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No AccessEducationJul 2010Design Thinking for Social InnovationAuthors/Editors: Tim Brown, Jocelyn WyattTim BrownSearch for more papers by this author, Jocelyn WyattSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29SectionsAboutView ChaptersPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Designers have traditionally focused on enchancing the look and functionality of products. 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Innovation and Development, Vol.13, August the of service in tourism and Vol.31, August Research A Design Thinking Approach to on Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, September Innovation Design and Sustainability of in Vol.13, No.173 September of in the design thinking of a Skills and Creativity, Sosyal August 2021Design thinking and innovation: the of Business July 2020Design thinking approach to for the Journal of August Uygulamaları Bilimler August 2021Innovating for through collaborative innovation of Cleaner Production, OF DESIGN AND OF AND of the Design Society, July of Social Innovation through The Case of in Vol.13, August COVID-19 as a for public and The need for robust governance to turbulent Management Review, Vol.23, September and practice of Design Thinking: of and business Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, Vol.9, May Learning to Support Decision-Making and Creative in Instructional Design Vol.65, No.46 April in Learning through the of Design Thinking in a Vol.13, July methodology design: participatory processes for of Research, a approach to food as in Student case of using a to support Technology as an The and of in Regional Open Innovation Vol.13, June Services during the in of Design, December 2022Supporting and Living through Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, April de Vol.26, the new on the in public & a April of Design Thinking to in a Vol.13, April Courses of Design on the Light on to Social and Vol.13, April 2021Using human-centred design to develop an female Vol.7, January case study of an of Business No.214 May Innovation in Education and Social Service and Approaches to Social in Education, March Design Thinking Approach for March to the of energy in Research & Social Science, A Conceptual Framework for the and of Youth of and Health, Vol.18, evaluation of innovation: A case of for in Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, Vol.13, July Novel for Digital Assessment Using A Human-Centered Design Approach (Preprint)JMIR February mental health and in and mental framework for in of Cleaner Production, to Design Thinking to Creative and in Journal of & Design Education, August Theory in An Journal, March 2021Designing and for with January with design thinking: a case study from Journal of Environmental Education, Vol.52, January and the of Design: of Design and Design in No.122 May to Design with A for Design and July Case and the of Design Thinking in Public Education in August to Co-Created Digital to Support Activities for Socially Youth in February Innovation and Exchange a Lessons Learned from a Design Thinking Challenge in May October Sustainable Business and January Analysis of Agile Development Methodology Through Design June Sustainable Design to Environmental of Design November Case for Design May Learning in Design Thinking to April 2021Design Thinking as a Strategy to Learning in Education Across South April Inspection Management with October design methodology for A to community health and health in the Health of and Science, Vol.5, February 2021Using Design Thinking to the Educational of August factors of service design methodology for manufacturing Business & Management, Vol.8, February 2021Design and of an app for September 2021Design Innovation Methodology – Design in Journal, of the Health Mental Health Intervention for in and for a Research Vol.10, June Design Approach to Social a of Public and October Design Thinking in an Interdisciplinary Learning December Design Thinking to Design Thinking to Food Innovation for January of Design Thinking and to Food and January 2021Design Thinking to Engage in Food The January 2021Systemic and Design Towards Participatory The Journal of Design, and Innovation, Vol.7, Design Thinking October Research and Design Thinking for the Health and Social A para de de Vol.16,

No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers21 Jun 2013Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and AgendaAuthors/Editors: Ross LevineRoss Levinehttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1678SectionsAboutPDF (3.4 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:October 1996 A growing body of theoretical and empirical work would push even skeptics toward the belief that the development of financial markets and institutions is critical to economic growth, rather than a sideshow or a passive response to growth. Levine argues that the preponderance of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence suggests a positive, first-order relationship between financial development and economic growth. There is even evidence that the level of financial development is a good predictor of future rates of economic growth, capital accumulation, and technological change. Moreover, cross-country, case-study, industry-level, and firm-level analyses document extensive periods when financial development (or the lack thereof) crucially affects the speed and pattern of economic development. Levine explains what the financial system does and how it affects, and is affected by, economic growth. Theory suggests that financial instruments, markets, and institutions arise to mitigate the effects of information and transaction costs. A growing literature shows that differences in how well financial systems reduce information and transaction costs influence savings rates, investment decisions, technological innovation, and long-run growth rates. A less developed theoretical literature shows how changes in economic activity can influence financial systems. Without minimizing the role of institutions, Levine advocates a functional approach to understanding the role of financial systems in economic growth. This approach focuses on the ties between growth and the quality of the functions provided by the financial system. Levine discourages a narrow focus on one financial instrument, such as money, or a particular institution, such as banks. Instead, he addresses the more comprehensive, and difficult, question: What is the relationship between financial structure and the functioning of the financial system? More research is needed on financial development. Why does financial structure change as countries grow, for example? Why do countries at similar stages of economic development have different looking financial systems? Are there long-run economic growth advantages to adopting legal and policy changes that create one type of financial structure rather than another? This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department. 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•The National Academy of Medicine report, The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity calls for a series of policy reforms to unleash the potential of nurses to play greater roles in advancing health equity.•The report recommends that the systems that educate, pay and employ nurses: 1) permanently remove barriers to care; 2) value their contributions; 3) prepare nurses to tackle health equity; and 4) diversify the workforce. The need to fully support nurses is interwoven throughout the report.•All nurses should work in partnership with others to advance the nine major report recommendations. The National Academy of Medicine's long-anticipated report, The Future of Nursing 2020–2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity, offers an aspirational vision: the achievement of health equity in the United States built on strengthened nursing capacity, diversity, and expertise (Wakefield, 2021Wakefield M. Federally qualified health centers and related primary care workforce issues.Jama. 2021; 325: 1145-1146Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar). Released in May 2021, the report arrives at a critical moment for the profession. Many nurses are burned out, exhausted, and have experienced moral injury from caring for an unrelenting stream of patients with COVID-19. The pandemic has laid bare and further exacerbated long-existing health inequities. School closings during the pandemic similarly exacerbated educational disparities, and poor treatment of Black, Indigenous, and other people of color by police spotlighted inequities in law enforcement. Collectively, these inequities have resulted in renewed calls to dismantle structural, cultural, and interpersonal racism, including within nursing. This new report provides a roadmap for how the nursing profession can contribute its expertise to create a fairer, more just and healthier world. The report is the second collaboration between the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) on the future of nursing. The first report, released in 2010, re-conceptualized the role of nurses in transforming the healthcare system (Shalala et al., 2011Shalala D. Bolton L.B. Bleich M.R. Brennan T. Campbell R. Devlin L. The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. 10. The National Academy Press, Washington DC2011: 12956https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12956/the-future-of-nursing-leading-change-advancing-healthGoogle Scholar). RWJF and AARP formed The Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action, a nationwide initiative to advance the report recommendations. Over the past decade, the nursing field strengthened nursing education, advanced practice, promoted leadership, and increased workforce diversity. In doing so, the nursing field has built – and is continuing to build – its capacity to provide high-quality care to more Americans. As nursing built its capacity and as the evidence increasingly linked inequities to poorer health status, it became clear that nurses could do more to build healthier communities and advance equity. Nurses are the most trusted profession and the first point of contact for most people seeking health care. They are bridge builders and collaborators who engage and connect with people, communities, and organizations to promote health and well-being (Pittman, 2019Pittman, P. (2019,. March 12). Activating nursing to address the unmet needs of the 21st century: Background paper for the NAM Committee on Nursing 2030.Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Available at: https://publichealth.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/downloads/HPM/Activating%20Nursing %20To%20Address%20Unmet%20Needs%20In%20The %2021st%20Century.pdfGoogle Scholar). Their expertise could be better used to combat the many shortcomings of the U.S. health system. The United States spends $3.5 trillion each year on health care (CMS, 2020) more than any other country in the world but ranks last compared with other high-income countries on equity, access to care, health care outcomes, and administrative efficiency (Schneider et al., 2021Schneider, E. et al.,(2021, August)) Mirror, Mirror 2021 — Reflecting Poorly: Health Care in the U.S. compared to other high-income countries (Commonwealth Fund). https://doi.org/10.26099/01dv-h208.Google Scholar). Life expectancy, infant mortality and maternal mortality are worse in the United States compared with other high-income nations. Disparities in health care access and outcomes related to race, income, geography and other social and environmental factors are also common. RWJF has long believed that nurses have enormous potential for tackling the shortcomings of health and health care in the United States and in 2019 asked the NAM to form a committee tasked with charting a path for the nursing profession to create a culture of health, reduce health disparities, and improve the health and well-being of the nation. As the committee was well into the process of reviewing evidence and preparing to write the report, the pandemic took hold across the country and shined a light on the nation's rampant health inequities. The committee delayed the report to incorporate the major lessons from the pandemic: its disproportionate and devastating toll on poor and marginalized populations that could largely be attributed to persistent health disparities; the need to fully support nurses; and better prepare the workforce for future disasters. Released in May 2021, the report called for a series of policy reforms to unleash the potential of nurses to play greater roles in advancing health equity. The report recommends that the systems that educate, pay, and employ nurses: (1) permanently remove barriers to care; (2) value their contributions; (3) prepare nurses to tackle health equity; and (4) diversify the workforce. The report underscores that prioritizing nurse well-being is paramount to advancing the recommendations. In addition, the report calls on national nursing organizations to develop a shared agenda for addressing the social determinants of health and achieving health equity. Finally, the committee prioritized research needs to build the evidence base to support nurses in advancing health equity. Each of these areas is discussed below. Far too often in the United States, people do not see a health care provider when they need one. Nearly 30 million people are uninsured in the United States, and roughly 40 million have health plans that leave them potentially underinsured (Collins et al., August 2020Collins, Sara R., Gunja, Munira Z., & Aboulafia, Gabriella N. (2020). U.S. Health insurance coverage in 2020: A looming crisis in affordability — findings from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2020.Commonwealth Fund. https://doi.org/10.26099/6aj3-n655.Google Scholar). In addition, timely access to health care is undermined due to the inability to pay; geographic inaccessibility to services and providers, particularly in rural and underserved urban areas; lack of health literacy; and fundamental mistrust of the health care system and providers. Research demonstrates that delays in obtaining care can lead people to experience worse symptoms and disease progression (Man et al., 2018Man R.X.G. Lack D.A. Wyatt C.E. Murray V. The effect of natural disasters on cancer care: A systematic review.The Lancet Oncology. 