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No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Can Anyone Hear Us?Voices of the PoorAuthors/Editors: Deepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-SchulteDeepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-Schultehttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-1601-6SectionsAboutPDF (2.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book is the first in a three-part series, about the common patterns that emerged from the poor people ' s experiences in many different places. Chapter 1 sets out the conceptual framework and methodology. Chapter 2 discusses poverty from the perspective of the poor. Chapter 3 examines poor people ' s experience with the state, and includes case studies of access to health care and education. Chapter 4 addresses the nature and quality of poor people ' s interactions with civil society. Chapter 5 considers the household as a key social institution, and discusses gender relations within households and how these relations affect and are affected by larger institutions of society. Chapter 6 focuses on social fragmentation, and includes a discussion of social cohesion and social exclusion. Chapter 7 concludes the analysis and proposes some policy recommendations. The analysis leads to these conclusions: 1) poverty is multidimensional; 2) the state has been largely ineffective in reaching the poor; 3) the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the lives of the poor is limited, forcing the poor to depend primarily on their own informal networks; 4) households are crumbling under the stresses of poverty; and 5) the social fabric - poor people ' s only " insurance " - is unraveling. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited by¿Qué factores influyen en la pobreza monetaria en las regiones más pobre y menos pobre del Perú en el año 2021? 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No AccessWorld Development Report1 Feb 2013World Development Report 1990PovertyAuthors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-0851-XView ChaptersAboutPDF (21.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This report is the thirteenth in the annual series addressing major development issues. This report is about the poor. It is thus about the fundamental issue in economic development : the eradication of poverty from the world. The report defines poverty in broad terms, to include literacy, nutrition, and health, as well as income. The evidence suggests that rapid and politically sustainable progress on poverty has been achieved by pursuing a strategy with two equally important elements. The first is to promote the efficient use of the poor's most abundant asset : labor. It calls for policies that harness market incentives, social and political institutions, infrastructure and technology. The second element is the provision of basic social services to the poor (e.g. primary health care, family planning, nutrition, and primary education). The report concludes that eliminating poverty altogether is not a realistic goal for the 1990s, but that reducing it greatly is entirely possible. Using plausible assumptions about the global economic environment, and with some policy improvements, the report projects a fall of one third in the number of people in poverty by the year 2000. 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No AccessRegional and Sectoral Studies1 Feb 2013Targeting of Transfers in Developing CountriesReview of Lessons and ExperienceAuthors/Editors: David Coady, Margaret Grosh, John HoddinottDavid Coady, Margaret Grosh, John Hoddinotthttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5769-7SectionsAboutPDF (1.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Drawing on a database of more than one hundred anti-poverty interventions in 47 countries, Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries provides a general review of experiences with methods used to target interventions in transition and developing countries. Written for policymakers and program managers in developing countries, in donor agencies, and in NGOs who have responsibility for designing interventions that reach the poor, it conveys what targeting options are available, what results can be expected as well as information that will assist in choosing among them and in their implementation. Key messages are: While targeting "works" - the median program transfers 25 percent more to the poor than would a universal allocation - targeting performance around the world is highly variable. Means testing, geographic targeting, and self-selection based on a work requirement are the most robustly progressive methods. Proxy means testing, community-based selection of individuals and demographic targeting to children show good results on average, but with considerable variation. Demographic targeting to the elderly, community bidding, and self-selection based on consumption show limited potential for good targeting. There is no single preferred method for all types of programs or all country contexts. Successful targeting depends critically on how a method is implemented. 