搜索结果：Journal of human kinetics

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a dynamic process diurnally regulated by circadian rhythms, which govern key myogenic factors. Previous studies have shown that the timing of muscle injury influences early regeneration outcomes, but it remains unclear whether these effects persist beyond early acute regeneration events. This study investigated whether the time of day at which muscle injury occurs alters postregeneration outcomes in mice. C57BL/6NCrl mice (n = 80) received bilateral cardiotoxin (CTX) injury to the tibialis anterior (TA) during either the rest phase (ZT2-ZT4) or active phase (ZT14-ZT16), with tissues collected at 7- or 42- days postinjury (DPI). All mice were matched with uninjured controls. Gross functional performance, assessed via rotarod and grip strength testing, demonstrated no differences between rest and active phase injury groups across repeated testing. A series of immunohistological analyses was performed to assess general fiber morphology and markers of regenerative state. Although the injury phase had largely no effect on most parameters, myofiber size distributions consistently displayed more small fibers in rest phase-injured mice, regardless of sex. Although there were notable differences in myosin isoform expression, such trends were observed at both 7 and 42 DPI, suggesting a specific morphological effect of injury timing. These findings indicate that the circadian phase at which skeletal muscle injury occurs causes a persistent influence on the size distribution of regenerating myofibers, independent of functional recovery, and highlights the need to consider time-of-day and the contribution of postinjury activity as a biological variable in muscle regeneration research.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The timing of skeletal muscle injury influences myofiber morphology postregeneration. Although functional capacity was unaffected by injury timing, muscles injured in the circadian rest phase exhibited a greater quantity of smaller myofibers compared with their active phase counterparts. This was not accompanied by differences in regenerating cell morphology or nuclear centralization. This research suggests that circadian timing of injury exerts a lasting effect on muscle regeneration, and may reflect time-of-day-specific regulation of muscle remodeling.

The aim of the study was to define radiobiological effects of single and fractionated low doses in normal fibroblasts in 40 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) treated with induction chemotherapy combined with low-dose fractionated radiation (LDFR) and to answer the question regarding the role of low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) in these effects. HRS status was determined using flow cytometry-based clonogenic survival assay (cells were irradiated with doses 0.1-4 Gy of 6 MV X-rays). Radiobiological effects (cell kill, kinetics of DSB recognition and repair, chemopotentiation) of LDFR 4x0.5 Gy and a single dose of 2, 0.5 and 0.2 Gy were estimated by clonogenic, pATM and γH2AX foci assays. HRS response was demonstrated for normal fibroblasts in 6 of the 40 HNSCC patients. For all assessed biological parameters, significant interindividual differences were observed. The presence of HRS had no effect on the chemopotentiating effects of LDFR 4x0.5 Gy, which were similar to that after 2 Gy. There was also no association between HRS and the maximum number of pATM and γH2AX foci induced by single (0.2, 0.5, 2 Gy) or fractionated low doses 4x0.5 Gy. Significantly higher percentages of residual pATM and γH2AX foci observed after LDFR 4x0.5 Gy than after 2 Gy were independent of HRS. HRS is a rare finding (15%) in normal fibroblasts from HNSCC patients; therefore, it is of rather little importance in healthy late-reacting connective tissues. Moreover, the fibroblast response to single and fractionated low doses (alone or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel) appeared more dependent on individual radiosensitivity than on HRS.

There is currently a lack of knowledge about the rotational component of competitive starting techniques using starting blocks equipped with an adjustable back plate and its effect on water entry. The aim of the present study was to examine the angular momentum components of the current competitive swimming starts and to compare the contribution of the body segments to the rotational component of the individual kick start and the relay step start techniques. The block and aerial starting movements of eleven competitive swimmers during an individual and relay start from an Omega OSB11 were filmed at 120 Hz. The total body and the segmental contributions to the intrinsic and orbital components of the angular momentum were computed. Regardless of the type of the start, the orbital rotation of the body segments around the swimmer's centre of mass accounted for a large proportion (between 89 and 91%) of the total angular momentum. At the take-off, the total angular momentum was greater in relay step starts than in individual kick starts (η2 = 0.71). However, the competitive swimmers showed larger lower limb entry angles during the individual kick start (291.5 ± 1.8° vs. 282.2 ± 3.4°), related to a greater segmental contribution of lower limbs (56.5% ± 2.8) to the total angular momentum (η2 = 0.76). The adjustable back plate of the block provided a greater rotational component for the lower limbs in the individual kick start (compared to the relay step start), which assisted swimmers in achieving a better body posture at the water entry.