2018; 19: e482-e499https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30412-1Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar). Nurses can help to explicitly address these gaps in access to care. For example, about 70% to 80% of advanced-practice nurses work in primary care, including in pediatrics, adult practice, gerontology, and nurse midwifery. While the primary care nurse practitioner field has grown, the number of physicians entering primary care has stagnated or declined (Barnes et al., 2018Barnes H. Richards M.R. McHugh M.D. Martsolf G. Rural and nonrural primary care physician practices increasingly rely on nurse practitioners.Health Affairs. 2018; 37: 908-914https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1158Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar; Barnes et al., 2018Xue Y. Ye Y. Brewer C. Spetz J. Impact of state nurse practitioner scope-of-practice regulation on health care delivery: Systematic review.Nursing outlook. 2016; 64: 71-85https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1158Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). Care provided by nurse practitioners has been found to be comparable to the care provided by physicians, according to numerous studies (Perloff et al., 2019Perloff J. Clarke S. DesRoches C.M. O'Reilly-Jacob M. Buerhaus P. Association of state-level restrictions in nurse practitioner scope of practice with the quality of primary care provided to Medicare beneficiaries.Medical Care Research and Review. 2019; 76: 597-626Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar; Yang et al., 2020Yang B.K. Johantgen M.E. Trinkoff A.M. Idzik S.R. Wince J. Tomlinson C. State Nurse Practitioner practice regulations and US health care delivery outcomes: A systematic review.Medical Care Research and Review. 2021; 78: 183-196https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558719901216Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). They are less expensive to employ than physicians and are more likely to care for vulnerable populations, including those in rural areas (Perloff et al., 2016Perloff J. DesRoches C.M. Buerhaus P. Comparing the cost of care provided to Medicare beneficiaries assigned to primary care nurse practitioners and physicians.Health Services Research. 2016; 51: 1407-1423Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar). However, the ability of nurses to expand access to care is limited by state and federal laws, institutional barriers, and restrictive health systems policies that prohibit them from working to the full extent of their education and training (Wakefield et al., 2021Wakefield M.K. Williams D.R. Le Menestrel S. Flaubert J.L. The future of nursing 2020-2030: Charting a path to health equity. National Press, Google Scholar). The report calls for and organizations to remove these and as well as restrictive policies and In during the and provided full practice to nurse is just about the effect of the to expand scope of practice during the pandemic et al., R. Impact of pandemic on from a national 2021; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar; et al., 19: for nurse practitioners to healthcare and for full practice 2021; PubMed Scopus (24) Google in the found that with to from The of nurse practitioner to reduce from the and Scholar). The report calls for these restrictions on scope of practice to be This to remove practice barriers the work of the first report, but it in more the need to barriers that and nurses from to the of their education and training to access to care and help to reduce health care inequities for populations to see a provider when they need one. that the care that and nurses provide restrictions on services and policies that nurses from care. nurses to practice to the full extent of their education and training is an policy to gaps in access to care. As the report the and systems do to reduce health inequities. This has been by the has its to health equity a in policy & E. M. D. et at the for Medicare and a for the 2021; Google Scholar). health care that health equity can a in The U.S. systems the care that nurses provide and the critical role that they can play in addressing to health equity. For example, care nurses can patients at to help and address social needs nurses can work to advance or state policies that address the need for and systems often for services including the services of nurses and other care nurses can expand to advance health equity their roles in care and care; care; including nurses; and School for example, are a for million particularly from but they are for the services they They help and contact of including COVID-19. They also provide health care. of health to nurses the pandemic related to health et al., S. M. T. D. G. J. School Health Services in the United States, and Health Services Google a need that has during the of color more barriers to health treatment than and can these et al., D. A.M. health of of 2018; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of do not employ a and employ et al., nursing practice in the United of School 2018; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). School nurses are to for services that they but the process is that do M. Available Scholar). that and diversify the nursing workforce help to advance health equity. to the nursing the report calls for and to provide for nursing that address social needs and the social determinants of health in nursing practice and systems can nurses to to care and outcomes for patients by and that can reduce health inequities. the of nursing to improve care limited the organizations that employ nurses are not for these care and for nursing to advance health The future of nursing NAM 2021; Scholar). The report recommends that and systems be to support and health care and health organizations to nurses to these the United States spends of for health care with health outcomes that in to countries that and are to policy that better health Nursing in these is as is policy that the nurses can to advancing health equity. The of nurses needs to be well to promote health equity and improve the health and well-being of nurses need to and the social and environmental factors that health, care for an and more engage in new new with other and health equity and to a policy and collaboration with across the health care and health systems as well as of health care with organizations on social and be paramount during the the nursing field an in preparing the as an million nurses during the by This in an May as nursing education to nurses well to on and roles and to advance the NAM report recommendations. to prepare nurses to tackle health equity related to the social determinants of health, health and health are not into and nursing that nurses are to address the social determinants of health and advance health and healthcare equity. and should be throughout including need to the extent to they provide education in that provide with and from who with an of social needs as well as with communities with the social determinants of health (Wakefield et al., 2021Wakefield M.K. Williams D.R. Le Menestrel S. Flaubert J.L. The future of nursing 2020-2030: Charting a path to health equity. National Press, Google Scholar). across the including in policy by on as are of can provided health as health care, qualified health health and for educational should incorporate to and work with other health and to address the social determinants of health. need in that prepare them to on a in health equity, care for populations with and and them to build the and to advance health equity. 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Nursing needs to and address within the profession to address barriers that contribute to the nursing profession and calls to diversity, the nursing field is roughly 80% of the U.S. The further for nurses in including in and Association of of Nursing and of Nurse Association of of Nursing and of Nurse as report to The Future of Nursing: Campaign for that of nursing and of people of the of Nurse that just of nursing people of color and Nurses of color report and within their work et al., M.D. Johnson can be too and at the Health Research. 2018; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar; et al., C. M. practice of nurses: of Nursing Research. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). are to achieving a workforce. support should be the of and to nursing workforce across practice and in nursing and practice should and and to that nursing and the of the and that barriers of are from nursing education, including in the institutional and and the and of and The in nursing and nursing in the United of 2021; 37: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). practice nurses need to be to and connect with people of and be of how their and their these is on a and strengthened and practice that is and or people from and of nursing should support and address barriers to their throughout their and into and training with about be critical for nurses in practice should and promote nurses from The report that for nursing and and that lead to increased workforce diversity, equity and the are to (1) and and that and and (2) progression for and that and in underserved areas; and (3) with expertise in health equity and and other to develop the health equity of and other health people of those with those and those with limited access to health care and et al., S. S. The of disasters on populations with health and health care Medicine and Health PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). nurses on the of and help people and communities to and nursing not and about health care The report recommends that nursing and expand educational and training for nurses in and at with to vulnerable unleash the potential of nurses to advance health equity, country needs to nurse The nursing profession has been for its and caring in care during the However, often by and to and their with a to the studies the nursing by an of factors from working in to and in the to the of caring for or of work Wood Johnson Wood Johnson Foundation. Scholar; and Nurse Impact on of Nursing Research. 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While the of pandemic on and of nurses is the and of nurses from health to critical care are too and The report to create and to fully support The primary on education nursing and nursing organizations to and that promote health and as they on new roles to advance health equity. This leadership, and to and explicitly work to improve nurse to support these and work that nurses are with a and and other support Health care organizations can explicitly on or to nurses from They can that nurses and others to report any including and can engage their nursing for and about the of and work that they most in their well-being and that of their nurse practice is support that nurses to with other nurses who are or have experienced is to between and nursing and value and support for nurses also obtaining on process that can on For example, the to the health of people with and social offers each to create their and to support with C. Scholar). 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While these are the report calls on nursing organizations to expertise and and more prioritizing these areas on of the populations While is a evidence base to build more research is to advance health equity, including a on that practice education and For example, a evidence base is to and and diversify the nursing nurse and to fully address health and advance health equity. The report calls on the major health and to from health, and health care to develop and support a research agenda and evidence base that the of nursing including on the social determinants of health, environmental health, health equity, and health and Research should on educational that in in the number and of and from and as well as education that are in preparing nurses to and and improve the of advanced to care more In its on the nursing profession to its and achieving health equity, the field is prioritizing a that has been for too long with The pandemic that disease on of social determinants of health can on of The past have been devastating for people who in rural and people of who have and and from COVID-19. Nurses by the of have into that their health and that of their at and are moral and from asked to their care of a of and the the nursing profession should be with these working to advance these the nursing field to the for a healthier and more just for – the most and of This work is not and be by the nursing profession of As the report nursing need the support and collaboration of health. need to be and with need to be with social and other that have long to advance health equity, including social social services and that work on of populations the of health inequities. Health and need to be as well The future of nursing The of 2021; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). in its the report nine major and Nurses and other can the report at and work with others in to The also policy and a series about the In addition, the Future of Nursing: Campaign for has an on its with plans for each that any can as a point to advance health equity. Nursing has a in health across a of Over the decade, the report calls on nurses to more and to these health in the first by working and to the factors that health disparities, poor health outcomes and in the of achieving health equity. The report a path for nurses to to advancing health equity. the health of and communities at the is – and – – and