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No AccessWorld Development Report1 Feb 2013World Development Report 1992Development and the EnvironmentAuthors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-0876-5AboutView ChaptersPDF (31.8 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This is the fifteenth in the annual series assessing major development issues. The World Development Report 1992 explores the links between economic development and the environment. The 1990 report on poverty, last year's report on development strategies, and this report constitute a trilogy on the goals and means of development. The main message of this year's report is the need to integrate environmental considerations into development policymaking. The report argues that continued, and even accelerated, economic and human development is sustainable and can be consistent with improving environmental conditions, but that this will require major policy, program, and institutional shifts. A twofold strategy is required. First, the positive links between efficient income growth and the environment need to be aggressively exploited. Second, strong policies and institutions need to be put in place which cause decision makers to adopt less damaging forms of behavior. Where tradeoffs exist between income growth and environmental quality, the report argues for a careful assessment of the costs and benefits of alternative policies. This approach will result in much less environmental damage. Like its predecessors, this report includes the World Development Indicators, which offer selected social and economic statistics on 125 countries. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byDoes Inequality Affect Climate Change? 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No AccessDisaster Risk Management1 Feb 2013Natural Disaster HotspotsA Global Risk AnalysisAuthors/Editors: Maxx Dilley, Robert S. Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Arthur L. Lerner-Lam, and Margaret ArnoldMaxx Dilley, Robert S. Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Arthur L. Lerner-Lam, and Margaret Arnoldhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5930-4SectionsAboutPDF (29.3 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Earthquakes, floods, drought, and other natural hazards cause tens of thousands of deaths, hundreds of thousands of injuries, and billions of dollars in economic losses each year around the world. Many billions of dollars in humanitarian assistance, emergency loans, and development aid are expended annually. Yet efforts to reduce the risks of natural hazards remain largely uncoordinated across different hazard types and do not necessarily focus on areas at highest risk of disaster. Natural Disaster Hotspots presents a global view of major natural disaster risk hotspots – areas at relatively high risk of loss from one or more natural hazards. It summarizes the results of an interdisciplinary analysis of the location and characteristics of hotspots for six natural hazards – earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods, drought, and cyclones. Data on these hazards are combined with state-of-the-art data on the subnational distribution of population and economic output and past disaster losses to identify areas at relatively high risk from one or more hazards. 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Effective cleaning and disinfection (C&D) are crucial to control Listeria monocytogenes in the food processing environments (FPE). There is a lack of studies examining the effect of C&D agents and practices in the FPE. The aim of the present study was to collect practical experiences from food processing facilities and compare with the guidelines for control of L. monocytogenes. The experiences of 130 food processors from 15 countries were collected by a web-based survey and 12 manufacturers of C&D agents from six countries were interviewed. Most of the food processors (64%) reported detection of Listeria spp. in their FPE at least once in the last five years, with 13% reporting repeated detection in the same sampling location for a period of over three months. Alkaline cleaning agents (72%) and disinfectants based on peracetic acid (48%) or quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC; 36%) were the most used products. Large variations were found in the composition of C&D agents, both regarding additives and the concentrations of biocidal agents. For drains and floors, changing C&D practices (frequency, concentration, exposure time) was reported to eliminate reoccurring L. monocytogenes by 12 out of 27 respondents. For equipment, upgrading or replacing parts were reported successful by 6 out of 20 respondents. No association was found between the active ingredient in C&D agents used and elimination of Listeria spp.. Industry guidelines should be kept updated, to support hygiene best practice and stricter requirements for environmentally friendly and low toxicity C&D agents.

