搜索结果：Journal of aging research

The improvement and expansion of higher education have been priorities of our national development in Kenya.Within a span of thirty five years since independence, we have witnessed the creation of five public universities.Several private universities have also been established.In our national universities, more professional programmes have been developed at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels and several departments now offer Ph.D programmes through research.As one of many African countries that have suffered from the effects of colonialism and marginalization, Kenya has made tremendous progress in the field of higher education that should be desired for the wider region, now defined by the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) and the Common Market of East and Southern Africa (COMESA).There has, however, been a constant lack of locally available textbooks for use at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.Many departments continue to use imported textbooks at a great price in foreign exchange.Worse still, the teaching staff have to relate material in these texts to our local situation and experiences.With the onset of the third millennium and the ever-growing quest for information, there is a desperate need for people to write books in various areas of specialization that are relevant to our needs.One of the objectives of any institution of higher learning is to conduct research.Research generates new knowledge and information; it extends the frontiers of understanding as we gain new insights into phenomena.There can be no improvement of higher education without sound research.The Kenya Government has encouraged and supported research in our public universities and has gone further to establish independent research institutes in several disciplines.This is testimony to the important role that research plays in the national development of any country.It is with these points in mind that we set about the task of writing a book on research methods.Research methods as a subject cuts across the boundaries of all disciplines.Whether in History, Engineering, Medicine, Education or Literature, a researcher needs the necessary tools to conduct a research study properly.We sincerely believe that Research Methods compliments arid strengthens the philosophy of our system of education by equipping the student or any aspiring researcher with the necessary tools and skills to identify a problem and look for practical solutions in a systematic way.Excellent research skills should also strengthen a person's ability to work, thirik and act independently.In writing this book, we felt a research methods book should be "skill" and "application" oriented.We have therefore tried to discuss thoroughly the necessary skills in research and how such skills should be applied when conducting a research study.This text is intended for people who will either conduct field research.Or who need to rely on literature research.It is therefore suitable for university students at both the undergraduate and graduate levels and for personnel in Government and Non-Governmental Organizations.University teaching staff should also find this book useful as a reference text for their research.The organization of the material in this text follows the format of the research process.Chapters 1 and 2 deal with the definition and purpose of research.Chapters 3-9 deal with the critical, elemen. of the research process.Chapters 10 and 12 deal with types of research while Chapter 11 discusses logistical and ethical issues in research.Finally, research and project proposal development is discussed in Chapter 13.This chapter should be particularly helpful to students who are doing higher degrees and practitioners who may want to develop project proposals.There are review assignments at the .end of each chapter to help in studying and revision.An example of a published journal paper is included in Appendix I.The journal article contains most of the components of a research report as discussed in Chapter 9.While the book lays great emphasis on quantitative research methods, it also gives an introduction to qualitative approaches in Chapter 12. Information on qualitative approaches is also given under various topics throughout the text.

The physical aging process progresses every day--and so does our understanding of it. Dimensions of Aging, Second Edition, will keep students and professionals up to date on the outcomes of the latest research studies and their implications for the elderly in the real world. Physical aging affects us cognitively, psychologically, socially, and spiritually. The book discusses how people age physically and how this aging affects other dimensions of life.The second edition of Dimensions of Aging has been updated to integrate research findings on physical aging from more than 100 different journals in myriad fields, creating interdisciplinary coverage on the topic. It provides students and professionals with what they need to know about physical aging in order to conduct clinical research and to work with clients and patients. In doing so, it retains its landmark status as the definitive reference on aging.Moreover, Dimensions of Aging, Second Edition, focuses less on explaining the measurement techniques and research design and more on the outcome of the studies and their practical implications for everyday living. This approach will enable professionals and students to do the following: -Understand the physical aging process and its effects on other dimensions of life.-Apply the latest research in working with adults and the elderly.-Become more effective in their professions.The structure of this new edition is more conducive to learning and features the following: -Chapter objectives-Key terms-Sidebars of capsule research studies-Testimonials, vignettes, and other tidbits that tie the research information to the real world-Review questions to assist students in synthesizing and remembering the information-Short lists of recommended reading for those who want to pursue the topic in more detail-A glossary at the end of the bookThis second edition is organized into five parts. Part I provides an introduction to aging, to the field of gerontology, and to the research process for studying individual differences. Part II describes the physical changes in structure, capacity, and endurance. Part III overviews the factors related to motor coordination, motor control, and skill learning for older adults. Part IV addresses physical-psychosocial relationships, including health, exercise, and cognitive function as well as health-related expectations of quality of life for older adults. Part V highlights physical performance and achievement especially to showcase the results from consistent effort and hard work of physically elite older adults as inspiration for others.At a time when many people are telling older adults what they can't do, professionals should be telling them what they can do. Dimensions of Aging, Second Edition, will equip professionals to do so.