No AccessWorld Development Report1 Feb 2013World Development Report 1993Investing in Health, Volume1Authors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-0890-0AboutView ChaptersPDF (6.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This is the sixteenth in the annual series and examines the interplay between human health, health policy and economic development. Because good health increases the economic productivity of individuals and the economic growth rate of countries, investing in health is one means of accelerating development. More important, good health is a goal in itself. During the past forty years life expectancy in the developing world has risen and child mortality has decreased, sometimes dramatically. But progress is only one side of the picture. The toll from childhood and tropical diseases remains high even as new problems - including AIDS and the diseases of aging populations - appear on the scene. And all countries are struggling with the problems of controlling health expenditures and making health care accessible to the broad population. This report examines the controversial questions surrounding health care and health policy. Its findings are based in large part on innovative research, including estimation of the global burden of disease and the cost-effectiveness of interventions. These assessments can help in setting priorities for health spending. The report advocates a threefold approach to health policy for governments in developing countries and in the formerly socialist countries. First, to foster an economic environment that will enable households to improve their own health. Policies for economic growth that ensure income gains for the poor are essential. So, too, is expanded investment in schooling, particulary for girls. Second, redirect government spending away from specialized care and toward such low-cost and highly effective activities such as immunization, programs to combat micronutrient deficiencies, and control and treatment of infectious diseases. By adopting the packages of public health measures and essential clinical care dsecribed in the report, developing countries could reduce their burden of disease by 25 percent. Third, encourage greater diversity and competition in the provision of health services by decentralizing government services, promoting competitive procurement practices, fostering greater involvement by nongovernmental and other private organizations, and regulating insurance markets. These reforms could translate into longer, healthier, and more productive lives for people around the world, and especially for the more than 1 billion poor. As in previous editions, this report includes the World Development Indicators, which give comprehensive, current data on social and economic development in more than 200 countries and territories. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byLatin America at the margins? 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No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Rethinking Decentralization in Developing CountriesAuthors/Editors: Jennie Litvack, Junaid Ahmad, Richard BirdJennie Litvack, Junaid Ahmad, Richard Birdhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4350-5SectionsAboutPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This paper draws on the growing experience with decentralization in developing countries, to explore how a wide range of variables can affect decentralization efforts, and, how policies, and incentives can be designed to improve outcomes. The paper highlights the fact that decentralization is neither good, nor bad for efficiency, equity, or macroeconomic stability; but rather that its effects depend on institution-specific design. It discusses the building blocks of fiscal federalism (expenditure and revenue assignment, intergovernmental transfers, and sub-national borrowing), to then discuss the means through which decentralization policy, and institutions interact. These are the regulatory framework for sub-national borrowing, information systems and competitive governments, asymmetrical decentralization, and policy synchronization. The paper ' s starting point is the traditional fiscal federalism approach, though the primary measures for local/central accountability, assumed in most decentralization discussions, may not hold, or are different in many developing countries. The paper suggests the need for stronger focus on institutions, enhancing accountability, governance, and capacity in the context of designing decentralization policies. 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Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social NetworkingVol. 23, No. 7 EditorialConnecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”Brenda K. WiederholdBrenda K. WiederholdBrenda K. Wiederhold, Editor-in-Chief Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:10 Jul 2020https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.29188.bkwAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookXLinked InRedditEmail View article"Connecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”." 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Ryan Wagner, and Jack Tsai11 July 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. 7The Influence of E-Scaffolding Sources in a Mobile Learning Environment on Students’ Design Skills and the Technology Fatigue Associated with a 3D Virtual Environment11 July 2022 | Electronics, Vol. 11, No. 14INVESTIGATION OF PARENTS’ VIEWS ON THE DISTANCE EDUCATION PROCESS DURING THE PANDEMIC22 June 2022 | Journal of Advanced Education Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1DATA COLLECTION BY ONLINE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: A POSTGRADUATE THESIS EXAMPLE14 June 2022 | Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences InstituteTwelve tips to enhance student engagement in synchronous online teaching and learning20 April 2021 | Medical Teacher, Vol. 44, No. 6Current and future influences of COVID-19 on the knowledge management function of conventions and exhibitions15 March 2022 | Service Business, Vol. 16, No. 2Robust Institutional Support and Collaboration Between Summer Training Programs in Cancer and Biomedicine Drive the Pivot to a Virtual Format in Response to the COVID January 2022 | Journal of Cancer Education, Vol. 37, No. of a Social Virtual Reality into the Vol. 29, No. Work Meetings During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The and May 2021 | Group Research, Vol. No. of in in the for New in for Use by May 2022 | Journal of Cognitive and Vol. 16, No. Online during COVID-19 Is Scientific February 2022 | Vol. 13, No. the Is and to It and K. June 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. learning Review of Education, Vol. May 2022 | Vol. 12, No. in the experiences and to and reflections the year of January 2022 | The Clinical Vol. 36, No. Psychological and Academic M. and May 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. of via videoconference on fatigue and Implications for the March 2022 | Healthcare Management Vol. No. Policy of Technology April 2022 | Education Sciences, Vol. 12, No. under A July 2021 | Journal of Family Vol. 44, No. Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Virtual Learning for Public Health and Cancer Health April 2022 | Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. during How a to online interaction and social April 2022 | Journal of Research on Vol. 16, No. a Roadmap for Technology in Social Training the of Social February 2022 | in Social Vol. No. Psychological for with Learning during the Pandemic: The Experiences of in the March 2022 | Journal of Mental Health Research in Vol. 15, No. to education and communication the and intensive community during the COVID-19 Vol. No. to education and communication the and intensive community during the COVID-19 Vol. No. and implementation of a virtual pain management programme to COVID-19: a September 2021 | British Journal of Vol. 16, No. Video Conference Fatigue of in the on Video Conference Social and April 2022 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. of in during the COVID‐19 pandemic: the and of and challenges and the of mental health and in December 2021 | Journal of Research in Educational Vol. 22, No. New with COVID-19 and A Qualitative Study on Zoom Fatigue30 March 2022 | Vol. 19, No. distance une No. Social in Remote Social A for of When the Social of Interactions via Videoconferencing March 2022 | Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. the stress of and of Zoom December 2021 | Electronic Vol. 32, No. social as of A study under in Human Behavior, Vol. the of to an online in to February 2022 | Sciences Education, Vol. 15, No. changes in social during COVID pandemic in the United December 2021 | Vol. 29, No. in Journal of and Vol. 13, No. or How online February 2022 | PLOS Vol. No. in Zoom Fatigue B. and February 2022 | Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 25, No. of on mental August 2021 | Vol. 19, No. 1Videoconference Fatigue: A February 2022 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. 4The Use of Videoconferencing in Higher January and digital communication in Australian December 2021 | Journal of the International for Business, Vol. No. and in Industry August Zoom Learning February and in During Coronavirus January of Leadership on June Online Social a from a of February An Approach to Social During Online June Virtual Reality August in a Mediated July – und February Teaching as an for Vol. 22, No. Video During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Effects on May 2021 | and Vol. No. During Remote Teaching in through a pandemic: impact of on and of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 18, No. during the pandemic A Systematic Review using April 2022 | Information Science, Vol. 6, No. Hybrid Learning Challenges and February de de de December 2022 | Vol. 4, No. of COVID‐19 with and variables in An analysis of September 2021 | The International Journal of Health and Management, Vol. 37, No. Design With Research for the Development of a Digital for and August 2022 | Journal of Research Vol. No. to Equity, and in Science and December 2021 | Frontiers in Science, Vol. December 2021 | Vol. 25, No. reality during the COVID-19 pandemic: A and and Vol. for study for a randomized controlled September 2021 | Pilot and Studies, Vol. 7, No. and A Design December in social of and mothers during the COVID-19 Vol. “Zoom A November 2021 | Applied Psychology, Vol. The from to of Human - 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No AccessRegional and Sectoral Studies1 Feb 2013Targeting of Transfers in Developing CountriesReview of Lessons and ExperienceAuthors/Editors: David Coady, Margaret Grosh, John HoddinottDavid Coady, Margaret Grosh, John Hoddinotthttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5769-7SectionsAboutPDF (1.