Although one of the biggest listeriosis outbreaks was reported in South Africa, due to a ready-to-eat (RTE) meat product, to date, very few data on L. monocytogenes in foods and food environments are available from other African countries. The aims of this study were to document L. monocytogenes presence in RTE products and food environments from Namibia, Sudan, and Zambia, provide isolates' genomic characterization, and evaluate genomic similarity using data available at the Italian National Reference Laboratory for L. monocytogenes database. A total of 768 samples, including RTE meat products (n = 405), environmental swabs (n = 228), and frozen chicken (n = 135), were collected and tested for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes by African partners. Listeria spp. presence was observed mainly in Zambia (38.7%; n = 41/106), followed by Sudan (5.0%; n = 24/480) and Namibia (3.3%; n = 6/182), mostly related to RTE meat products (10.1%; n = 41/405). MALDI-TOF confirmed 14 of 71 strains as L. monocytogenes (n = 12 from meat RTE; n = 2 from environments) and MLST identified six CCs: CC9 (n = 7), CC1 (n = 3), CC3 (n = 1), CC37 (n = 1), CC121 (n = 1), and CC31 (n = 1). A complete L. monocytogenes Pathogenicity Island 3 (LIPI-3) was observed in CC1 and CC3 strains, in addition to LIPI-1, which was identified in all 14 strains. Several resistance factors were detected, including stress islands (SSI-1 and SSI-2), Tn6188_qac, cadA, and bcr genes. Furthermore, three cgMLST clusters were detected: two for CC9 from Zambia, one for CC1 from Sudan, all related to RTE foods. This study confirmed the presence of L. monocytogenes in African RTE meat products and food environments, posing a public health concern for consumers, mainly linked to the presence of CC1 strain, known to be a hyper-virulent clone. Moreover, the presence of L. monocytogenes strains harboring several resistance factors, such as the CC9 clone, could help these strains to adapt, survive, and persist.

Fresh produce and food-contact tableware are important transmission vehicles for Group A rotavirus (RVA). Washing their surfaces before consumption is a key control measure. Municipal tap water rinsing is the most commonly used method for this purpose. In this study, specific primers and probe targeting the VP6 gene of RVA were designed to establish a triple reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method for detecting RVA. The method showed no cross-reactivity with other enteric viruses. The limit of detection (LOD) was 48.83 RNA copies/mL. This method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal tap water (Xining, Qinghai) rinsing in removing RVA from 28 types of food and tableware. These items were artificially contaminated with fecal material from RVA-positive patients to simulate natural contamination. After rinsing for 10 seconds to 3 minutes with municipal tap water at 10 ± 1 °C and a flow rate of 0.9 ± 0.1 L/min, the RVA concentration decreased by 0.36 to 2.60 log10 units. RVA remained detectable in some samples even after 3 minutes of rinsing. The results indicate that rinsing with municipal tap water can partially reduce the RVA load on sample surfaces. For samples with a reduction in RVA load of less than 1 log10, extending rinsing time, increasing water flow rate and temperature, or supplementing with physical scrubbing may further reduce the risk of foodborne transmission.

Given increasing food safety concerns in urbanizing China, this study investigated the microbial contamination of retail foods in Pingliang, a typical inland city in Northwest China (2020-2024). It focused specifically on Cronobacter spp. contamination in spices and antimicrobial resistance in foodborne Salmonella. A total of 784 samples across 17 categories were collected and tested by national standard methods. All Salmonella isolates underwent serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The overall pathogen detection rate was 13.65%, rising significantly from 5.93% (2020) to 24.00% (2024) (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). High-risk categories included spices and powders (37.70%), aquatic products (17.14%), meat products (14.34%), and catering foods (13.14%). Cronobacter sakazakii was detected in 18.03% of spice samples, with a concurrent mold contamination rate of 29.51%. Salmonella was predominantly found in meat products (7.35%), representing 71.43% of all isolates. Notably, Salmonella was more prevalent in aquatic products (10.00%) than Vibrio parahaemolyticus (1.43%). Predominant serotypes were Typhimurium (21.43%) and Enteritidis (14.29%). Resistance rates exceeded 60% for ampicillin, cefazolin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline, with a multidrug resistance rate of 83.33%. Resistance to carbapenems, polymyxins, and a novel &#x3b2;-lactam/&#x3b2;-lactamase inhibitor combination was detected, while tigecycline remained fully susceptible. This study reveals rapidly increasing foodborne contamination in this inland Chinese city, highlighting spices as an underestimated Cronobacter sakazakii reservoir and widespread multidrug resistance in Salmonella, including to last-resort drugs. These findings underscore the urgent need for routine Cronobacter monitoring in spices and One Health interventions to curb resistance dissemination and provide critical regional data to support global efforts in monitoring Cronobacter in dry matrices and combating antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella.

