a tool for generating synthetic magnetic resonance images with known disease effects and sources of bias. The feasibility is showcased by using three counterfactual bias scenarios to measure the impact of simulated bias effects on a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier and the efficacy of three bias mitigation strategies. The analysis revealed that the simulated biases resulted in expected subgroup performance disparities when the CNN was trained on the synthetic datasets. More

Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) has demonstrated outstanding performance in global image understanding and zero-shot transfer through large-scale text-image alignment. However, the core of medical image analysis often lies in the fine-grained understanding of specific anatomical structures or lesion regions. Therefore, precisely comprehending region-of-interest (RoI) information provided by medical professionals or perception models becomes crucial. To address this need, we propose MedP-CLIP, a region-aware medical vision-language model (VLM). MedP-CLIP innovatively integrates medical prior knowledge and designs a feature-level region prompt integration mechanism, enabling it to flexibly respond to various prompt forms (e.g., points, bounding boxes, masks) while maintaining global contextual awareness when focusing on local regions. We pre-train the model on a meticulously constructed large-scale dataset (containing over 6.4 million medical images and 97.3 million region-level annotations), equipping it with cross-disease and cross-modality fine-grained spatial semantic understanding capabilities. Experiments demonstrate that MedP-CLIP significantly outperforms basel

Deep learning has achieved widespread success in medical image analysis, leading to an increasing demand for large-scale expert-annotated medical image datasets. Yet, the high cost of annotating medical images severely hampers the development of deep learning in this field. To reduce annotation costs, active learning aims to select the most informative samples for annotation and train high-performance models with as few labeled samples as possible. In this survey, we review the core methods of active learning, including the evaluation of informativeness and sampling strategy. For the first time, we provide a detailed summary of the integration of active learning with other label-efficient techniques, such as semi-supervised, self-supervised learning, and so on. We also summarize active learning works that are specifically tailored to medical image analysis. Additionally, we conduct a thorough comparative analysis of the performance of different AL methods in medical image analysis with experiments. In the end, we offer our perspectives on the future trends and challenges of active learning and its applications in medical image analysis.

Using "Analyze Results" at the Web of Science, one can directly generate overlays onto global journal maps of science. The maps are based on the 10,000+ journals contained in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of the Science and Social Science Citation Indices (2011). The disciplinary diversity of the retrieval is measured in terms of Rao-Stirling's "quadratic entropy." Since this indicator of interdisciplinarity is normalized between zero and one, the interdisciplinarity can be compared among document sets and across years, cited or citing. The colors used for the overlays are based on Blondel et al.'s (2008) community-finding algorithms operating on the relations journals included in JCRs. The results can be exported from VOSViewer with different options such as proportional labels, heat maps, or cluster density maps. The maps can also be web-started and/or animated (e.g., using PowerPoint). The "citing" dimension of the aggregated journal-journal citation matrix was found to provide a more comprehensive description than the matrix based on the cited archive. The relations between local and global maps and their different functions in studying the sciences in terms of journal lit