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Drawing on a database of more than one hundred anti-poverty interventions in 47 countries, Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries provides a general review of experiences with methods used to target interventions in transition and developing countries. Written for policymakers and program managers in developing countries, in donor agencies, and in NGOs who have responsibility for designing interventions that reach the poor, it conveys what targeting options are available, what results can be expected as well as information that will assist in choosing among them and in their implementation. Key messages are: While targeting "works" - the median program transfers 25 percent more to the poor than would a universal allocation - targeting performance around the world is highly variable. Means testing, geographic targeting, and self-selection based on a work requirement are the most robustly progressive methods. Proxy means testing, community-based selection of individuals and demographic targeting to children show good results on average, but with considerable variation. Demographic targeting to the elderly, community bidding, and self-selection based on consumption show limited potential for good targeting. There is no single preferred method for all types of programs or all country contexts. Successful targeting depends critically on how a method is implemented. Previous book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByTargeting Social Transfers in Ethiopia's Agro‐pastoralist and Pastoralist SocietiesDevelopment and Change, Vol.53, No.212 November 2021Data, discretion and institutional capacity: Evidence from cash transfers in PakistanJournal of Public Economics, Vol.206Financial Resilience: A Way Forward Towards Economic Development in Developing CountriesSocial Indicators Research, Vol.160, No.15 September 2021Who Are Identified as Poor in Rural China's Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategy? Applying the Multidimensional Capability ApproachJournal of Chinese Political Science, Vol.1027 January 2022Efficiency, Legitimacy, and Impacts of Targeting Methods: Evidence from an Experiment in NigerWorld Bank Economic Review, Vol.35, No.417 November 2021An Empirical Validation Method for Narrowing the Range of Poverty ThresholdsSocial Indicators Research, Vol.9516 October 2021Predicting poverty and malnutrition for targeting, mapping, monitoring, and early warningApplied Economic Perspectives and Policy, Vol.14815 July 2021Social Protection and State–Society Relations in Environments of Low and Uneven State CapacityAnnual Review of Political Science, Vol.24, No.1Assessing the performance of beneficiary targeting in Brazil's More Doctors ProgrammeHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.36, No.215 January 2021The Politics of Social Protection in Kenya: State Capacity, Political Competition and Social Pension Registration in Marsabit CountySSRN Electronic Journal, Vol.8Beyond Manipulation: Administrative Sorting in Regression Discontinuity DesignsJournal of Causal Inference, Vol.8, No.123 December 2020Motives behind community participation: Evidence from natural and artefactual field experiments in Sri LankaPacific Economic Review, Vol.25, No.521 December 2020Conditional Cash Transfers and Homogeneous Spaces: The Politics of Multiplicative EffectsLatin American Policy, Vol.11, No.25 November 2020Coverage of non-receipt of cash transfer (Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty) and associated factors among older persons in the Mampong Municipality, Ghana – a quantitative analysisBMC Geriatrics, Vol.20, No.115 October 2020Can Rationing Increase Welfare? Theory and an Application to India's Ration Shop SystemAmerican Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol.12, No.4Intake, Registration, and Assessment of Needs and Conditions3 December 2020Payments of Cash Benefits3 December 2020Eligibility and Enrollment3 December 2020Broad-based subsidies or targeted transfers? Distributional equity vs macroeconomic costsJournal of Economic Policy Reform13 July 2020Political favouritism and social conflict: a case study of the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in PakistanArea Development and Policy, Vol.5, No.314 June 2019Targeting in Practice: A Review of Existing Mechanisms for Beneficiary Selection in the Democratic Republic of CongoJournal of International Development, Vol.32, No.524 March 2020Use of conditional cash transfers for addressing gender-based inequalities in health and education among children: studying the impact of the Shubh Laxmi scheme in Rajasthan, IndiaBehavioural Public Policy, Vol.629 June 2020Community-Based versus Statistical Targeting of Anti-Poverty Programs: Evidence from Burkina FasoJournal of African Economies, Vol.29, No.310 December 2019Is Bigger Always Better? How Targeting Aid Windfalls Affects Capture and Social CohesionComparative Political Studies, Vol.53, No.3-418 June 2019Financial innovations and sanitation services: the battle between low-income users and shareholdersBulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, Vol.47, No.4725 March 2020The Targeting Benefit Of Conditional Cash Transfers19 February 2020International Donors and Social Policy Diffusion in the Global South30 June 2020A Global Assessment of Nontariff Customer Assistance Programs in Water Supply and Sanitation22 February 2020The Optimal Allocation of Resources Among Heterogeneous IndividualsSSRN Electronic JournalHow to Target Households in Adaptive Social Protection Systems? Evidence from Humanitarian and Development Approaches in NigerThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.55, No.sup16 December 2019Adaptive Safety Nets for Rural Africa: Drought-Sensitive Targeting with Sparse Data24 December 2019How is equity approached in universal health coverage? An analysis of global and country policy documents in Benin and SenegalInternational Journal for Equity in Health, Vol.18, No.117 December 2019Receiving Social Assistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Negating Shame or Producing Stigma?Journal of Social Policy, Vol.1484 November 2019Most of Africa's Nutritionally Deprived Women and Children Are Not Found in Poor HouseholdsThe Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.101, No.41 October 2019How Can African Governments Reach Poor Farmers with Fertiliser Subsidies? Exploring a Targeting Approach in GhanaThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.55, No.924 October 2018Targeting subsidised inpatient services to the poor in a setting with limited state capacity: proxy means testing in Myanmar's hospital equity fund schemeTropical Medicine & International Health, Vol.24, No.930 July 2019Multidimensional Wellbeing Inequality in a Developing Country: A Case Study of VietnamSocial Indicators Research, Vol.145, No.120 March 2019Do Income Supplemental Programs for Older Adults' Help Reduce Primary Caregiver Burden? Evidence from MexicoJournal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, Vol.1125 June 2019Isolated illiteracy and access to social programs: evidence from BrazilInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.46, No.5Targeting Ultra-Poor Households in Honduras and PeruWorld Bank Economic Review, Vol.33, No.123 April 2019Targeting Humanitarian Aid Using Administrative Data: Model Design and ValidationSSRN Electronic JournalIdentifying Poor Refugees for Targeting of Food and Multi-Sectoral Cash Transfers in NigerSSRN Electronic JournalHow much does community-based targeting of the ultra-poor in the health sector cost? Novel evidence from Burkina FasoHealth Economics Review, Vol.8, No.14 September 2018Non-contributory pension programs and frailty of older adults: Evidence from MexicoPLOS ONE, Vol.13, No.112 November 2018A Proxy Means Test for Sri Lanka6 November 2018Religious Fractionalisation and Crimes in Disaster-Affected Communities: Survey Evidence from BangladeshThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.54, No.106 November 2017Retooling Poverty Targeting Using Out-of-Sample Validation and Machine LearningWorld Bank Economic Review, Vol.32, No.313 November 2018Inclusion and exclusion errors in the targeted supplementary feeding programme of EthiopiaMaternal & Child Nutrition, Vol.14, No.411 June 2018Concepts, Definitions, and Indicators for Social Protection Analysis28 June 2018Proxy Means Tests to Identify the Income Poor: Application for the Case of VietnamJournal of Asian and African Studies, Vol.53, No.429 May 2017Efficiency, Legitimacy and Impacts of Targeting Methods: Evidence from an Experiment in Niger4 May 2018The targeting effectiveness of Egypt's Food Subsidy Programme: Reaching the poor?International Social Security Review, Vol.71, No.28 May 2018A Synthesis of Multidimensional Poverty19 January 2018Children & Society, Vol.32, No.6The Informational Basis of Emerging Social Assistance in Low and Middle-Income CountriesSSRN Electronic JournalSharing the Pie: Undernutrition, Intra-Household Allocation, and PovertySSRN Electronic JournalData Mining Approach to Decision Support in Social WelfareYou Are What Your Parents Think: Height and Local Reference PointsSSRN Electronic JournalWhy a universal Child Grant makes sense in Nepal: A four-step analysisGlobal Social Policy, Vol.17, No.323 September 2017How effective and efficient are social programs on food and nutritional security?Food and Energy Security, Vol.6, No.421 November 2017Regional social assistance systems: Why and how targeting policy is introducedRegional Research of Russia, Vol.7, No.416 December 2017The Use of Common Area k-Sample Test in Evaluating Targeting Methodologies: An Application to the Case of EgyptSocial Indicators Research, Vol.133, No.311 July 2016DOES GOVERNMENT SPENDING AFFECT INCOME INEQUALITY? A META-REGRESSION ANALYSISJournal of Economic Surveys, Vol.31, No.422 August 2016The impact of targeted subsidies plan on electricity consumption, sale, receivables collection and operating cash flowInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.44, No.4Social exclusion and access to social protection schemesJournal of Development Effectiveness, Vol.9, No.228 March 2017Effective targeting of social programmes: an overview of issuesJournal of Development Effectiveness, Vol.9, No.224 April 2017Are Poor Individuals Mainly Found in Poor Households? Evidence Using Nutrition Data for Africa4 April 2017PROTOCOL: The effect of cash transfers on social solidarity: A systematic reviewCampbell Systematic Reviews, Vol.13, No.116 June 2017The World Bank, Development, and Health14 September 2017Are Targeted Unconditional Cash Transfers Effective? Evidence from a Poor Region in IndiaSocial Indicators Research, Vol.130, No.228 November 2015Controlling Administrative Discretion Promotes Social Equity? Evidence from a Natural ExperimentPublic Administration Review, Vol.77, No.130 June 2016A Poor Means Test? Econometric Targeting in Africa4 January 2017Sociocultural and institutional contexts of social cash transfer programs: Lessons from stakeholders' attitudes and experiences in GhanaGlobal Social Policy, Vol.16, No.324 July 2016State budget transfers to Health Insurance Funds for universal health coverage: institutional design patterns and challenges of covering those outside the formal sector in Eastern European high-income countriesInternational Journal for Equity in Health, Vol.15, No.115 January 2016Implementing demand side targeting mechanisms for maternal and child health-experiences from national health insurance fund program in Rungwe District, TanzaniaGlobalization and Health, Vol.12, No.12 August 2016Urban food retailing and food prices in Africa: the case of Addis Ababa, EthiopiaJournal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, Vol.6, No.2The political economy of targeting - a critical reviewDevelopment Policy Review, Vol.34, No.612 October 2016Retooling Poverty Targeting Using Out-of-Sample Validation and Machine Learning5 December 2016Los riesgos de los programas de transferencias condicionadas y la construcción de ciudadanía: el caso de Progresa/Oportunidades de MéxicoReflexión Política, Vol.18, No.3513 July 2016How Poverty Indicators Confound Poverty Reduction Evaluations: The Targeting Performance of Income Transfers in EuropeSocial Indicators Research, Vol.127, No.324 June 2015Nigeria's Government Spending on Basic Education and Healthcare in the Last Decade: What has Changed After Reforms?Social Indicators Research, Vol.127, No.326 June 2015Inequalities among malnourished children in IndiaInternational Journal of Social Economics, Vol.43, No.6Long-Term Impacts of an Unanticipated Risk Event: The 2007/08 Food Price Crisis and Child Growth in Indonesia19 May 2016The Brink of Poverty: Implementation of a Social Assistance Programme in Rural ChinaJournal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol.45, No.11 April 2016Targeting Disaster Aid in Post-Tsunami Sri LankaDevelopment Policy Review, Vol.34, No.22 February 2016Evolution of health coverage in Mexico: evidence of progress and challenges in the Mexican health systemHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.31, No.129 March 2015Does the underlying definition of household impair programme targeting?Journal of Development Effectiveness, Vol.8, No.119 August 2015Non-Contributory Social Transfer Programmes in Developing Countries: A New Data Set and Research AgendaSSRN Electronic JournalDecentralized versus Statistical Targeting of Anti-Poverty Programs: Evidence from Burkina FasoSSRN Electronic JournalLend a Hand: Poor People, Support Systems, Safety Nets, and Inclusion19 November 2015A Comparison of Two Simple, Low-Cost Ways for Local, Pro-Poor Organizations to Measure the Poverty of Their ParticipantsSocial Indicators Research, Vol.124, No.213 November 2014Predictors of Health Among