Evidence from all over the world especially developing countries have shown a rapid increase in enrolment of individuals under distance learning academic programmes. In today’s modern world, one of the most important objectives of education is to produce such learners who could be self reliant for their learning process. ODL has been an instrumental educational strategy in reaching out masses from far flung areas to build their capacities. A worth mentioning example for this very achievement of ODL in Pakistan is Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU). It is quite important to explore that what are the factors which instigate the masses towards joining ODL programmes and their impact on individuals’ capacities. The paper is presenting the survey based view point of ODL students in Pakistan about a) the reasons for joining AIOU and b) the impact of this education on development of skills to organize their studies and assess the quality of their written work which enabled them to extract important themes and ideas from the specially developed printed study materials. Findings are made on the basis of data collected through interviews of randomly selected 250 AIOU students of different levels from its 03 regions (Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Saidu Sharif). It can be concluded that distinguishing features of AIOU which turn into reasons for females to join AIOU includes; opportunity of education while staying at home, lower fee structure, study while in service, no age limits and continuation of education after breaks. AIOU offers a wide range of courses/discipline which is also an important reason behind joining the institution. A vast majority mentioned that they have learned the skill of reading, organizing their study plan and preparing lessons and can do self assessment of their written work. These skills were developed because of compulsory written assignments for each and every course of the academic programmes. An area which requires some further and specialized efforts is related to the feedback provided to students by their tutors on the written assignments. The learners can enhance their reading and self evaluative capacities up to the extent, technical feedback is being provided. So, the distance learning methodology of AIOU has been enabling its beneficiaries, through its self study model, to develop self reliance and get education which otherwise is not accessible or feasible in conventional system

BACKGROUND: There is a growing recognition of the value of synthesising qualitative research in the evidence base in order to facilitate effective and appropriate health care. In response to this, methods for undertaking these syntheses are currently being developed. Thematic analysis is a method that is often used to analyse data in primary qualitative research. This paper reports on the use of this type of analysis in systematic reviews to bring together and integrate the findings of multiple qualitative studies. METHODS: We describe thematic synthesis, outline several steps for its conduct and illustrate the process and outcome of this approach using a completed review of health promotion research. Thematic synthesis has three stages: the coding of text 'line-by-line'; the development of 'descriptive themes'; and the generation of 'analytical themes'. While the development of descriptive themes remains 'close' to the primary studies, the analytical themes represent a stage of interpretation whereby the reviewers 'go beyond' the primary studies and generate new interpretive constructs, explanations or hypotheses. The use of computer software can facilitate this method of synthesis; detailed guidance is given on how this can be achieved. RESULTS: We used thematic synthesis to combine the studies of children's views and identified key themes to explore in the intervention studies. Most interventions were based in school and often combined learning about health benefits with 'hands-on' experience. The studies of children's views suggested that fruit and vegetables should be treated in different ways, and that messages should not focus on health warnings. Interventions that were in line with these suggestions tended to be more effective. Thematic synthesis enabled us to stay 'close' to the results of the primary studies, synthesising them in a transparent way, and facilitating the explicit production of new concepts and hypotheses. CONCLUSION: We compare thematic synthesis to other methods for the synthesis of qualitative research, discussing issues of context and rigour. Thematic synthesis is presented as a tried and tested method that preserves an explicit and transparent link between conclusions and the text of primary studies; as such it preserves principles that have traditionally been important to systematic reviewing.