The present study addressed the complex nature of fatigue in soccer, examining its physical, psychological, neuromuscular, and metabolic dimensions. It evaluated the impact of these different types of fatigue on players' performance, highlighting the importance of comprehensive fatigue-management strategies for enhancing performance and reducing injury risk among soccer players. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various types of fatigue on performance of male soccer players across different competitive levels, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A total of 37 randomized controlled trials involving male soccer players were included, following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to assess the multifaceted impacts of fatigue. Key findings revealed that neuromuscular fatigue had the highest mean effect size (0.63), with substantial consistency across studies (95% CI: 0.45-0.80, I2 = 99.79%). Physical and metabolic fatigue both showed a mean effect size of 0.38, though they differed in variability; metabolic fatigue demonstrated considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 98.73%), reflecting diverse physiological responses, while physical fatigue showed moderate consistency (I2 = 98.20%). Psychological fatigue had a significant impact on performance (mean effect size: 0.57), with variability (I2 = 97.08%) suggesting context-dependent effects. These results underscore the necessity of a multimodal approach that integrates physical, metabolic, neuromuscular, and psychological interventions to optimize soccer performance and mitigate injury risk. Practical implications include the adoption of targeted recovery strategies such as inter-set recovery intervals and whole-body vibration techniques, as well as the implementation of mental resilience and cognitive training to manage psychological fatigue. Such strategies are essential for developing individualized training and recovery protocols that enhance athletic performance and support long-term career sustainability.

Cephalexin (CEX) is the first-generation β-lactam antibiotic drug used to treat urinary, respiratory, and skin infections. However, the overtherapeutic use of CEX necessitates its accurate and low-level monitoring in biological and clinical applications. In the current work, an amperometric electrochemical sensor based on a magnesium oxide/reduced graphene oxide (MgO/rGO) nanocomposite was successfully prepared for reliable and sensitive determination of CEX in biological samples. First, the MgO/rGO hybrid was comprehensively characterized. The XRD patterns revealed an excellent crystalline structure and an average crystallite size of 20.6 nm. The FTIR spectra manifested the disappearance of GO peaks and the emergence of MgO peaks, confirming the successful synthesis of MgO/rGO hybrid nanocomposite. The SEM images exhibited highly exfoliated GO sheets after incorporating MgO, offering a broad electroactive surface area, and the EDX images confirmed the elemental composition and uniform distribution of Mg and O within the rGO matrix. The electrochemical characterization of MgO/rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode (MgO/rGO/GCE) was carried out on cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed excellent redox response and charge-transfer kinetics. Under the optimal conditions, e.g., scan rate of 80 mV·s-1, PBS electrolyte (pH 3), and potential window from 0.4 to 1.8 V, the fabricated sensor exhibited a low limit of detection calculated as 1.3 nM. The prepared sensor detected CEX in human urine and serum samples with good recovery values, confirming its capability for real biological and clinical samples.

Épée preserves the original dueling nature of fencing and is the only discipline that allows double hits. However, there is still limited understanding of how specific techniques are used in different contexts, such as bout rounds, piste areas, and score statuses (leading, tied, or trailing). To address this gap, this study analyzed the performance of elite female épée fencers during the top 16 to final bouts of the 2017-2019 world championships using notational analysis of videos from the International Fencing Federation's official YouTube channel. This dataset included 1,840 scoring events across 45 matches, involving 38 fencers. Three- or two-way mixed-design ANOVAs, as well as two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to investigate the effects of these factors and their interactions for both winners and losers. Results highlighted the second round as a crucial scoring phase. Winners strategically focused on achieving more single hits (than double hits), attacking in the first two rounds and counterattacking in the third. When leading, winners often lured their opponent toward their side of the piste to maintain control, while becoming more aggressive-advancing into the central or even the middle area of the opponent's side to score with attacks-when temporarily tied or trailing. In contrast, losers frequently scored in the central and middle areas of both sides. When temporarily leading, they displayed no clear preference for specific techniques or areas of the piste. These findings provide valuable insights for coaches to design more effective training sessions and offer targeted feedback during competitions to enhance fencers' performance.