The persistence of foodborne pathogens on food contact surfaces (FCSs) in low-moisture food processing facilities poses significant risks for cross-contamination and foodborne illness outbreaks. This study evaluated the survival of sessile and planktonic Salmonella enterica and Cronobacter sakazakii on three common FCS materials: stainless steel (SS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and nitrile rubber (Buna-N). Cocktails of both pathogens were prepared as either sessile (agar-grown) or planktonic (broth-grown) cells, inoculated onto coupons at 9 log CFU/coupon, dried for 2&#xa0;h, then stored for up to 90&#xa0;days at 25&#xa0;&#xb0;C and 33 or 53% relative humidity (RH). The Weibull model was used to describe the survival of both pathogens. For S. enterica, sessile populations declined by >2 log CFU/coupon after 60&#xa0;days at 33% RH and after 30&#xa0;days at 53% RH, with no further reduction through 90&#xa0;days. Planktonic S. enterica showed more rapid decline, particularly at 53% RH, where populations were <1 log CFU/coupon after 90&#xa0;days on all FCSs. C. sakazakii exhibited greater overall desiccation resistance than S. enterica, with sessile populations declining by only 1 log CFU/coupon after 30&#xa0;days at both RH conditions and remaining stable thereafter. Planktonic C. sakazakii declined by ca. 3 log CFU/coupon over 90&#xa0;days at 33% RH. Weibull analysis revealed that 53% RH significantly reduced the time to first decimal reduction (&#x3b4;) for both pathogens compared to 33% RH. Surface material had minimal impact on overall survival patterns, suggesting that RH and cell state are more critical determinants of pathogen persistence. This study determined that both S. enterica and C. sakazakii can persist on FCSs for extended periods under low-RH conditions, with sessile cells presenting greater survival due to enhanced desiccation resistance. These findings emphasize the importance of environmental controls in low-moisture food processing facilities to prevent pathogen establishment and cross-contamination events.

Pecan shells have antimicrobial properties but are generally viewed as a waste product that is often discarded. Poultry manure is often used as a soil amendment but has been shown to promote the survival of foodborne pathogens in the soil. The objective of this research was to first compare the die-off of Salmonella in inoculated ground pecan shells and poultry manure, and then to evaluate its survival in soils amended with pecan shells, poultry manure, or a mixture of both pecan shell and poultry manure, compared with unamended soil. Inoculated ground pecan shells and poultry manure were enumerated at 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28&#xa0;days postinoculation. Soil treatments (unamended, pecan shell amended, poultry manure amended, and mixed) were inoculated with Salmonella and enumerated at 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56&#xa0;days postinoculation. Die-off models were generated using GInaFit. A more rapid Salmonella die-off was observed in poultry manure compared to ground pecan shells, with reductions of 5.28 and 1.70 log by day 14, respectively. The die-off data were best fit to a Weibull model with shape parameter (p) values of 1.63&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.12 and 0.39&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;0.02 in poultry manure and ground pecan shells, respectively. In soil, a higher initial Salmonella die-off was observed in the pecan shell amended treatment; however, by day 56, the greatest reduction occurred in the unamended soil (5.09 log CFU/g), followed by the pecan shell amended (3.94 log CFU/g), mixed (2.85 log CFU/g), and the poultry manure amended (2.81 log CFU/g) soils. A biphasic model was the best fit for the soil treatment data. The results of this study show that pecan shells could be a potential soil amendment that can promote soil health and provide soil nutrients, while, unlike poultry manure, not promoting the survival of Salmonella in soil.

