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The silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), is an economically important insect that serves as the foundation of the sericulture industry. As an oligophagous insect, the silkworm feeds primarily on mulberry leaves, and this strict dietary dependence limits the expansion of sericulture. Although artificial diets have been developed, mulberry powder is still the essential component of the artificial diet. This study developed a mulberry‑free artificial diet and investigated the essential role of mulberry using a genetically adaptable silkworm strain. Feeding experiments with graded mulberry powder revealed that, although silkworms on the mulberry‑free diet could cocoon, their survival, body weight, cocoon weight, and silk‑gland development were significantly impaired, showing a clear dose‑dependent response. Surprisingly, trehalose supplementation further suppressed growth, and the best-performing mulberry leaf group had the lowest hemolymph trehalose, indicating optimal development requires efficient trehalose utilization, not accumulation. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that mulberry intake broadly upregulates pathways related to energy metabolism and protein synthesis, rather than activating a single pathway. Several previously uncharacterized genes responded specifically to mulberry. These findings elucidate the broad physiological impact of mulberry leaves and provide a foundation for designing practical mulberry-free diets and identifying key mulberry-derived compounds.

Communities in remote Australia face poorer health outcomes but are largely recipients of services, programs and policies that are disconnected from local experiences and priorities, with some notable exceptions. Local-level research capacity, capability and knowledge translation that respond to community and service provider priorities are key to strengthening remote health systems. To explore two questions: (1) What is needed to strengthen health systems research capacity and capability in remote Australia? (2) How can we, as a community of remote health systems researchers, enhance knowledge translation in remote Australia to address persistent health disparities? Sixty-five remote health systems stakeholders, including service providers, funders, researchers, and policymakers participated in a research capacity building and knowledge translation workshop in Mparntwe (Alice Springs) in 2024. They identified actions to address barriers to remote health systems research and knowledge translation. We reflect on these to highlight opportunities for policy action and learning. Barriers to community and service-driven research have been recognised for decades, yet feedback from remote service providers and researchers suggests that little has changed systemically despite pockets of innovation. The time to act is now. Action must include creating funding schemes that provide for cohesive and sustained investment in remote-based health systems research partnerships that involve industry partners-especially Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs) to contribute to Closing the Gap in health outcomes. Partnerships must respond directly to community and service provider priorities, create Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researcher career pathways, and leverage respective partners' institutional strengths to create learning health systems. Individual ACCHSs' experiences and context-responsive principles for engaging with remote Aboriginal communities provide guidance and lessons for other services and researchers nation-wide.

The emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) have significantly hindered the advancement of the swine industry. The combination of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with conventional antibiotics represents a promising strategy to combat drug-resistant bacterial infections. Tulathromycin (Tul), however, is prone to inducing resistance in APP due to its broad mutant selection window (MSW). Moreover, there is a paucity of data regarding the efficacy of AMP-macrolide combinations against APP. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects and resistance prevention of the AMP MPX in combination with Tul against APP. To assess synergism, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of MPX and Tul, both individually and in combination, were determined using the micro-broth dilution method and checkerboard assay. Time-kill assays were conducted to analyze antibacterial activity and kill rate by quantifying viable bacterial counts. The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) was calculated following exposure to 1-2 MIC of each drug alone and in combination. For resistance prevention analysis, serial passage experiments were performed over 30 generations under selective pressure at 1/4 MIC for each agent to monitor changes in MIC values. Additionally, the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) was measured to evaluate MPX's capacity to narrow the MSW of Tul against APP. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of MPX and Tul was assessed against resistant APP strains. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) indicated an indifferent interaction (1.5) for susceptible strains and an additive effect (0.75) for resistant strains. Time-kill curves demonstrated that MPX significantly enhanced the antibacterial efficacy of Tul against APP. Specifically, the kill rate within 0-1 hour and the PAE at 1-2 MIC of Tul increased from 0.35-2.91 to 1.41-5.03 Log10 CFU/mL/h and from 0.66-1.64 to 1.29-2.91 h, respectively, combination with MPX. Resistance induction assays revealed that MPX could restore or reduce the MIC of Tul against APP. Furthermore, MPX effectively narrowed the MSW of Tul, as evidenced by an MPC-based FICI of 0.375, confirming a synergistic interaction. The combination exhibited additive effects against resistant strains. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential application of MPX in combination with antimicrobial agents to prevent the emergence and dissemination of drug-resistant strains.