Refugee Adults from Myanmar and the Development of Their ChildrenJournal of Immigrant and Minority Health, Vol.17, No.526 August 2014A diagnostic tool for estimating the incidence of subsidies delivered by water utilities in low- and medium-income countries, with illustrative simulationsUtilities Policy, Vol.34Introduction: Safety Nets in Africa—Effective Mechanisms to Reach the Poor and Most Vulnerable7 May 2015Effective Targeting Mechanisms in Africa: Existing and New Methods7 May 2015Short- and Long-Term Targeting in Kenya7 May 2015Targeting Effectiveness of Safety Net Programs in Senegal7 May 2015Costing alternative transfer modalitiesJournal of Development Effectiveness, Vol.7, No.11 December 2014Reducing child poverty and assessing targeting performance: Governmental cash transfers in TaiwanInternational Journal of Social Welfare, Vol.24, No.17 August 2014Is the process for selecting indigents to receive free care in Burkina Faso equitable?BMC Public Health, Vol.14, No.17 November 2014Ethical considerations related to participation and partnership: an investigation of stakeholders' perceptions of an action-research project on user fee removal for the poorest in Burkina FasoBMC Medical Ethics, Vol.15, No.120 February 2014Réformer et étendre les régimes de protection sociale des pays émergents d'Amérique latine : entre héritage institutionnel et réception d'idéesRevue française des affaires sociales, Vol.13, No.3The Politics and Practicalities of Universalism: Towards a Citizen-Centred Perspective on Social ProtectionThe European Journal of Development Research, Vol.26, No.315 May 2014Can the Expansion of Social Protection bring about Social Transformation in African Countries? The Case of ZambiaThe European Journal of Development Research, Vol.26, No.37 July 2014The Role of Last-Resort Income Support in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region26 August 2014Eligibility26 August 2014Data Mining Approach to Decision Support in Social WelfareInternational Journal of Business Intelligence Research, Vol.5, No.2Old-age pensions and population health: A global and cross-national perspectiveGlobal Public Health, Vol.9, No.314 February 2014Addressing Equity3 April 2014Reforming Pensions in Developing and Transition Countries: Trends, Debates and ImpactsEffectiveness of Existing Safety Net Programs: An Analysis3 April 2014Cohesive and connected communities create resilience28 January 2016How to target: overview on current targeting methods in social protectionKey principles to improve programmes and interventions in complementary feedingMaternal & Child Nutrition, Vol.918 September 2013Are cash transfers a realistic policy tool for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Congo-Brazzaville and Côte d'IvoireGlobal Social Policy, Vol.13, No.22 August 2013Multidimensional Targeting: Identifying Beneficiaries of Conditional Cash Transfer ProgramsSocial Indicators Research, Vol.112, No.21 February 2013Paying attention to detail: how to transfer cash in cash transfersEnterprise Development and Microfinance, Vol.24, No.1Improving the Targeting of Social Assistance in Albania: Evidence from Micro-simulations6 November 2012Policies for Sustainable Development: The Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture14 December 2012The Most Effective Means of Social Protection? An Evaluation of the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Schooling and Child Labour in PeruBasic Income Studies, Vol.8, No.2Programas De Pensiones No Contributivas Y Su Viabilidad Financiera: El Caso De México (Noncontributory Pension Programs and Their Financial Viability: The Mexican Case)SSRN Electronic JournalSafety Nets and Food Programs in Asia: A Comparative PerspectiveSSRN Electronic JournalFinding the Best Indicators to Identify the PoorSSRN Electronic JournalMali: 2012 Article IV Consultation, Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility and Cancellation of the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement—Staff Report; Staff Supplements; Public Information Notice and Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for MaliIMF Staff Country Reports, Vol.13, No.44Is Informal Sector Work an Alternative to Workfare Benefits? 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Social assistance in Kosovo and what it means for childrenJournal of European Social Policy, Vol.21, No.3The Impact of the Increase in Food Prices on Child Poverty and the Policy Response in MaliSSRN Electronic JournalMarginal Benefit Incidence Analysis of Public Spending in NigeriaSSRN Electronic JournalEvaluating Social Protection Programs in TajikistanSSRN Electronic JournalIs the Bamako Initiative Still Relevant for West African Health Systems?International Journal of Health Services, Vol.41, No.11 January 2011Republic of Belarus: Selected Issues PaperIMF Staff Country Reports, Vol.11, No.69Low coverage but few inclusion errors in Burkina Faso: a community-based targeting approach to exempt the indigent from user feesBMC Public Health, Vol.10, No.121 October 2010Conditional cash transfers and female schooling: the impact of the female school stipend programme on public school enrolments in Punjab, PakistanApplied Economics, Vol.42, No.28Reformas estructurales, Mercado de trabajo y Proteccion social en America Latina. Welfare, structural reforms and changes in the labour in Vol.10, in Help the Poor Natural of Development Studies, Vol.46, Exploring the between Mechanisms and Public A for and challenges in social transfers and of social services in targeting A study of conditional cash Children and Studies, Alternative Policy to World Food The Case of Prices in Journal of Economics, August of Income and transfers to with a natural evidence from and Development Economics, Vol.14, November targeting in The de of International Development, Vol.21, in Public Policy Targeted to the Poor: Policy and Society, Vol.8, No.11 January Analysis of Allocation Targeting the Conditional Cash Transfer Programs be to be Effective? 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Journal of Women's HealthVol. 29, No. 4 CommentaryFree AccessSex and Gender Disparities in the COVID-19 PandemicJewel Gausman and Ana LangerJewel GausmanWomen & Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this author and Ana LangerAddress correspondence to: Ana Langer, MD, Women & Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, FXB Building 6th Floor Office 643B, Boston, MA 02115 E-mail Address: [email protected]Women & Health Initiative, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:17 Apr 2020https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8472AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookXLinked InRedditEmail In the case of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, sex-disaggregated data suggest that fewer women are dying from the disease than men.1 However, taking this observation at face value oversimplifies the biological, behavioral, and social and systemic factors that may cause differences to emerge with regard to how women and men experience both the disease and its consequences. As governments react with swift and severe measures in their ongoing fight to control the pandemic's spread, it is important to understand how these actions may disproportionately increase the risks for women both directly and indirectly with regard to sex and gender.Pregnant women are often among the most vulnerable groups during public health emergencies. In some cases, pregnant women face increased biological susceptibility to adverse health outcomes, as in the case of some respiratory infections. With other emergent coronaviruses, such as those responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), pregnant women who became infected were found to be more likely than nonpregnant women to experience severe complications.2 It is still too early to tell whether this will be the case with COVID-19.In the ongoing pandemic, other factors may have a ripple effect that put women at increased risk even if the disease itself does not. As made clear during the 2014 Ebola outbreak, the consequences of large-scale infectious disease outbreaks on uninfected pregnant women can be dire. Routine prenatal care appointments, if not interrupted or discontinued, may put women at increased risk of exposure to the virus. Overwhelmed hospitals struggling to function with staff and supply shortages may not be able to provide the high quality of care that all pregnant women and their newborns deserve, let alone respond to emergency obstetric complications. Furthermore, there is also a risk that life-saving treatments or vaccines will be denied to pregnant women over concern for fetal safety or a lack of data.3,4The fear of infection, concern for the well-being of friends and loved ones, uncertainty, disruption, and social isolation that have become part and parcel of daily life for many around the world will undoubtedly have profound effects on mental health on the population at large, but being pregnant during a global pandemic is likely to be even more frightening for many women. Although containment strategies, such as those that require women to deliver without a companion present, including partners and doulas, that have already been put into place in some cities in the United States,5 or those that separate newborns from their mothers immediately after birth if the mother is infected with COVID-196 may be clinically important to reduce transmission, they may also have profound short- and long-term mental health implications for women. Among women who have young children, previous research in Ethiopia, India, and Vietnam found that women who experience family-related stressful life events, such as illness or death within the household and financial uncertainty, are more likely to experience episodes of severe mental distress.7 With the ongoing need to social distance, family and community networks may struggle and pregnant and postpartum women may feel even more vulnerable and isolated over a lack of social support.The adverse effects of the pandemic in relation to women's reproductive health are not limited to pregnancy or motherhood. As movement restrictions are put into place, supply chains are disrupted, and businesses are shuttered, some women may be at increased risk of unintended pregnancy should it become difficult to obtain their regular contraceptive method or emergency contraceptives, if needed. Furthermore, some states within the United States have begun to impose restrictions on certain medical procedures that they deem to be elective, including abortion, suggesting they must be delayed until after the pandemic is over.8 Spikes in domestic violence during times of crisis are another area of grave concern for women's health, and as governments continue to put into place more extreme measures to enforce social distancing, for some women, more time at home may mean more time spent with an abusive partner. Fewer social interactions may also mean less accountability for perpetrators and fewer opportunities for others to intervene.Gender-related factors may also increase the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women globally. Women constitute a disproportionately high percentage of caregivers in both the formal and informal sectors.9 A large proportion of frontline health care professionals (nurses, community health workers, health technicians, etc.) is women who face a higher risk of infection, morbidity, and death as a result of their profession.9 At the same time, women more frequently serve as the primary caregivers within a household, which may further increase their risk of exposure. In the United States, 65% of unpaid family caregivers are estimated to be women and 80% of them care for someone aged 50 years or older.10 Outside of their caregiving role, women are overrepresented in the informal employment sector. In low-and middle-income countries, two-thirds of women who work do so as part of the informal economy with limited access to health care for themselves and their families.9 Containment and mitigation policies that limit women's ability to perform their duties without offering effective alternatives, such as closing of daycare facilities for their children or not providing paid sick leave, may result in unnecessary exposure to disease and increased family vulnerability.It is urgent that we adopt a gender lens to study the pandemic and its effects, including the policies and actions that are put into place at the global, country, and local levels. This may be especially important in disadvantaged populations and resource-poor communities, where women are especially vulnerable. The public health community must ensure that existing health and social services meant to support women in the face of their unique needs do not disappear in lieu of the all-encompassing focus on stopping the pandemic. Furthermore, we argue that special attention needs to be paid to ensure that informal caregivers are supported, informed, and protected. To avoid making existing gender disparities larger as a result of the pandemic, a special body at the U.S. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention is urgently needed to track sex disaggregated data and analyze policies related to COVID-19 using a gender lens.Author Disclosure StatementNo competing financial interests exist.Funding InformationNo funding was received for this article.References1. Cai H. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med 2020;pii: S2213-2600(20)30117-X. Medline, Google Scholar2. Favre G, Pomar L, Musso D, Baud D. 2019-nCoV epidemic: What about pregnancies? Lancet 2020;395:e40. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;pii: S0002-9378(20)30197-6. Medline, Google Scholar4. Weigel G. Novel coronavirus "COVID-19": Special considerations for pregnant women. Available at: https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/novel-coronavirus-covid-19-special-considerations-for-pregnant-women/?utm_source=Global+Health+NOW+Main+List Accessed March 17, 2020. Google Scholar5. Caron C, Syckle KV. Laboring alone: Some hospitals bar partners because of virus fears. The New York Times. 2020. Google Scholar6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice advisory: Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Available at: https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Practice-Advisories/Practice-Advisory-Novel-Coronavirus2019?IsMobileSet=false Accessed March 13, 2020. Google Scholar7. Gausman J, Austin SB, Subramanian S, Langer A. Adversity, social capital, and mental distress among mothers of small children: A cross-sectional study in three low and middle-income countries. PLoS One 2020;15:e0228435. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar8. Tavernise S. Texas and Ohio include abortion as medical procedures that must be delayed. The New York Times. 2020. Google Scholar9. Langer A, Meleis A, Knaul FM, et al. Women and health: The key for sustainable development. Lancet 2015;386:1165–1210. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar10. Feinberg L, Reinhard SC, Houser A, Choula R. Valuing the invaluable: 2011 update, the growing contributions and costs of family caregiving. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute, 2011:32. 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No AccessDirections in Development - General1 Feb 2013Government-Sponsored Health Insurance in IndiaAre You Covered?Authors/Editors: Gerard La Forgia and Somil NagpalGerard La Forgia and Somil Nagpalhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9618-6AboutView ChaptersPDF (4.8 MB)Other FormatsePUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book presents research findings on India?s major central and state government-sponsored health insurance schemes (GSHISs). The analysis centers on the GSHISs launched since 2007. These schemes targeted poor populations, aiming to provide financial protection against catastrophic health shocks, defined in terms of inpatient care. Focus is on two lines of inquiry. The first involves institutional and ?operational? opportunities and challenges regarding schemes? design features, governance arrangements, financial flows, cost-containment mechanisms, underlying stakeholder incentives, information asymmetries, and potential for impact on financial protection and on access to care and use by targeted beneficiaries. The second entails ?big picture? questions on the future configuration of India?s health financing and delivery systems that have surfaced, due in part to the appearance of a new wave of GSHISs. In addition to gains in population coverage, reaching about 185 million low-income beneficiaries by 2010, the new crop of schemes introduced a demand-side approach to public financing while embracing several innovation features, at least for the Indian context. These include: defined entitlements, separation of purchasing from financing, patient choice of providers, impressive use of information and communication technology and engagement with the private sector in the areas of insurance, administration and provision. Strong political interest in the schemes is also evident, especially at the state level and is a driver of increased public expenditures for health. The schemes face a number of operational challenges that have emerged during implementation and are examined in the book. They will need to strengthen institutional and governance arrangements, purchasing and contracting capacities, monitoring systems, and cost containment mechanisms. They need to use their financial leverage to improve the quality of network providers. Beneficiaries also appear to have insufficient information on enrolment, benefits and providers. The book recommends a series of corrective measures to address these shortcomings. The book outlines a ?pragmatic pathway? toward achieving universal coverage that takes as a starting point the current configuration of health financing and delivery arrangements in India, recent trends in government health financing as well as innovations and lessons from the recent GSHISs analyzed in this book. The book concludes with a review of issues for further research. Previous bookNext book FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byWealth Status and Health Insurance Enrollment in India: An Empirical AnalysisHealthcare, Vol.11, No.97 May 2023Assessing the implementation of India's new health reform program, Ayushman Bharat, in two Southern states: Kerala and Tamil NaduWorld Medical & Health Policy, Vol.15, No.112 June 2022Awareness of India's national health insurance scheme (PM-JAY): a cross-sectional study across six statesHealth Policy and Planning, Vol.637 December 2022Improving hospital-based processes for effective implementation of Government funded health insurance schemes: evidence from early implementation of PM-JAY in IndiaBMC Health Services Research, Vol.22, No.115 January 2022Explaining Caste-Based Disparities in Enrollment for National Health Insurance Program in India: a Decomposition AnalysisJournal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, Vol.10222 August 2022Universal Health Coverage (UHC)How does Context Influence Implementation Mechanism of Publicly Funded Health Insurance Schemes in Indian StatesJournal of Health Management, Vol.24, No.16 March 2022Health Reinsurance as a Human Right15 February 2022Universal health coverage – A must to reduce out-of-pocket expenditures and for better quality of life among the cancer patientsJournal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, Vol.132 December 2022Inpatient Healthcare Financing Strategies: Evidence from IndiaThe European Journal of Development Research, Vol.33, No.62 October 2020Why is women's utilization of a publicly funded health insurance low?: a qualitative study in Tamil Nadu, IndiaBMC Public Health, Vol.21, No.112 February 2021Poverty in India in the face of Covid‐19: Diagnosis and prospects*Review of Development Economics, Vol.25, No.42 October 2021Utilization of health care services in public and private healthcare in India: Causes and determinantsInternational Journal of Healthcare Management, Vol.14, No.211 October 2019Increasing utilization of public health insurance programs: Evidence from an experiment in IndiaWorld Development, Vol.139Availability, price and affordability of essential medicines for managing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a statewide survey in Kerala, IndiaTropical Medicine & International Health, Vol.25, No.123 November 2020Performance of India's national publicly funded health insurance scheme, Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogaya Yojana (PMJAY), in improving access and financial protection for hospital care: findings from household surveys in Chhattisgarh stateBMC Public Health, Vol.20, No.116 June 2020Effect of health insurance program for the poor on out-of-pocket inpatient care cost in India: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional surveyBMC Health Services Research, Vol.20, No.17 September 2020Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Real-World Data From IndiaJCO Global Oncology, Vol.54, No.6An Ethical Analysis of the 'Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojna (PM-JAY)' Scheme using the Stakeholder Approach to Universal Health Care in IndiaAsian Bioethics Review, Vol.12, No.227 May 2020Why Do Informal Sector Workers Not Pay the Premium Regularly? Evidence from the National Health Insurance System in IndonesiaApplied Health Economics and Health Policy, Vol.18, No.118 September 2019When state-funded health insurance schemes fail to provide financial protection: An in-depth exploration of the experiences of patients from urban slums of Chhattisgarh, IndiaGlobal Public Health, Vol.15, No.213 August 2019Breaking the Stigma of Health InsuranceManagement and Labour Studies, Vol.45, No.118 December 2019Utilisation and financial protection for hospital care under publicly funded health insurance in three states in Southern IndiaBMC Health Services Research, Vol.19, No.127 December 2019Challenges constraining availability and affordability of insulin in Bengaluru region (Karnataka, India): evidence from a mixed-methods studyJournal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, Vol.12, No.117 October 2019Bibliography26 November 2019Understanding public health insurance in India: A design perspectiveThe International Journal of Health Planning 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Participation in India's Health Insurance Scheme for the PoorPLoS ONE, Vol.8, No.621 June 2013The Welfare Implications of Patent Protection, Pricing, and Licensing in the Indian Oral Anti-Diabetic Drug MarketSSRN Electronic Journal View Published: August 2012ISBN: 978-0-8213-9618-6e-ISBN: 978-0-8213-9619-3 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsHealth Nutrition and PopulationPoverty ReductionSocial Protections and Labor KeywordsSOCIAL INSURANCEFINANCIAL PROTECTIONHEALTH FINANCINGHEALTH PROVISIONUNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGEHEALTH COVERAGETARGETING OF THE POORPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSHEALTH INSURANCE PDF DownloadLoading ...

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Women's education in developing countriesBarriers, benefits, and policiesAuthors/Editors: Elizabeth M. King, M. Anne HillElizabeth M. King, M. Anne Hillhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8018-4534-3SectionsAboutPDF (1.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Despite the great expansion of educational opportunities worldwide during the past thirty years, women in most developing countries still receive less schooling than men. Yet there is compelling evidence that the education of girls and women promotes both individual and national well-being. An example is the strong links between a woman ' s education and her employment and income. Another is that better-educated women bear fewer children, who have better chances of surviving infancy, of being healthy, and of attending school. When women are deprived of an education, individuals, families, and children, as well as the societies in which they live, suffer. When women are adequately educated, everyone benefits. Why, then, do women in much of the developing world continue to lag behind men in measures of educational attainment, including literacy, length of schooling, and educational achievement? This volume begins to address this puzzle by examining how educational decisions are made. This is done by exploring the costs and benefits, both public and private, that determine how much families invest in educating their daughters and their sons. The volume illustrates the importance of economic and cultural differences among developing countires in explaining variations in the manner in which these costs and benefits influence schooling choices. The book brings together information on women ' s education from a variety of data bases, examines the relationship between women ' s education and development, reviews research results for each developing region, identifies gaps in current knowledge, and discusses problems of methodology. The contributors assess the strategies that have been used to improve schooling for girls and women and point the way to an agenda for research, policy, and programs. The study concludes with a challenge to researchers, policymakers, and development specialists to ensure that during the next century women in the developing world do not remain educationally disadvantaged. 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Practising Gender Analysis in EducationGirls' Education and its Economic Contribution to Less Developed CountriesMental Health Promoter Training with Guatemalan Refugee Women in Mexico City and the Camps of Southern MexicoWomen, Literacy and Development: Overview View Published: June 1993ISBN: 978-0-8018-4534-5 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsAfricaRelated CountriesBurkina FasoCôte d'IvoireNigeriaRelated TopicsEducationGenderHealth Nutrition and Population KeywordsCOST OF EDUCATIONEDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCYEQUITY IN EDUCATIONSTATUS OF WOMENWOMEN EDUCATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIESWOMEN'S ADVANCEMENTWOMEN'S EDUCATIONARITHMETICCLASSROOMFEMALE EDUCATIONGENDER GAPGIRLSLITERACYPRIMARY EDUCATIONREADINGRETURNS TO EDUCATIONSCHOOLING PDF DownloadLoading ...