Official journal of the Society for Applied Research in Aging (SARA) Indexed:- American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)- PubMed (files to appear soon)ISSN 1176-9092 (Print)ISSN 1178-1998 (Online)An international, peer-reviewed journal focusing on evidence-based reports on the value or lack thereof of treatments intended to prevent or delay the onset of maladaptive correlates of aging in human beings. Key benefitsConcise rapid reportingFocus on improved management of the aging processMaladaptive aging disordersIssues of clinical interest and application will be preferentially considered for publication. Such papers will include but not be limited to those presenting unique observations that may provide clues as to how better to manage the aging process, as well as to those giving clinical options for opposing the maladaptive effects of aging, especially by tempering or preventing the onset of age-related disease.Subject areas include:Intrinsic diseases of aging Metabolic therapies Indicators of disease risk Health-oriented approach to aging (as opposed to a disease-oriented one) Clinical options to combat the maladaptive effects of aging Replacement of essential substances whose concentrations decline during aging Managing functional decline during senescence Preventing or delaying the onset of intrinsic diseases of aging Methods for evaluating safety of new interventions Ethical considerations of such putative therapies Regulatory guidelines affecting their use Experimental animals will be considered for publication if they are directly relevant to the human condition. These areas are addressed through:Original clinical research (full papers and concise rapid reports) Reviews Basic science studies Case reports, clinical observations, letters to the editor Expert opinion and commentary.