Translating global climate targets into national decarbonization roadmaps is profoundly uncertain. To navigate this uncertainty for China, we employ a national-scale energy system model developed in the MESSAGEix framework─calibrated to China's energy balances─that uniquely combines provincial-level resolution for key sectors with a high-granularity representation of intra-annual (48 time slices) power system dynamics. Across three temperature targets (1.5, 1.6, 2.0 °C) and six allocation principles, our analysis reveals that wind and solar consistently emerge as "no-regret" pillars, CCS is essential for heavy-industry abatement, and hydrogen's sourcing shifts with budget stringency. A critical systemic codependency exists across scenarios with stringent emissions constraints: the power sector must transform into a net carbon sink to enable the decarbonization of heavy industry, creating stark path dependencies across technology choices. The 1.6 °C pathway under the Grandfathering principle presents a pragmatic alignment with China's 2060 neutrality pledge and offers a detailed blueprint for this transition. Our provincial-level analysis distinguishes high-stakes decisions from robust "no-regret" investments, offering a framework to guide China's journey to carbon neutrality.

The Novel Dhouib Matrix Minimum Spanning Tree Problem (DM-MSTP) method is used to illustrate a topological relationship between all Tunisian financial market for 2024. The results reveal a clear hierarchical organization with the financial sector playing a central bridging role, particularly through banks and financial services, which connect consumer-oriented and real-economy sectors. A two-cluster configuration highlights a tightly integrated group of cyclical sectors basic materials, construction and building materials, and industry characterized by strong co-movements and limited diversification potential. Extending the analysis to a three-cluster framework provides finer granularity, separating consumer and service sectors, real-economy production sectors, and financial intermediaries into distinct groups. These partitioning underscores differential channels of shock transmission, with faster contagion within cyclical sectors and more buffered dynamics among diversified service sectors.

Plant-based diets are considered healthier and more sustainable, while solutions are sought to replace saturated fats in foods products. Aquafaba (AF) from chickpea cans was foamed to formulate waffles. AF was concentrated at three dry matter contents. Gluten-free oat flour and an oleogel (OG) containing 50 g kg-1 glycerol monostearate were also used as ingredients. Three factors (AF concentration, whipping time and type of fat) were varied on two levels to obtain the samples. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed protein specific peaks that are responsible for the foaming properties of AF. Concentrated AF had a gel-like behaviour (G' > G''), caused by the denaturation of proteins. AF21 was significantly stronger (G' = 89.22 ± 3.17 Pa) compared to AF14 (G' = 3.81 ± 0.3 Pa). Dough samples with AF7 and OG had a significantly higher hardness at the same whipping time compared to their oil counterparts (e.g. 10.78 ± 0.16 N for sample 6 versus 4.81 ± 0.34 N for 8). Waffles' springiness was low due to the gluten-free oat flour. A positive correlation (r = 0.743) was found between protein and hardness. One formulation was chosen for the sensory evaluation based on the principal component analysis. Principal component (PC) 1 accounted for 60.2% of the variance and PC 2 explained 24.4%. All samples had low hedonic scores and the most preferred sample was the control with wheat flour. This study demonstrates that AF concentration and the usage of OG influence the characteristics of waffles. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Brassica napus (and related Brassica species) is the world's third most important oil crop, providing around 13% of the total global vegetable oil. There are two basic types of cultivars - those with significant erucate being used for renewable chemicals, while low-erucate varieties (the majority) supply the food industry. B. napus oil is particularly enriched in oleate but also contains a nutritionally desirable ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this review we note the overall importance of rapeseed oil and describe in detail how it is biosynthesised, mainly through the classic Kennedy pathway with additional reactions. We then discuss very recent advances in our understanding of how biosynthesis is regulated and spatiotemporal aspects of oil accumulation in the crop. Both biotic and abiotic environmental effects on B.napus yields are then summarized. Recently, MALDI-MSI has been developed for lipids and its ability to reveal spatial and temporal differences in lipid species distribution has proven especially useful. The technique has exposed unsuspected details in metabolism as well as confirming other reported aspects of lipid biochemistry. The similar, but not identical, lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis has facilitated many of the advances in B. napus and it is anticipated that the momentum of new discoveries will continue to be rapid and significant.