The simultaneous analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and parabens (PBs) is critically important due to their potential risks to ecosystems and human health. However, the efficient co-enrichment of PBs and NSAIDs is quite challenging owing to the significant difference in their acid dissociation constants. Herein, a novel Schiff base network-1 (SNW-1) functionalized magnetic sepiolite nanocomposite (MSEP@SNW-1) was constructed and applied as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the co-enrichment of NSAIDs and PBs. By adjusting the sample solution to an acidic pH, both NSAIDs and PBs were converted into their molecular forms while the adsorbent was positively charged, thereby enabling their co-enrichment using a single MSEP@SNW-1 adsorbent. MSEP@SNW-1 exhibited superior adsorption capacity and rapid adsorption kinetics for all target analytes (adsorption time of 3 min). Charge-assisted hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions were identified as the main adsorption mechanisms. Notably, MSEP@SNW-1 possessed excellent reusability, with recoveries maintaining above 85% even after nine cycles. A sensitive analytical method was then developed by combining MSEP@SNW-1-mediated MSPE with HPLC-UV for the simultaneous quantification of PBs and NSAIDs in environmental water and milk. The established approach exhibited excellent linearity (R2 > 0.9975), high sensitivity (LODs: 0.03-0.51 μg l-1) and satisfactory spiked recoveries (80.2-108.6%). This study provides a reliable and promising strategy for trace-level monitoring of PBs and NSAIDs in complex matrices, and offers a novel concept for the design and application of functionalized materials for the simultaneous enrichment of multiple classes of analytes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of barbell squats with asymmetric loading on bilateral joint moments and muscle activity of the lower limbs. Twenty fitness athletes were recruited to perform squats under five different conditions. The peak moments in the sagittal plane of the hip and knee joints and the root mean square (RMS) of the gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and semitendinosus muscles were analyzed bilaterally in the lower limbs, and symmetry was assessed bilaterally using the symmetry index (SI). In the non-dominant side 10% offset load (10%NDOL), the difference in the RMS and moments between the dominant and non-dominant sides was not significant (p > 0.05). Compared with the symmetrical load (SL), the hip and knee SIM, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and semitendinosus SIRMS were significantly lower on the non-dominant side 5% offset loads (5%NDOL) and 10% NDOL (p < 0.05), and the 10% offset load compared to the 5% offset load difference was significantly lower (p < 0.01). The NDOL reduced the differences in joint moments and muscle activity bilaterally in the lower limbs, with a 10% offset load being more favorable, and the limb SI was significantly negatively correlated with the amount of the offset load in the NDOL. The non-dominant side offset squats are beneficial for balancing muscle strength bilaterally in the lower limbs and improving bilateral strength asymmetry.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT), CrossFit&#xae;, strength training, and others, develop athletes' strength, speed, and endurance within a very short period of time, enabling competition at the highest sporting level. At present, they constitute one of the most widely practiced training modalities, used both in competitive and recreational sports. However, excessive intensity of such training sessions provokes substantial muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) and may lead to renal injury, which in severe cases is diagnosed as acute kidney injury (AKI). This necessitates hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, thereby affecting athletes' health status and limiting their ability to participate in sports activities. The present work is a review of current knowledge on the phenomenon of rhabdomyolysis, its etiological factors, pathomechanisms, and health consequences, accompanied by a concise overview of emerging biomarkers of renal injury. The assessment of these biomarkers following physical exercise may provide new insights into the dynamics of post-exercise changes, indicate the severity and localization of exercise-induced renal damage, and contribute to a deeper understanding of structural kidney injury associated with strenuous physical activity-knowledge that may be applied in the prevention of exertional kidney injuries.

An ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was developed for the detection of the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) biomarker miRNA-499 by synergistically integrating an iridium-metallized covalent organic framework (Ir@TpBpy) with enzyme-assisted Y-shaped DNA amplification. The Ir@TpBpy COF was synthesized via post-metallization of a bipyridine-rich TpBpy framework with Ir(III) complexes. This design significantly enhances the ECL performance not only through material loading but also via a synergistic optimization strategy: (1) the conjugated framework constructs continuous charge transport pathways to accelerate electron transfer; and (2) the porous architecture induces a guest confinement effect that locally enriches the coreactant triethylamine (TEA), facilitating radical kinetics. Concurrently, a Y-shaped DNA amplification strategy, driven by Klenow fragment and Nt.BbvCl enzymes, facilitated exponential signal enhancement via cascade strand displacement reactions. The generated output strands triggered the displacement of pre-immobilized WO3/CuO quenchers from the electrode surface, thereby restoring the luminescence of Ir@TpBpy and achieving a sensitive "signal-on" readout. Benefiting from this dual-amplification approach, the biosensor achieved an exceptionally low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.81 aM across a linear range from 1 aM to 1&#x202f;nM in human serum and cellular lysates. Clinical validation using Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated 95% agreement with qRT-PCR results, confirming that this synergy of coordination modulation and guest confinement offers a robust and precise platform for early AMI diagnosis.

Among strategies used by coaches in the training environment, feedback appears as a common coach practice. Regarding the collective characteristics of soccer, it is important to observe the game in the same scale. In the coaching process, players' behavior can be constrained by coaches using feedback. This study aimed to investigate the role of feedback, performed by coaches, on the tactical behavior of soccer players. We searched in five databases: Scopus, Pubmed, Scielo, SportDiscus and Web of Science, following PRISMA-P guidelines. The PICOS strategy was used to establish eligibility criteria. Only quantitative studies written in English and published in peer reviewed journals were included. From the 1,149 articles found in the initial search, six were included in the review, and then were evaluated considering their methodological quality and risk of bias, through the quality index and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools, respectively. Papers presented high heterogeneity regarding methods to apply feedback interventions and to assess the players' tactical behavior. Differences were observed in the task proposed to players, varying from small-sided games to official size games (3 vs. 3 to 11 vs. 11). Despite these differences, similarities could be found regarding the use of notational analysis in half of the papers, and analysis through positional data in the other half. The use of instructional constraints before the game seems to bring more clarity on how to better coordinate collective actions, causing a positive effect on players' tactical behavior.

This study analyzed the relationship between the percentage of completed repetitions with respect to the maximum that can be performed (%Rep) and the velocity loss (VL) in the bench press exercise after a previous effort (PE). Fourteen men performed four protocols (one week apart) consisting of a set to failure with 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) preceded by a PE with the same load but different VL magnitude (0%: PE0, 20%: PE20, 40%: PE40, and 60% of VL: PE60). Velocity against 60% 1RM (V60-load) and blood lactate concentration were measured after each PE. The relationship %Rep-VL was obtained through the coefficient of determination (R2) and the standard error of estimate (SEE). Absolute reliability and differences during the set to failure were calculated. V60-load decreased significantly in all protocols (except PE0) (p &#x2264; 0.05). Blood lactate concentration increased with the magnitude of effort (p &#x2264; 0.05). Regarding the relationship %Rep-%VL, as the %VL increased during the PE, the R2 decreased and the SEE increased. %Rep showed "satisfactory" absolute reliability above 15%VL, with the absolute differences being high-moderate (<10%) for all VL magnitudes (except PE0-40 with 60%VL). VL is a reliable and accurate set termination criterion with a PE of any magnitude, but higher reliability is observed with low-moderate levels of fatigue.