Preface to the Fifth Edition Chapter 1 Language, Learning, and Teaching Questions about Second Language Acquisition Learner Characteristics Linguistic Factors Learning Processes Age and Acquisition Instructional Variables Context Purpose Rejoicing in Our Defeats Language Learning and Teaching Schools of Thought in Second Language Acquisition Structural Linguistics and Behavioral Psychology Generative Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology Constructivism: A Multidisciplinary Approach Nineteen Centuries of Language Teaching Language Teaching in the Twentieth Century Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry Guidelines for Entry 1 PART I. AGE FACTORS Chapter 2 First Language Acquisition Theories of First Language Acquisition Behavioral Approaches Challenges to Behavioral Approaches The Nativist Approach Challenges to Nativist Approach Functional Approaches Issues in First Language Acquisition Competence and Performance Comprehension and Production Nature or Nurture? Universals Systematicity and Variability Language and Thought Imitation Practice and Frequency Input Discourse First Language Acquisition Insights Applied to Language Teaching Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 2 Chapter 3 Age and Acquisition Dispelling Myths Types of Comparison and Contrast The Critical Period Hypothesis Neurobiological Considerations Hemispheric Lateralization Biological Timetables Right-Hemispheric Participation Anthropological Evidence The Significance of Accent Cognitive Considerations Affective Considerations Linguistics Considerations Bilingualism Interference Between First and Second Languages Order of Acquisition Issues in First Language Acquisition Revisited Competence and Performance Comprehension and Production Nature or Nurture? Universals Systematicity and Variability Language and Thought Imitation Practice and Frequency Input Discourse Some Age-and-Acquisition-Inspired Language Teaching Methods Total Physical Response The Natural Approach, 79 Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 3 PART II. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Chapter 4 Human Learning Learning and Training Pavlov's Classical Behaviorism Skinner's Operant Conditioning Ausubel's Subsumption Theory Rote vs. Meaningful Learning Systematic Forgetting Rogers's Humanistic Psychology Types of Learning Transfer, Interference, and Overgeneralization Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Language Aptitude Intelligence and Language Learning Learning Theories in Action: Two Language Teaching Methods in Contrast The Audiolingual Method Community Language Learning Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 4 Chapter 5 Styles and Strategies Process, Style, and Strategy Learning Styles Field Independence Left- and Right-Brain Dominance Ambiguity Tolerance Reflectivity and Impulsivity Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic Styles Autonomy, Awareness and Action Strategies Learning Strategies Communication Strategies Avoidance Strategies Compensatory Strategies Strategies-Based Instruction Identifying Learners' Styles and Strategies Incorporating SBI into the Language Classroom Stimulating Strategic Action Beyond the Classroom Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 5 Chapter 6 Personality Factors The Affective Domain Affective Factors in Second Language Acquisition Self-Esteem Attribution Theory and Self-Efficacy Willingness to Communicate Inhibition Risk-Taking Anxiety Empathy Extroversion Motivation Theories of Motivation Instrumental and Integrative Orientations Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation The Neurobiology of Affect Personality Types and Language Acquisition Measuring Affective Factors Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry PART III. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS Chapter 7 Sociocultural Factors Culture Definitions and Theories Stereotypes or Generalizations? Attitudes Second Culture Acquisition Social Distance Teaching Intercultural Competance Language Policy and Politics World Englishes ESL and EFL Linguistic Imperialism and Language Rights Language Policy and the English Only Debate Language, Thought, and Culture Framing Our Conceptual Universe The Whorfian Hypothesis Culture in the Language Classroom Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 7 Chapter 8 Communicative Competence Defining Communicative Competence Language Functions Halliday's Seven Functions of Language Functional Approaches to Language Teaching Discourse Analysis Conversation Analysis Corpus Linguistics Contrastive Rhetoric Pragmatics Sociopragmatics and Pragmalinguistics Language and Gender Discourse Styles Nonverbal Communication Kinesics Eye Contact Proxemics Artifacts Kinesthetics Olfactory Dimensions CC in the Classroom: CLT and Task-Based Teaching Communicative Language Teaching Task-Based Instruction Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 8 PART IV. LINGUISTIC FACTORS Chapter 9 Cross-Linguistic Influential and Learner Language The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis From the CAH to CLI Markedness and Universal Grammar Learner Language Error Analysis Mistakes and Errors Errors in Error Analysis Identifying and Describing Errors Sources of Error Interlingual Transfer Intralingual Transfer Context of Learning Communication Strategies Stages of Learner Language Development Variation in Learner Language Fossilization or Stabilization? Errors in the Classroom: A Brief History Form-Focused Instruction Categories of Error Treatment Effectiveness of FFI Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Journal Entry 9 Chapter 10 Toward a Theory of Second Language Acquisition Building a Theory of SLA Domains and Generalizations Hypotheses and Claims Criteria for a Viable Theory Hot Topics in SLA Research Explicit and Implicit Learning Awareness Input and Output Frequency An Innatist Model: Krashen's Input Hypothesis Five Hypotheses Evaluations of the Five Hypotheses The Output Hypothesis Cognitive Models McLaughlin's Attention-Processing Model Implicit and Explicit Models A Social Constructivist Model: Long's Interactive Hypothesis Out on a Limb: A Light-Hearted Horticultural Theory of SLA From Theory to Practice A Reciprocal Relationship, Not a Dichotomy Suggestions for Theory Building The Believing Game and the Doubting Game The Art and Science of SLA The Role of Intuition Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion Suggested Readings Language Learning Experience: Final Journal Entry Bibliography Glossary Index

BACKGROUND: In the hierarchy of research designs, the results of randomized, controlled trials are considered to be evidence of the highest grade, whereas observational studies are viewed as having less validity because they reportedly overestimate treatment effects. We used published meta-analyses to identify randomized clinical trials and observational studies that examined the same clinical topics. We then compared the results of the original reports according to the type of research design. METHODS: A search of the Medline data base for articles published in five major medical journals from 1991 to 1995 identified meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials and meta-analyses of either cohort or case-control studies that assessed the same intervention. For each of five topics, summary estimates and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated on the basis of data from the individual randomized, controlled trials and the individual observational studies. RESULTS: For the five clinical topics and 99 reports evaluated, the average results of the observational studies were remarkably similar to those of the randomized, controlled trials. For example, analysis of 13 randomized, controlled trials of the effectiveness of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine in preventing active tuberculosis yielded a relative risk of 0.49 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.34 to 0.70) among vaccinated patients, as compared with an odds ratio of 0.50 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.39 to 0.65) from 10 case-control studies. In addition, the range of the point estimates for the effect of vaccination was wider for the randomized, controlled trials (0.20 to 1.56) than for the observational studies (0.17 to 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The results of well-designed observational studies (with either a cohort or a case-control design) do not systematically overestimate the magnitude of the effects of treatment as compared with those in randomized, controlled trials on the same topic.