Foodborne pathogens pose a persistent risk to public health, with domestic environments representing a major but often underestimated source of contamination. In this study, we investigated the survival, proliferation, and transfer potential of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in kitchen sponges harboring an established core microbiota. Using culture-based, metagenomic, and fluorescence in situ hybridization approaches in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy, we examined pathogen persistence, desiccation tolerance, cross-contamination potential, and spatial microbial organization over 14 days. All three pathogens persisted within the sponge matrix for at least 2 weeks, even at very low initial populations (approximately 2,5log10 colony-forming units (CFU) per sponge section). Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis rapidly established stable populations reaching approximately 9 log CFU per sponge section, whereas Staphylococcus aureus showed limited growth of approximately 4 log CFU per sponge section, indicating species-specific interactions with the resident microbiota. Notably, pathogen populations remained stable after 3 days of desiccation, confirming the role of sponges as long-term microbial reservoirs. Contact between colonized sponges and surfaces under mild pressure resulted in transfer of up to 5 log CFU to contacted surfaces, highlighting realistic domestic transmission pathways. Sensory changes such as odor or discoloration were not correlated with microbial load, indicating that visual assessment is unreliable for sponge replacement decisions. These results underscore the role of kitchen sponges as critical microbial reservoirs in households and emphasize the need for regular sponge replacement or the use of alternative cleaning utensils. The standardized sponge model developed in this study provides a valuable platform for evaluating sanitation strategies and for understanding microbial interactions relevant to domestic hygiene and public health.

The occurrence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry could threaten human health. This study aimed to evaluate environmental fitness (the ability to grow at low temperatures and form biofilms) and pathogenicity potential of 30 ESC-resistant E. coli, isolated from the Danish poultry production chain and one human case, to understand the risk of foodborne transmission. The whole genome sequenced isolates were selected among 162 isolates to represent different origins, sequence types (STs), and ESC-resistance genes and characterized in terms of their growth at low temperatures (4, 7, 10, and 14&#xa0;&#xb0;C), resistance to antimicrobials, formation of biofilm, invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells, and possession of antibiotic resistance and virulence-associated genes. All isolates exhibited resistance to &#x2265;2 antibiotics, with 47% being resistant to&#xa0;&#x2265;&#xa0;three classes. None of the isolates grew at low temperatures (4&#xa0;&#xb0;C and 7&#xa0;&#xb0;C), while all grew at 10 and 14&#xa0;&#xb0;C. Biofilm formation at 15&#xa0;&#xb0;C and 37&#xa0;&#xb0;C was observed in all isolates, as determined by the crystal violet assay. Testing of metabolic activity in biofilms revealed that ST155 and ST162 isolates exhibited the highest activity at both 15&#xa0;&#xb0;C and 37&#xa0;&#xb0;C. Invasion rates varied with ST429 and ST162 scoring highest. Two ST155 isolates were strong biofilm producers but lacked the ability to invade human INT-407 cells. This study revealed that three STs (ST155, ST162, and ST429) showed the highest growth rates at 10&#xa0;&#xb0;C, biofilm formation, and/or invasion rates, indicating their environmental fitness and pathogenicity potential. Future research into their role in human disease burden is needed before inclusion in risk-based surveillance programs for antibiotic-resistant E. coli in poultry production.

The widespread and often unregulated application of antibiotics in livestock production has resulted in the presence of antibiotic residues in animal-derived foods, including meat, milk, and eggs, which raises significant food safety and public health issues. These residues are associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), allergic reactions, and the disruption of human gut microbiota. The improper use of antibiotics and noncompliance with withdrawal periods create selective pressure on bacteria, promoting the development of resistant strains that may be transmitted to humans via the food chain or environmental routes. The persistence of residues is attributed to inadequate veterinary oversight, environmental contamination, and insufficient enforcement of food safety standards, especially in developing regions. Advanced detection technologies, such as chromatographic, immunological, and biosensor-based methods, are examined in conjunction with emerging innovations for rapid, multiresidue screening. The article underscores the necessity for coordinated global regulations, efficient surveillance, and the advocacy of responsible antibiotic usage within a One Health framework. Enhancing international collaboration, refining monitoring systems, and promoting sustainable, residue-free livestock production are critical for safeguarding public health and ensuring a secure and resilient food supply.