The development of nonenzymatic cholesterol sensors is essential for overcoming the stability and cost constraints inherent in traditional enzyme-based assays. In this work, we report the synthesis of a CuO@MoS2 nanocomposite via a combined exfoliation-hydrothermal and sonication approach. This strategy successfully integrates ultrasmall CuO nanoparticles onto the surface of exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets, creating an optimised interface for rapid charge transfer. Structural and electrochemical analysis reveals that cholesterol oxidation triggers a decisive partial phase transition in MoS2, shifting it from the semiconducting 2H phase to the highly conductive metallic 1T phase. This in situ transformation significantly enhances electron mobility and catalytic kinetics, resulting in excellent sensing performance. The sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, a remarkably low limit of detection of 26.25 &#xd7; 10-4 mg dL-1 and excellent selectivity against common interferents in complex biological fluids. The sensor is successfully validated using whole blood and human serum samples, even at high concentrations. The synergistic effects of high-surface-area nanosheets and electrochemically induced phase modulation make this CuO@MoS2 sensor platform a robust and scalable solution for next-generation clinical assays and point-of-care diagnostic devices.

Astaxanthin (AX) is a potent antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory carotenoid. Research examining whether AX could counteract exercise-induced muscle damage and improve exercise capacity has reported inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of high-dose versus low-dose AX supplementation for four weeks on muscle damage markers, total antioxidant status, and a subjective marker of muscle pain following exhaustive exercise. A total of 24 active males were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: an AX12 group (12 mg&#xb7;day-1; n = 8), an AX36 group (36 mg&#xb7;day-1; n = 9) or a placebo group (PLC, n = 7). After four weeks of supplementation, blood samples were collected at rest, and at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h following eccentric arm exercise performed at 85% of the predetermined one-repetition maximum to assess muscle damage markers and total antioxidant status, and muscle pain levels were evaluated using a Numerical Visual Pain Scale0-10. Creatine kinase activity was significantly lower in AX groups compared to the PLC group at 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), with no difference between both AX groups (p > 0.05). At 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise, lactate dehydrogenase activity in the PLC group was higher than in AX12 and AX36 groups, averaging 2.2 and 2.8 times higher, respectively; however, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A significant time effect of the muscle pain score was noted at 2, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise (p < 0.001), with no significant differences among the supplementation protocols (p > 0.05). In conclusion, four-week AX supplementation at a dose of 12 or 36 mg&#xb7;day-1 similarly reduces plasma creatine kinase activity following exhaustive exercise, yet its impact on muscle pain and antioxidant status remains limited.

In basketball, an assist is defined as a pass that leads directly to a teammate scoring. Most studies to date have only considered assists as a statistical variable. We decided to take a closer look at the structure of assists using a sample of the top 16 European national teams participating in the 2022 European Championship. We used Synergy Sports technology to collect the data. In a total of 16 matches, 192 players made 640 assists. The data showed that point guards made 40.5% of all assists, while tall players received the most. Additionally, 57.3% of assists were given from the area above the free throw line and 24.3% from the paint. Assists on the move or off the dribble outnumbered assists while standing. Only slightly more than half (53.8%) of the assists were made with both hands, while there were clear differences between air and bounce passes (80.6% compared to 19.4%). The direct involvement of a third player in scoring a basket after an assist was only 12.5%. Surprisingly, winning teams made on average only one more assist than losing teams, which is probably due to the great equality of the competing teams.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) requires rapid and reliable biomarker quantification, yet early assessment is hindered by delayed biomarker kinetics and signal fluctuation under decentralized testing conditions. Here, we developed a pump-free microfluidic aptamer-ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform for simultaneous quantification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (Cys C). The assay uses a Y-shaped aptamer architecture to convert target binding into programmed structural disassembly and controlled release of Au@Ag SERS tags. A substrate-embedded internal standard enables self-calibrated readout through the I1617/I2228 ratio, thereby improving signal robustness against substrate heterogeneity and environmental interference. Integrated into a capillary-driven microfluidic chip, the platform completed dual-biomarker analysis within 15&#x202f;min. It achieved detection limits of 1&#x202f;pg/mL for NGAL and 34&#x202f;pg/mL for Cys C, with excellent linearity (R2&#x202f;>&#x202f;0.99). In a cisplatin-induced AKI rat model, both biomarkers increased significantly at 4-6&#x202f;h after injury, preceding oxidative stress imaging and histopathological changes. Analysis of clinical serum samples showed good agreement with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and recovery rates above 99%. These results demonstrate a rapid and reliable strategy for early AKI assessment and quantitative point-of-care biomarker analysis.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) on cardiopulmonary function and body composition of athletes and active participants. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, we searched four international databases for literature up to November 2024, assessed methodological quality using the PEDro scale, and used RevMan 5.4 software for data analysis, publication bias evaluation as well as subgroup analysis. A meta-analysis of forty well-assessed quality studies involving a total of 839 athletes and active participants aged 14-33 years was conducted. The results revealed that BFRT moderately improved both pulmonary function (ES = 0.81-0.88; p < 0.01) and muscle hypertrophy (ES = 0.73-0.74; p < 0.01), while no significant improvement was found for cardiac function (ES = -0.30-0.35; p > 0.05) and anthropometric measures (ES = 0.02-0.04; p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that the moderator variables (training status, age, duration, frequency, training type, and cuff pressure) also had small to large significant effects on pulmonary function and muscle hypertrophy (ES = 0.55-1.74; p < 0.05). In conclusion, BFRT positively affected cardiopulmonary function and body composition in athletes and active participants with significant improvements in pulmonary function and muscle hypertrophy, but not in cardiac function and anthropometric measures. BFRT was more beneficial for improving these physiological metrics when applied to young trained participants with intervention duration of less than six weeks and frequency of fewer than three sessions per week..