pioneered studies that elucidated the potent effects of stress on the organism at the behavioral, neuroendocrine, cellular and molecular levels, and performed groundbreaking research on human development, particularly in early life and the years of puberty and adolescence.Dr Chrousos has performed a body of influential original experimental, translational and clinical studies on the universally pathogenic impact of a chronically activated stress system on human health.He identified and functionally characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying the pervasive stress hormone-mediated effects of chronically disrupted homeostasis on human mental and somatic health.His discoveries of the pathogenic mechanisms through which chronic stress causes and/or aggravates the ʻchronic noncommunicable diseasesʼ, promotes inflammation, increases vulnerability to certain cancers and infections, and accelerates aging, have had a major impact on the science and practice of medicine.Dr Chrousos demonstrated that chronically disturbed homeostasis and chronodisruption -anytime during the entire human lifespan -lead to the over-production and/or increased action of stress and inflammatory mediators, and cause and/or exacerbate the progressively deteriorating with age ʻchronic stress and inflammation syndromeʼ.This nosological entity not only includes the classic chronic non-communicable diseases, but also a broad host of other disorders, affecting a large percentage of living individuals, amounting to hundreds of millions of human beings.This syndrome consists of

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR) is an official publication of Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research. It is an open access online and print International Journal published monthly. Website: www.ijpsr.com Projected Impact Factor (2012): 2.44, ICV 2012: 5.50, 2011: 5.07, 2010: 4.57 DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232 SJ Impact Factor (2012): 3.226 Global Impact Factor (2013): 0.533, (2012): 0.452 Indexing - EMBASE- Elsevier's

PURPOSE: This study illuminates the concept of "aging in place" in terms of functional, symbolic, and emotional attachments and meanings of homes, neighbourhoods, and communities. It investigates how older people understand the meaning of "aging in place," a term widely used in aging policy and research but underexplored with older people themselves. DESIGN AND METHODS: Older people (n = 121), ranging in age from 56 to 92 years, participated in focus groups and interviews in 2 case study communities of similar size in Aotearoa New Zealand, both with high ratings on deprivation indices. The question, "What is the ideal place to grow older?" was explored, including reflections on aging in place. Thematic and narrative analyses on the meaning of aging in place are presented in this paper. RESULTS: Older people want choices about where and how they age in place. "Aging in place" was seen as an advantage in terms of a sense of attachment or connection and feelings of security and familiarity in relation to both homes and communities. Aging in place related to a sense of identity both through independence and autonomy and through caring relationships and roles in the places people live. IMPLICATIONS: Aging in place operates in multiple interacting ways, which need to be taken into account in both policy and research. The meanings of aging in place for older people have pragmatic implications beyond internal "feel good" aspects and operate interactively far beyond the "home" or housing.

Introduction: De Ganregeot hernia is a rare type of incarcerated femoral hernia. In literature, the gold standard treatment is not established, although previous reports suggested various surgical approach in relation to patient conditions, comorbidities, surgeon preferences and clinical findings during surgery. Case presentation: A 75-year-old female was admitted in emergency at our Surgical Department for strangulated femoral hernia. The patient was submitted to open surgical treatment, appendicectomy was performed and femoral hernia with self-fixating mesh was repaired. During this procedure a iatrogenic lesion of a right aberrant obturator artery has done and immediately controlled through the same open incision. The post-operative period was uneventful, with no further issues at follow up. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of phlegmonous and hemorrhagic appendicitis. Discussion: De Garengeot hernia is diagnosed intraoperatively and there are few cases that imaging already led to establish a pre-operative diagnosis. This is a rare case of dual pathology with also an aberrant artery anomalous anatomic condition found in less of 30% of cases. About 30-40% of cases the treatment of De Garengeot hernia is emergency. In relation to various surgical treatment described in literature, we suggest a new DAC classification (D=description af appendix; A=Alvarado score; C=Computed tomography imaging) for conducting surgeon to choise the correct surgical approach in this rare type of hernia. We suggest that the approach through the transverse subinguinal Nyhus's incision in both appendectomy and herniorrhaphy in cases of De Garengeot hernia furthermore with likely presence of anatomic anomalies. De Garengeot hernia is often only made intra-operatively due to its irregular clinical presentation and it must be differentiated from: Amyand hernia, Littre hernia and Maydl hernia. Conclusions: For the treatment of De Garengeot hernia we suggest transverse subinguinal Nyhus's approach for performing appendectomy and herniorrhaphy. Furthermore, is not to be underestimated the presence of vascular anatomic anomalies.

The Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) is an ongoing primary care database of anonymised medical records from general practitioners, with coverage of over 11.3 million patients from 674 practices in the UK. With 4.4 million active (alive, currently registered) patients meeting quality criteria, approximately 6.9% of the UK population are included and patients are broadly representative of the UK general population in terms of age, sex and ethnicity. General practitioners are the gatekeepers of primary care and specialist referrals in the UK. The CPRD primary care database is therefore a rich source of health data for research, including data on demographics, symptoms, tests, diagnoses, therapies, health-related behaviours and referrals to secondary care. For over half of patients, linkage with datasets from secondary care, disease-specific cohorts and mortality records enhance the range of data available for research. The CPRD is very widely used internationally for epidemiological research and has been used to produce over 1000 research studies, published in peer-reviewed journals across a broad range of health outcomes. However, researchers must be aware of the complexity of routinely collected electronic health records, including ways to manage variable completeness, misclassification and development of disease definitions for research.

Based on the curricula vitae and survey responses of 443 academic scientists affiliated with university research centers in the USA, we examine the longstanding assumption that research collaboration has a positive effect on publishing productivity. Since characteristics of the individual and the work environment are endogenously related to both collaboration and productivity, this study focuses on the mediating effect of collaboration on publishing productivity. By using the two-stage least squares analysis, the findings indicate that in the presence of moderating variables such as age, rank, grant, gender, marital status, family relations, citizenship, job satisfaction, perceived discrimination, and collaboration strategy, the simple number (‘normal count’) of peer-reviewed journal papers is strongly and significantly associated with the number of collaborators. However, the net impacts of collaboration are less clear. When we apply the same model and examine productivity by ‘fractional count’, dividing the number of publications by the number of authors, we find that number of collaborators is not a significant predictor of publishing productivity. In both cases, ‘normal count’ and ‘fractional count’, we find significant effects of research grants, citizenship, collaboration strategy, and scientific field. We believe that it is important to understand the effects of the individual and environmental factors for developing effective strategies to exploit the potential benefits of collaboration. We note that our focus is entirely at the individual level, and some of the most important benefits of collaboration may accrue to groups, institutions, and scientific fields.

The evolution of the electronic age has led to the development of numerous medical databases on the World Wide Web, offering search facilities on a particular subject and the ability to perform citation analysis. We compared the content coverage and practical utility of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The official Web pages of the databases were used to extract information on the range of journals covered, search facilities and restrictions, and update frequency. We used the example of a keyword search to evaluate the usefulness of these databases in biomedical information retrieval and a specific published article to evaluate their utility in performing citation analysis. All databases were practical in use and offered numerous search facilities. PubMed and Google Scholar are accessed for free. The keyword search with PubMed offers optimal update frequency and includes online early articles; other databases can rate articles by number of citations, as an index of importance. For citation analysis, Scopus offers about 20% more coverage than Web of Science, whereas Google Scholar offers results of inconsistent accuracy. PubMed remains an optimal tool in biomedical electronic research. Scopus covers a wider journal range, of help both in keyword searching and citation analysis, but it is currently limited to recent articles (published after 1995) compared with Web of Science. Google Scholar, as for the Web in general, can help in the retrieval of even the most obscure information but its use is marred by inadequate, less often updated, citation information.