In response to observations of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cases reporting an epidemiological association with salad consumption, a survey was carried out from April 2023 to March 2024 in England and Northern Ireland. The aim of this study was to examine salad to detect foodborne pathogens including Salmonella spp., STEC, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and coagulase positive staphylococci and to determine levels of indicator bacteria including generic E. coli and Listeria species. Samples of ready-to-eat salads and salad components were collected by local authorities and transported to the laboratory for microbiological examination. During the survey 2,495 samples were tested. S. Typhimurium was detected in one sample (0.04%) but with no link to human cases. In 26 samples stx DNA (genes that codes for Shiga toxin) was detected by PCR and STEC was culture-confirmed from 3/2,495 samples (0.1%) with no link to human cases. L. monocytogenes was not detected in any samples, Coagulase positive staphylococci were detected at between 20 and 4.0 log CFU/g levels in 31 (1%) samples, with none at a level of greater than 4.0 log CFU/g. Levels of greater than 5.0 log CFU/g presumptive Bacillus cereus were found in 11 (0.4%) and greater than 2.0 log CFU/g levels of E. coli were found in 33 (1%) samples. Overall, 2% of all samples were considered to be of unsatisfactory microbiological quality. These results demonstrate the importance of ongoing monitoring of salad products to ensure food safety, along with clear labelling specifying whether the product is RTE or requires further processing and/or washing prior to consumption. However interpreting results for action is complicated by the challenges in culturing STEC, which limits the usefulness of current monitoring methods.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a highly potent and stable biotoxin, is a leading cause of food poisoning and poses a significant threat to food safety and public health. While lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is valued for its low cost and rapid on-site detection capability, it faces challenges in detecting SEB due to the nonspecific binding of staphylococcal protein A to the Fc region of conventional antibodies. To overcome this limitation, a series of paired nanobodies against SEB were successfully selected from an immunized phage-display nanobody library. The screening was accomplished using an efficient one-step sandwich chemiluminescent immunoassay, which strategically employed Avi-tagged and alkaline phosphatase-fused nanobodies (Nb-Avi and ALP-Nb). Based on the optimal nanobody pair (Nb9A and Nb9C), a sensitive time-resolved fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay was developed for rapid SEB detection. This involved selecting nitrocellulose membrane-compatible nanobody-fusion proteins and establishing an advanced site-directed strategy for labeling nanoparticles with nanobodies. The resulting test strip achieves detection within 15&#xa0;min, with a remarkably low detection limit of 0.034&#xa0;ng/mL and a linear range of 0.10-6.3&#xa0;ng/mL, significantly outperforming most existing methods. Due to the complete absence of an Fc fragment, the nanobodies confer strong resistance to protein A interference in the immunochromatographic system. In practical sample analyses, the method demonstrated consistent recovery rates of 84.40%-114.21%, along with excellent specificity and stability. This study presents an innovative lateral flow immunoassay that overcomes key challenges in achieving highly sensitive and rapid SEB detection by using paired nanobodies. The assay enables rapid, ultrasensitive, and specific detection of SEB, demonstrating high reliability in complex samples,and offers a robust, field-deployable solution for on-site food safety monitoring and public health protection, while also providing a novel strategic framework for detecting other protein toxins.

Listeria monocytogenes is a persistent foodborne pathogen capable of surviving sanitation and low-temperature conditions commonly encountered in food processing environments. Under environmental stress, this bacterium can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, characterized by retained viability but loss of culturability, making it undetectable by conventional microbiological methods. This study aimed to determine whether VBNC L. monocytogenes populations originating from biofilms can be transferred to a ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood product and subsequently resuscitate during refrigerated storage. Biofilms were formed for 24&#xa0;h on stainless steel coupons at 8&#xa0;&#xb0;C and exposed to a quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant (QA). Total, viable, and cultivable populations were quantified using qPCR, PMA-qPCR, and plate counts. QA treatment significantly reduced cultivable populations (3.0-log reduction) while maintaining high viable populations (&#x2248;5.2&#xa0;log&#xa0;GE/cm2), suggesting VBNC induction. Treated and untreated biofilms were then brought into contact with sterile smoked-salted herring pieces to simulate cross-contamination. L. monocytogenes populations were transferred in all cases, with viable populations reaching approximately 4-6 log GE/g for untreated biofilms and around 3 log GE/g for QA-treated biofilms, where most populations were in a VBNC state. During vacuum-packed refrigerated storage (7&#xa0;days at 4&#xa0;&#xb0;C followed by 14&#xa0;days at 8&#xa0;&#xb0;C), populations on herring surfaces progressively regained culturability, with cultivable populations increasing from low initial levels to 5-7 log CFU/g by the end of the product shelf life (21&#xa0;days) These findings show that VBNC L. monocytogenes populations present on food-contact surfaces can be transferred to RTE seafood and regain culturability during storage. This highlights a potential contamination pathway and supports the need to consider VBNC populations in hygiene monitoring and risk assessment strategies for vacuum-packed foods.