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Can Anyone Hear Us?Voices of the PoorAuthors/Editors: Deepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-SchulteDeepa naraya, Raj Patel, Kai Schafft, Anne Rademacher, and Sarah Koch-Schultehttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-1601-6SectionsAboutPDF (2.1 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book is the first in a three-part series, about the common patterns that emerged from the poor people ' s experiences in many different places. Chapter 1 sets out the conceptual framework and methodology. Chapter 2 discusses poverty from the perspective of the poor. Chapter 3 examines poor people ' s experience with the state, and includes case studies of access to health care and education. Chapter 4 addresses the nature and quality of poor people ' s interactions with civil society. Chapter 5 considers the household as a key social institution, and discusses gender relations within households and how these relations affect and are affected by larger institutions of society. Chapter 6 focuses on social fragmentation, and includes a discussion of social cohesion and social exclusion. Chapter 7 concludes the analysis and proposes some policy recommendations. The analysis leads to these conclusions: 1) poverty is multidimensional; 2) the state has been largely ineffective in reaching the poor; 3) the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the lives of the poor is limited, forcing the poor to depend primarily on their own informal networks; 4) households are crumbling under the stresses of poverty; and 5) the social fabric - poor people ' s only " insurance " - is unraveling. FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited by¿Qué factores influyen en la pobreza monetaria en las regiones más pobre y menos pobre del Perú en el año 2021? 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No AccessDirections in Development - General1 Feb 2013The Political Economy of Democratic DecentralizationAuthors/Editors: James ManorJames Manorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4470-6SectionsAboutPDF (0.4 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Nearly all countries worldwide are now experimenting with decentralization. Their motivation are diverse. Many countries are decentralizing because they believe this can help stimulate economic growth or reduce rural poverty, goals central government interventions have failed to achieve. Some countries see it as a way to strengthen civil society and deepen democracy. Some perceive it as a way to off-load expensive responsibilities onto lower level governments. Thus, decentralization is seen as a solution to many different kinds of problems. This report examines the origins and implications decentralization from a political economy perspective, with a focus on its promise and limitations. It explores why countries have often chosen not to decentralize, even when evidence suggests that doing so would be in the interests of the government. It seeks to explain why since the early 1980s many countries have undertaken some form of decentralization. This report also evaluates the evidence to understand where decentralization has considerable promise and where it does not. It identifies conditions needed for decentralization to succeed. It identifies the ways in which decentralization can promote rural development. And it names the goals which decentralization will probably not help achieve. 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No AccessWorld Development Report1 Feb 2013World Development Report 1989Financial Systems and Development; World Development IndicatorsAuthors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-0788-2AboutView ChaptersPDF (27.6 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This is the twelfth in the annual series assessing major development issues. Economic growth rates among the developing countries have varied considerably. The external environment has had an adverse impact on growth, but domestic policies have been more important. Countries striving to adjust their economies have had considerable success reducing external imbalances but less success with internal balance. In the absence of large inflows of foreign capital, countries will need to rely on the mobilization of domestic financial resources. The structure of a country's financial system reflects its economic philosophy; the present financial structure of many developing countries reflects their approach to development in the 1960s and 1970s, an approach that emphasized government intervention in the economy. Today many countries are revising their approach to rely more heavily on the private sector. For the financial sector, this implies a smaller role for government in the allocation of credit, determination of interest rates, and the daily decisionmaking of financial intermediation. Relaxation of these controls calls for an effective system of prudent regulation and supervision. Hence while the objective is an open market, countries should not remove all capital controls until other economic and financial reforms are in place. 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The Manufacturing Sector in African DevelopmentDevelopment Policy Review, Vol.8, No.11 May 2008 View Published: June 1989 ISBN: 978-0-19-520788-0 Copyright & Permissions Related Topics Finance and Financial Sector Development Macroeconomics and Economic Growth Private Sector Development KeywordsACCOUNTINGCAPITAL INFLOWSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTFINANCIAL STRUCTUREFINANCIAL SYSTEMSFOREIGN CAPITALGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONINTEREST RATESINTERNATIONAL BANK PDF DownloadLoading ...

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013GovernanceThe World Bank's experienceAuthors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2804-2SectionsAboutPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This report summarizes the governance work undertaken by the World Bank in the last two years. It provides an overview of governance activities in lending, economic and sector work, and in research and dialogue. Progress across regions is reported under the four major components of governance identified in the 1992 governance report: 1) public sector management; 2) accountability; 3) legal framework for development; and 4) transparency and information. In addition, other issues that are related to Bank activities - such as more participatory approaches to policy, program, and project design and implementation, military expenditures; and human rights - are raised. Internal procedures and organizational issues relevant to the Bank's governance work are also discussed. Although the magnitude of the World Bank's work in governance cannot be directly measured because of the diffuseness of the topic, the report concludes that the volume of governance-related lending and research by the Bank is substantial and growing. This work has concentrated on the economic and social dimensions of governance, using a variety of approaches, both traditional and innovative. The intensity of governance work varies from country to country according to country circumstances and needs. In the past two years, the most comprehensive governance work has been carried out in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa. 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No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013Higher educationThe lessons of experience.Authors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2745-3SectionsAboutPDF (0.4 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Higher education is of paramount importance for economic and social development, yet it is in crisis throughout the world. Industrial as well as developing countries are grappling with the challenge of how to improve higher education as they face shrinking budgets. The crisis is most acute in the developing world, where fiscal adjustments have been harshest and where relatively low enrollment ratios make containing pressures to expand enrollment more difficult. The result has been a dramatic compression of average expenditures on each student - for example, in sub-Saharan Africa, from an average of $6,300 in 1980 to $1,500 in 1988. This book shows how developing countries can reform higher education, despite wide variations within the sector from country to country. Using data from many reports and case studies, it suggests four main directions for reform: encouraging more kinds of public and private institutions, providing incentives for public institutions to diversify sources of funding, redefining the role of government, and introducing policies that emphasize quality and equity. 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Global health continues to gain pace as a discipline, as is evident from the amount of funding available for challenges relevant to low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs)1Dieleman JL Haakenstad A The complexity of resource allocation for health.Lancet Glob Health. 2015; 3: e8-e9Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 2Dieleman JL Schneider MT Haakenstad A et al.Development assistance for health: past trends, associations, and the future of international financial flows for health.Lancet. 2016; 387: 2536-2544Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar and the growth of journals in this field. This growth has been driven in no small part by the targets and indicators of the Millennium Development Goals. Successes towards achieving these goals, however, have often come from expertise, funding, and ideas flowing from high income countries (HICs) to LMICs; with HIC players being accused of parachuting in to LMICs to act or set up state of the art, HIC led and staffed facilities.3Bhutta Z Practising just medicine in an unjust world.BMJ. 2003; 327: 1000-1001Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar This neo-colonialist model means that despite the scale of capital inflows, huge gaps in infrastructure, management systems, and human capital remain for health systems, government and governance structures, and research institutes in LMICs.4Byass P Is global health really global?.Glob Health Action. 2013; 6: 1-3PubMed Google Scholar, 5Ijsselmuiden C Marais DL Becerra-Posada F Ghannem H Africa's neglected area of human resources for health research—the way forward.S Afr Med J. 2012; 102: 228-233PubMed Google Scholar We believe that addressing the gap in research capacity in LMICs is pivotal in ensuring broad-based systems improvement, with local knowledge and training being central to responsive health system development, proper governance, and responsible government. Unfortunately, the lion's share of global health research institutes are in HICs and the funding that fuels them comes mostly from HIC funds.4Byass P Is global health really global?.Glob Health Action. 2013; 6: 1-3PubMed Google Scholar, 5Ijsselmuiden C Marais DL Becerra-Posada F Ghannem H Africa's neglected area of human resources for health research—the way forward.S Afr Med J. 2012; 102: 228-233PubMed Google Scholar To us, this belies key principles of scientific equity in global health research. Notwithstanding issues of equity, improvement of research capacity in LMICs has practical benefits. People working and living in LMICs are better placed to define issues of importance to their populations than are people living thousands of miles away in HICs—who often fund research based on their own interests.6Davies J Mullan Z Research capacity in Africa 2014—will the sun rise again?.Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4: 375Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (9) Google Scholar But the neo-colonialism of global health has muted the local voice, and a lack of long-term investment in infrastructure has made institutes and researchers in many LMICs ill-equipped to find local solutions to local problems. Local solutions are also more likely to have buy-in from local providers and policymakers, and this ownership should result in solutions that are more sustainable than those imposed by others. Indeed, some highly successful global health initiatives have been developed in LMICs.7Davies J Collaborative funding for NCDs—a model of research funding.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4: 725-727Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 8Sankoh O Why population-based data are crucial to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.Int J Epidemiol. 