Knowledge gained from observational cohort studies has dramatically advanced the prevention and treatment of diseases. Many of these cohorts, however, are small, lack diversity, or do not provide comprehensive phenotype data. The All of Us Research Program plans to enroll a diverse group of at least 1 million persons in the United States in order to accelerate biomedical research and improve health. The program aims to make the research results accessible to participants, and it is developing new approaches to generate, access, and make data broadly available to approved researchers. All of Us opened for enrollment in May 2018 and currently enrolls participants 18 years of age or older from a network of more than 340 recruitment sites. Elements of the program protocol include health questionnaires, electronic health records (EHRs), physical measurements, the use of digital health technology, and the collection and analysis of biospecimens. As of July 2019, more than 175,000 participants had contributed biospecimens. More than 80% of these participants are from groups that have been historically underrepresented in biomedical research. EHR data on more than 112,000 participants from 34 sites have been collected. The All of Us data repository should permit researchers to take into account individual differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic factors, environment, and biologic characteristics in order to advance precision diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Information privacy refers to the desire of individuals to control or have some influence over data about themselves. Advances in information technology have raised concerns about information privacy and its impacts, and have motivated Information Systems researchers to explore information privacy issues, including technical solutions to address these concerns. In this paper, we inform researchers about the current state of information privacy research in IS through a critical analysis of the IS literature that considers information privacy as a key construct. The review of the literature reveals that information privacy is a multilevel concept, but rarely studied as such. We also find that information privacy research has been heavily reliant on student-based and USA-centric samples, which results in findings of limited generalizability. Information privacy research focuses on explaining and predicting theoretical contributions, with few studies in journal articles focusing on design and action contributions. We recommend that future research should consider different levels of analysis as well as multilevel effects of information privacy. We illustrate this with a multilevel framework for information privacy concerns. We call for research on information privacy to use a broader diversity of sampling populations, and for more design and action information privacy research to be published in journal articles that can result in IT artifacts for protection or control of information privacy.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to identify age-related changes in objectively recorded sleep patterns across the human life span in healthy individuals and to clarify whether sleep latency and percentages of stage 1, stage 2, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep significantly change with age. DESIGN: Review of literature of articles published between 1960 and 2003 in peer-reviewed journals and meta-analysis. PARTICIPANTS: 65 studies representing 3,577 subjects aged 5 years to 102 years. MEASUREMENT: The research reports included in this meta-analysis met the following criteria: (1) included nonclinical participants aged 5 years or older; (2) included measures of sleep characteristics by "all night" polysomnography or actigraphy on sleep latency, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, stage 1 sleep, stage 2 sleep, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, REM latency, or minutes awake after sleep onset; (3) included numeric presentation of the data; and (4) were published between 1960 and 2003 in peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS: In children and adolescents, total sleep time decreased with age only in studies performed on school days. Percentage of slow-wave sleep was significantly negatively correlated with age. Percentages of stage 2 and REM sleep significantly changed with age. In adults, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, percentage of slow-wave sleep, percentage of REM sleep, and REM latency all significantly decreased with age, while sleep latency, percentage of stage 1 sleep, percentage of stage 2 sleep, and wake after sleep onset significantly increased with age. However, only sleep efficiency continued to significantly decrease after 60 years of age. The magnitudes of the effect sizes noted changed depending on whether or not studied participants were screened for mental disorders, organic diseases, use of drug or alcohol, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or other sleep disorders. CONCLUSIONS: In adults, it appeared that sleep latency, percentages of stage 1 and stage 2 significantly increased with age while percentage of REM sleep decreased. However, effect sizes for the different sleep parameters were greatly modified by the quality of subject screening, diminishing or even masking age associations with different sleep parameters. The number of studies that examined the evolution of sleep parameters with age are scant among school-aged children, adolescents, and middle-aged adults. There are also very few studies that examined the effect of race on polysomnographic sleep parameters.