Food safety messages and labels are important tools for communicating risks associated with food and promoting preventive behaviors when handling food. Given the implication of flour in recent foodborne outbreaks and recalls, efforts have been made to communicate risk to consumers. However, there is limited empirical evidence on the potential of these messages to effect behavioral change. This study used the UNC Perceived Message Effectiveness (UNC PME) scale to evaluate the effectiveness of three flour safety messages: the control message (the current predominant message on flour packages), the loss-framed message (emphasizing the negative consequences of unsafe flour handling), and the neutral message (an informational-only message). The study also tested consumers' preferences for five features of a flour safety label: message type, signal markers, label shape, icon, and background color. A national sample of US wheat flour consumers (N=1212) participated in an online survey. Each participant was presented with the three flour safety messages. The participants were asked to rate each message on the UNC PME scale to determine the potential of the message to effect a behavioral change. Participants were further asked to determine their preferences for various label features with the intent to create a flour safety label. Loss (PME= 4.09&#xb1;0.03) and neutral (PME= 4.04&#xb1;0.03) framed messages were perceived as significantly more effective than the control message (PME= 3.91&#xb1;0.03). There was also a higher preference for Loss message than the other message types (56.6% of study population). Further analysis to determine the features of a flour safety label revealed that 62% of participants preferred an octagonal shape, and there was also a higher preference for "warning" as a signal marker on the label. This study provides evidence-based guidance for developing flour safety messages and labels that effectively communicate risks to consumers.

Vegetables are exceptionally nutrient-dense food sources essential to our diet and are mostly preferred to be consumed uncooked for maximum benefits. In Bangladesh, they are predominantly sold in outdoor markets. However, poor handling practices can lead to bacterial contamination with pathogenic microorganisms, increasing the risk of severe foodborne infections. This study aims to quantify the bacterial load of fresh vegetables and evaluate the impact of the antimicrobial agent acetic acid on the microbial quality of fresh produce available in the local markets. Following a completely randomized design, twenty samples were subjected to three treatment groups: unwashed (T1), washed with distilled water (T2), and treated with food-grade 5% acetic acid (T3). The highest and lowest Total Plate Count (TPC) values for T1 were 2.74&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;1010&#xa0;cfu/g and 4.80&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;109&#xa0;cfu/g, respectively, whereas in T2 samples, the highest and lowest counts are 1.59&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;1010&#xa0;cfu/g and 2.10&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;109&#xa0;cfu/g, respectively. Furthermore, in the T3, the values were 8.93&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;109&#xa0;cfu/g and 6.67&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;10&#xa0;cfu/g, respectively, showcasing a highly significant (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001) difference between T1 and T3. T1, T2, and T3 showed a very high significance (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001) difference in total Coliform count. The total Salmonella count showed a highly significant difference between T1 and T3, and the Total Yeast and mold count showed a very high significance difference (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.0001) between T1 and T3. The study concluded that fresh vegetables contain a hazardous level of pathogens capable of causing cross-contamination and subsequent foodborne illnesses. The application of food-grade 5% acetic acid significantly reduced the microbial population on fresh produce, thereby decreasing the risk of health hazards.