Sports performance is highly influenced by players' mental, emotional, and psychomotor abilities. Particularly in handball, training methods aim to maximize players' performance by fusing physical conditioning with cognitive abilities. The aim of this research was twofold: (1) to characterize players' psychomotor abilities according to their age categories (U14, U16, and U18), and (2) to analyze the differences between psychomotor abilities profiles according to players' field positions. The study population comprised 75 male youth handball players (15.3 &#xb1; 1.5 years) from different competitive age groups (U14 = 20 players; U16 = 27 players; U18 = 28 players). The psychomotor abilities were evaluated using the Test2Drive system. Three tests were performed to measure psychomotor abilities: (a) a simple reaction time test (SIRT), (b) a choice reaction time test (CHORT), and (c) a spatial anticipation test (SPANT). The only statistically significant difference was observed in the percentage of correct answers in the SPANT, showing that U16 players had a higher rate of correct answers than the others. However, some trends were visible throughout the analysis: (i) the U16 group performed better in terms of reaction time in all the tests, (ii) right-wingers were always the ones who had the best percentage of correct answers, and (iii) central players had the best movement time performance. Future research should include youth players' maturation stage, body composition, and physical fitness performance to characterize their profile deeply and analyze their psychomotor abilities, considering other factors that can impact their sports performance.

This study aimed to: (1) compare the efficiency of positional attacks and counterattacks in La Liga, the Premier League, and Serie A, considering team rankings (top, intermediate, and bottom tiers); and (2) identify key factors that influenced the success of both types of attack. A quantitative, observational study adhering to STROBE guidelines was conducted. Data from five seasons (2017-2022) were collected from INSTAT, covering 5,700 matches across the three selected leagues. The analysis included 84 teams. Of the 115 team variables available, 35 independent and two dependent variables-efficiency in positional attacks and counterattacks-were selected. These variables included team performance metrics and tactical indicators. Counterattacks were more efficient than positional attacks across the three leagues, and top teams performed better than intermediate and bottom teams. Serie A showed the highest efficiency. In La Liga and the Premier League, positional attack efficiency was linked to right flank attacks, while counterattacks relied on central-zone efficiency. Serie A showed similar patterns, with the right flank contributing most to positional attack efficiency and central-zone efficiency being the strongest predictor of counterattack efficiency. The superiority of counterattacks over positional attacks underscores the importance of tactical precision and situational execution. Top teams excelled in both strategies, emphasizing the need for efficiency. The findings highlight the significance of adapting strategies to each league's unique trends. Coaches can leverage these insights to refine their approach, focusing on fast transitions, possession play, and wing play to enhance attacking efficiency and overall team performance.