2017; (published online Feb 15)https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx010Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 9Institute AHR Armauer Hansen Research Institute.http://ahri.gov.etGoogle Scholar The concept of true partnerships in global health research is not new, and fortunately, competitive research funding calls in HICs are now beginning to require research capacity building in LMICs.10Costello A Zumla A Moving to research partnerships in developing countries.BMJ. 2000; 321: 827-829Crossref PubMed Scopus (234) Google Scholar, 11Sciences SwitzerlandCommission for research partnerships with developing countries.https://naturalsciences.ch/organisations/kfpeGoogle Scholar We believe, however, there needs to be a much greater effort to ensure that rhetoric is converted to action. It is therefore clear to us that a more robust approach is required to ensure research capacity development in LMICs. We call on all organisations and individuals involved in global health research to ensure that capacity building in LMICs is no longer neglected (panel).PanelA prescription for changeHIC funders' obligations•Ensure global health funding awarded to HIC institutes has a LMIC research capacity building element, especially training of LMIC researchers•Ensure calls reflect local needs, rather than HIC funder interests•Mandate that proposals are developed in equal partnership with LMIC researchers and institutes•Increase funding for epidemiological, qualitative, and health system work to understand local burden of disease, health care beliefs, and other local contexts•Ensure plans for hand-over of infrastructure in LMICs within a realistic, predetermined timeframe•Mandate that funding panels attain balance in assessors from LMICs and HICsHIC universities' and researchers' obligations•Develop proposals in equal partnership with researchers in LMICs•Ensure all LMIC researchers involved in studies have the opportunity to actively and substantively contribute to resultant manuscripts as authors•Ensure time and funding within grants for HIC researchers to travel to LMICs to provide in-person training for LMIC partners•Consider secondments for LMIC researchers in HICs (while recognising that in-country training might be more sustainable)•Consider developing online programs for continued mentoring and training•Consider institutionalising relationships with LMIC partnersLMIC universities' and researchers' obligations•Tighten local governance; improve leadership and accountability at all levels of institutional hierarchy•Ensure involvement in discussions about relevance of research proposals to local contexts•Be firm in declining collaborations that do not fit with local priorities•Create incentives for faculty to conduct research•Ensure the provision of infrastructure necessary for conducting research•Ensure adequate training, funding, and time for researchers to contribute to manuscripts•Promote programmes, such as HINARI, for academic journal access•Invest in and encourage use of online training tools and look to non-traditional income sources for funding, for example local businessesLMIC government obligations•Recognise the importance of local research and prioritise funding for this•Consider raising funds for research by taxes on large-scale private industry in-country (eg, mining, mobile networks)Journals' obligations•Ensure fee waivers for open-access publication where research is not directly supported by HIC funders•Mandate that publications from research done in LMICs include authors who are living and working in those countries•Consider an extended development and mentoring role for authors in LMICsHIC=high-income country. LMIC=low-income and middle-income country. HINARI=access to research in health programme. HIC funders' obligations •Ensure global health funding awarded to HIC institutes has a LMIC research capacity building element, especially training of LMIC researchers•Ensure calls reflect local needs, rather than HIC funder interests•Mandate that proposals are developed in equal partnership with LMIC researchers and institutes•Increase funding for epidemiological, qualitative, and health system work to understand local burden of disease, health care beliefs, and other local contexts•Ensure plans for hand-over of infrastructure in LMICs within a realistic, predetermined timeframe•Mandate that funding panels attain balance in assessors from LMICs and HICs HIC universities' and researchers' obligations •Develop proposals in equal partnership with researchers in LMICs•Ensure all LMIC researchers involved in studies have the opportunity to actively and substantively contribute to resultant manuscripts as authors•Ensure time and funding within grants for HIC researchers to travel to LMICs to provide in-person training for LMIC partners•Consider secondments for LMIC researchers in HICs (while recognising that in-country training might be more sustainable)•Consider developing online programs for continued mentoring and training•Consider institutionalising relationships with LMIC partners LMIC universities' and researchers' obligations •Tighten local governance; improve leadership and accountability at all levels of institutional hierarchy•Ensure involvement in discussions about relevance of research proposals to local contexts•Be firm in declining collaborations that do not fit with local priorities•Create incentives for faculty to conduct research•Ensure the provision of infrastructure necessary for conducting research•Ensure adequate training, funding, and time for researchers to contribute to manuscripts•Promote programmes, such as HINARI, for academic journal access•Invest in and encourage use of online training tools and look to non-traditional income sources for funding, for example local businesses LMIC government obligations •Recognise the importance of local research and prioritise funding for this•Consider raising funds for research by taxes on large-scale private industry in-country (eg, mining, mobile networks) Journals' obligations •Ensure fee waivers for open-access publication where research is not directly supported by HIC funders•Mandate that publications from research done in LMICs include authors who are living and working in those countries•Consider an extended development and mentoring role for authors in LMICs HIC=high-income country. LMIC=low-income and middle-income country. HINARI=access to research in health programme. We declare no competing interests. These recommendations are based on our own experience of doing research collaboratively and from within LMICs. To confirm that our experiences matched those in an independent setting, JD hosted a round table discussion on this topic with clinical providers, researchers, and heads of institutes held in Freetown, Sierra Leone. We would like to thank Rashid Ansumana (Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone), and all participants of that meeting for their contributions. Bringing all together for research capacity building in LMICs – Authors' replyWe thank Bolajoko Olusanya and Robert Opoka, and Pratik Khanal for their thoughtful reflections on our Comment.1 We agree with their points and would like to add some nuances to the discussion of this topic. Full-Text PDF Open AccessBringing all together for research capacity building in LMICsThe Comment by David Beran and colleagues in the Lancet Global Health1 rightly points out the need to address inequity in research investment in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) through focus on capacity building of research institutions and preference of population needs over funders' interests. Investment in research depends on whether countries recognise research as a means to achieve development. However, research in LMICs is challenged with poor investment by both government and funders; weak coordination between researchers and policy makers in evidence generation, evidence synthesis, and its use in decision making; inadequate funding to the researchers to execute their research ideas; and, very importantly, discouraging research environments to groom prospective researchers. Full-Text PDF Open AccessObligations under global health partnerships in LMICs should be contractualWe applaud the Comment by David Beran and colleagues (June, 2017)1 on the challenges and remedies for enhancing research capacity in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The absence of a clear-cut vision for sustainable research capacity and ownership in LMICs is arguably a missed opportunity under the Millennium Development Goals' mandate.2 We therefore consider this initiative as timely within the context of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. However, we wish to highlight a few oversights that need to be clarified to ensure effective knowledge and skill transfer, based on our research experience in Africa. Full-Text PDF Open Access

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013PrivatizationThe lessons of experienceAuthors/Editors: Sunita Kikeri, John Nellis, Mary ShirleySunita Kikeri, John Nellis, Mary Shirleyhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2181-1SectionsAboutPDF (0.4 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This book reviews experiences with state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and their privatization in developing and industrial countries and extracts salient themes and lessons for the successful design and implementation of such reform. It deals with the privatization of industrial, commercial, manufacturing and service-producing state-owned enterprises in both competitive and noncompetitive markets. It touches only tangentially on privatization of banks and other financial institutions, which raises many additional and different issues -- particularly regulation. Recent trends show that close to 7,000 enterprises have been privatized worldwide since the early 1980's. More than half of these privatizations have taken place in one country -- the former German Democratic Republic. However, the number of divestitures has been also increasing elsewhere. Clarity of objectives and strategy are essential for the success of privatization. This involves identifying and resolving policy tradeoffs; establishing the appropriate scope, pace and sequencing of privatization; and choosing the right methods. Implementation involves decisions on the restructuring of SOEs prior to sale, the pricing of assets and shares, the financing of sales, and the institutional setup for managing privatization. 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PERFORMANCEFINANCIAL SYSTEMSINSURANCEPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCTIVITYREGULATORY FRAMEWORKWATER SUPPLY PDF DownloadLoading ...

No AccessWorld Development Report1 Feb 2013World Development Report 1983World Economic Recession and Prospects for Recovery; Management in Development; World Development IndicatorsAuthors/Editors: World BankWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-0432-8View ChaptersAboutPDF (15.3 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:This report is the sixth in an annual series assessing development issues. It reviews recent trends in the international economy and their implications for the developing countries with a special focus on the management and institutional aspects of development. The early recovery in the world economy foreseen in last year's World Development Report did not materialize. The recession has lasted longer than expected and has set back global development more decisively than at any time since the Great Depression. The indications of an upturn are now firmer, but the international financial system remains severely strained and protectionism continues to be an ominous threat. This report reviews how alternative policies may affect the future prospects for recovery. It concludes that the present financial crisis is manageable, provided concerted efforts are made both nationally and internationally. It is essential for the industrial countries to maintain the momentum of their recovery, to promote freer trade, and to ensure growth in capital flows. Equally important, developing countries must for their part continue their efforts to adjust their economies to the new external circumstances and thereby regain the confidence of their creditors. 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LESSONS FROM THE TWO OIL SHOCKSSingapore Journal of Tropical Geography, Vol.4, No.2 View Published: July 1983ISBN: 978-0-19-520432-2 Copyright & Permissions Related TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthPrivate Sector DevelopmentFinance and Financial Sector Development KeywordsDEVELOPING COUNTRIESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL SYSTEMFUTURE PROSPECTSINDUSTRIAL COUNTRIESINTERNATIONAL ECONOMYSKILL SHORTAGESWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORSWORLD ECONOMY PDF DownloadLoading ...

No AccessStand Alone Books1 Feb 2013The reform of intergovernmental fiscal relations in developing and emerging market economiesAuthors/Editors: Anwar ShahAnwar Shahhttps://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2836-0SectionsAboutPDF (0.6 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:An important dimension of public sector reform in developing and emerging market economies has been the loosening of central control over the private sector and lower level governments. The author's overview of the principles and best practices of fiscal federalism should help guide policy debates on restructuring intergovernmental fiscal arrangements. Strong emphasis on central planning impedes innovative responses to local issues by local governments and stymies private sector development. Decentralization should be the rule, the author argues, unless a strong case can be made for centralizing specific responsibilities. Local public services can be provided more efficiently if expenditures more closely match local needs and preferences. More closely linking benefits to costs also promotes accountability. Increased fiscal autonomy can also help mobilize more revenue from local sources, improving a country's fiscal position. And decentralized desicion-making encourages local participation in development. Constitutional responsibilities should be stated clearly and precisely. Tax and spending assignments should be determined simultaneously, so revenue means are matched as closely as possible to spending needs at each level of government. In most developing countries, subnational governments have limited access to their own tax bases and depend on higher level transfers. A grant's design should reflect the situation and objectives. The author gives examples. Although most countries give a high priority to limiting interregional fiscal disparities, no developing or transitional economy has adopted an explicit standard for equalization. Revenue sharing should be supplemented by an equilization program with a specified standard rather than by combining several factors into one formula. Local borrowing to meet capital expenditures is a major issue in most developing countries. In such cases, autonomous bodies can supervise and assist local borrowing for capital projects. The decentralization of responsibilities and the rationalization of intergovernmental transfers should be supported by strengthening local institutional capabilities. Monitoring, auditing, and inspections functions in most developing nations especially need to be strengthened. 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