Aging is a gradual and irreversible pathophysiological process. It presents with declines in tissue and cell functions and significant increases in the risks of various aging-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, and immune system diseases. Although the development of modern medicine has promoted human health and greatly extended life expectancy, with the aging of society, a variety of chronic diseases have gradually become the most important causes of disability and death in elderly individuals. Current research on aging focuses on elucidating how various endogenous and exogenous stresses (such as genomic instability, telomere dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, compromise of autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, deregulated nutrient sensing) participate in the regulation of aging. Furthermore, thorough research on the pathogenesis of aging to identify interventions that promote health and longevity (such as caloric restriction, microbiota transplantation, and nutritional intervention) and clinical treatment methods for aging-related diseases (depletion of senescent cells, stem cell therapy, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory treatments, and hormone replacement therapy) could decrease the incidence and development of aging-related diseases and in turn promote healthy aging and longevity.

Increasingly, adult Indigenous language learners are being identified as the “missing generation” of learners who hold great potential to contribute to the revival of Indigenous languages by acting as the middle ground between Elders, children and youth within their communities. Our research project NEȾOLṈEW̱ ‘one mind, one people’ investigated adult Indigenous language learning through the popular Mentor-Apprentice Program (MAP) method (Leanne Hinton, 2001). Over the course of 14 months, our team conducted 133 interviews with four groups of participants involved in MAP. The participants were current and past apprentices, mentors, and administrators of MAP programs in British Columbia, Canada. Our primary interest was to learn about the successes and challenges of MAP for language learning, but we also included interview questions that gave participants space to share how participating in MAP may have affected them. During thematic analysis of the interviews (Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2014) we noticed repeating comments across all four participant groups on how their involvement with MAP impacted their own and their community’s wellbeing. Six exploratory themes were identified: • Language loss negatively impacts the wellbeing of Indigenous people: “[the word] doesn’t just mean a bad, misbehaving child, it also means a poor child that has been uprooted […] and is disconnected from their culture” • The relationship between burden and wellbeing among participants in MAP: “there’s so much to be done. […] that’s the exhausting part of it. It’s trying to learn and teach at the same time” • Strengthening MAP apprentices to become future community leaders: “it brings a huge sense of pride […] and helps me be an inspiration to anyone else” • Elder’s healing through becoming language mentors: “we once again have that believe in ourselves where we can feel free” • Cultural and spiritual health and healing: “I am keeping something very precious alive by speaking my language” • Health outcomes: “it was […] the language that... pushed me to sobriety, […] it gave me... a sense of who I was”. Although studies have reported protective effects of Indigenous language use on health (Ball & Moselle, 2013; Hallett, Chandler, & Lalonde, 2007; McIvor, 2013), health-related outcomes of language revitalization efforts, including MAP, remain underexplored (Whalen, Moss, & Baldwin, 2016). In addition to discussing the six exploratory themes from our study, our paper also proposes that these themes can inform future research in the area of language revitalization and wellbeing. References Ball, J., & Moselle, K. (2013). Contributions of culture and language in aboriginal head start in urban and northern communities to children’s health outcomes: A review of theory and research. Prepared for Division of Children, Seniors & Healthy Development, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. http://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2014). What can “thematic analysis” offer health and wellbeing researchers? International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 9, 26152. http://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.26152 Hallett, D., Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (2007). Aboriginal language knowledge and youth suicide. Cognitive Development, 22(3), 392–399. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.02.001 Hinton, L. (2001). The master-apprentice language learning program. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (Eds.), The green book of language revitalization in practice (pp. 217–226). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. McIvor, O. (2013). Protective effects of language learning, use and culture on the health and well-being of Indigenous people in Canada. In Proceedings of the 17th FEL Conference, FEL XVII: Endangered Languages Beyond Boundaries: Community Connections, Collaborative Approaches and Cross-Disciplinary Research (pp. 123–131). Foundation for Endangered Languages in association with the University of Carleton. Whalen, D. H., Moss, M., & Baldwin, D. (2016). Healing through language: Positive physical health effects of indigenous language use. F1000Research, 5(852). http://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8656.1