Healthcare industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions. In the United States, a substantial portion is linked to solid waste, with a single hospital bed generating 29 pounds of waste per day, approximately 30% of which is attributable to the operating room. Much of this waste results from improper disposal of items requiring specific processing. Authors of this study assessed obstetrician-gynecologists' knowledge, practices, and perceptions regarding proper waste management. Authors conducted a cross-sectional survey among practicing obstetrician-gynecologists listed with the Kansas Board of Healing Arts or affiliated with the University of Kansas School of Medicine. Clinically inactive physicians were excluded. Survey questions addressed demographics, knowledge of appropriate surgical waste disposal, waste management practices, and perceptions regarding waste management. IRB approval was obtained. Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Of 46 respondents, most agreed they understood the environmental impact of medical waste (81.1%, 30/37), and 86.5% (32/37) expressed concern about their personal contributions to the climate crisis. Proper waste disposal was considered important by physicians (96.9%, 31/32) and, in respondents' view, by their patients (89.2%, 33/37). Regarding their primary surgical facility, 25.6% (11/43) reported being unaware of the facility's waste management plan, and 34.9% (15/43) reported their facility did not recycle. All respondents incorrectly identified items that should be placed in red biohazard waste bags for chemotherapy patients. While most physicians are concerned about the environmental impact of their medical practice, education and institutional resources related to waste management do not appear to match that concern. These findings highlight a significant opportunity to improve waste management education and practices within healthcare facilities.

Flavor deficiency in cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) limits cigar industry development. This study isolated two aroma-producing bacteria (Alcaligenes phenolicus Z2 and Bacillus subtilis C5) from CTLs during air-curing. Single strain inoculation resulted in treatment-specific aroma compound changes: Z2 treatment was associated with enhanced diterpene compounds (notably neophytadiene and 1-heptacosanol), while C5 markedly increased fatty alcohol concentrations (2-hexyl-1-decanol, 9.67-fold) and nicotine levels. Mixed inoculation generally showed intermediate rather than synergistic effects. Variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis identified nicotine, neophytadiene, and nonadecatrienediol as the most discriminatory compounds among treatments. Microbial community analysis revealed that exogenous strain inoculation significantly altered indigenous microbiota composition and interaction patterns, with Z2 treatment associated with positive microbial co-occurrence patterns, while mixed inoculation displayed network characteristics suggestive of increased competitive interactions. Correlation analysis revealed strain-specific microbial-metabolite associations, though causal relationships require further validation. These findings suggest that single strain inoculation produces distinct metabolic profiles with potential for strain-specific tobacco aroma modulation.

This study evaluated the potential of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus KMU32, isolated from kimchi, as both a starter culture for fermented foods and a probiotic candidate by assessing its safety, enzymatic activity, health-promoting properties, and antimicrobial efficacy. Strain KMU32 exhibited susceptibility to seven antibiotics and showed neither hemolytic activity nor biofilm formation, indicating a favorable safety profile. Compared with the reference strain L. pentosus KACC 12428T, KMU32 demonstrated significantly enhanced growth and protease activity under saline conditions, maintaining robust growth and protease activity in media supplemented with 3% and 6% NaCl. KMU32 also exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than the reference strain against several foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica. In addition, KMU32 showed improved probiotic-associated functional properties, including higher acid tolerance (94.38% survival at pH 2.5), bile salt tolerance (94.29% survival in 0.3% oxgall), and intestinal adhesion ability (98.47% mucin adhesion rate) compared with the reference strain. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that KMU32 possesses a 3,757,123-bp circular chromosome and three plasmids, with a G+C content of 46.2%. Genome analysis identified genetic determinants supporting its phenotypic traits, including three osmoprotectant uptake systems (OpuA, OpuB, and OpuD), four exopolysaccharide biosynthesis operons, and genes annotated as a putative bacitracin synthase and bacitracin export-related protein. Collectively, these phenotypic and genomic characteristics indicate that L. pentosus KMU32 is a safe and functionally robust strain with dual potential as a starter culture for high-salt fermented foods and as a probiotic candidate, supporting its promising application in the food industry.

Quantum-dot (QD) color-conversion technology is considered a promising strategy for constructing a full-color micro-LED display. Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are the preferred luminescent materials for constructing color-conversion micro-LED pixels, but their poor environmental stability severely limits their practical application in micro-LED displays. Here, we design a novel submicron-sized PQD glass microspheres (PQDGMS) with high quantum yield and excellent stability for color conversion micro-LED displays. Kilogram scale (batch 2 kg) submicron-sized PQDGMS was prepared by a top-down strategy including melt-quenching, secondary recrystallization, and optimized submicronization processes. Ultra-stability of the PQDGMS was attributed to the passivation and self-healing effects of PQDs by AgBr additive, and the protection effect of the glass matrix around PQDs. The prepared PQDGMS has excellent environmental stability, with PL intensity maintained over 95% after immersion in water for 10 000 h, over 82% at a temperature of 100°C, and over 86% under continuous blue light irradiation (800 W m-2) for 240 h. We prepared the PQDGMS color conversion pixels in a patterned through-hole glass substrate via capillary filling assistance and constructed color conversion green and red micro-LED chips with external quantum efficiency of 24.8% and 16.7%, respectively.

Micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, where conventional supplementation and fortification programs are often limited by low bioavailability, fragile supply chains, cultural resistance, and poor long-term adherence. This research note proposes a food-based alternative model that leverages selected traditional Korean foods (K-foods)- gim (dried seaweed), kimchi (fermented vegetables), and cheonggukjang (fermented soybean paste)-as culturally adaptable and nutritionally dense components of official development assistance nutrition strategies. These foods provide functionally relevant nutrients, such as iodine, vitamin K2, probiotics, and fermentation-derived bioactive peptides, and offer benefits, including shelf stability, microbial resilience, and decentralized production. Employing a multidisciplinary clinical nutrition framework integrating food composition science, fermentation biology, public health nutrition, and development policy, this note presents a five-step research roadmap encompassing nutrient profiling, safety and stability assessment, cultural acceptability evaluation, community-based efficacy trials, and policy translation. By prioritizing food-based, multinutrient dietary interventions over single-nutrient strategies, the proposed model highlights a scalable and clinically relevant pathway for enhancing micronutrient status in resource-limited settings. This work contributes to emerging discussions on nutrition-sensitive official development assistance and highlights K-foods as potential tools for sustainable, culturally responsive global nutrition interventions.

Food colors derived from natural sources are in high demand currently due to the industries and health-conscious consumers. Cyanobacteria are well-suited for the development of effective natural colorants; however, they are often neglected due to low yields and limited genetic tools. Phycoerythrin (PE) is an essential colorant that has a wide range of industrial applications, including food, cosmetics, agriculture, horticulture, and human health. Despite the high demand for PE, it is difficult to achieve higher levels of production, extraction efficiency, and stability under normal conditions. However, if low-cost cyanobacterial platforms are used, it is expected that the use of PE will increase in the near future. This review addresses the most recent studies on potential new PE producers, as well as their distinctive structure and properties that are responsible for novel biological activities. Additionally, newly discovered nutritional and process parameters for improving PE production in raceway ponds and photobioreactors are highlighted. The improvement of previously developed processes for extracting and purifying PE from cyanobacterial biomass is also thoroughly explained. Additionally, the recently reported biotechnological applications of cyanobacterial PE are discussed. Furthermore, a critical analysis is also given of the market and difficulties involved in developing a system for producing PE using cyanobacteria.

Owing to the high expression levels, proper protein folding and post-translational modifications, baculovirus-insect cell expression system is an ideal platform for producing active chondroitin sulfotransferases, which specifically catalyse the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate (CS). However, the CS can be degraded by the endogenous chondroitinase derived from the viral envelope protein ODV-E66, thus requiring elaborate purification, which is impractical for large-scale production. To address this issue, a chondroitinase-free baculovirus was constructed by deleting the odv-e66 gene from bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Through the engineered baculovirus, highly active chondroitin sulfotransferases (CS-4OST, CS-6OST and GalNAc4S-6OST) were successfully expressed and secreted into the culture supernatant. Of note, the culture supernatant can be directly employed for CS synthesis. Using the cultures harbouring the corresponding sulfotransferases, CS-A, CS-C and CS-E were successfully prepared at the gram-scale, thus obviating the need for laborious and costly purification. Collectively, this work overcomes the inherent limitation of CS degradation in baculovirus-insect cell expression system, thereby providing a robust and reliable platform for the expression of chondroitin sulfotransferases.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are emerging as key energy conversion systems for heavy-duty vehicles, stationary power plants, and high-load infrastructures such as data centers. However, their long-term durability remains critically constrained by transition metal dissolution and structural degradation in alloy catalysts, particularly under heavy-duty target operation (90°C-120°C). Recent studies reveal that the fundamental origin of degradation lies not simply in alloy composition but in the instability of atomic ordering within each grain. Long-range ordered (LRO) intermetallic phase enhances thermodynamic stability through strong atomic bonding, yet their high-temperature synthesis often induces particle coarsening and structural defects. Conversely, short-range ordered (SRO) phase arranges at lower energies, enabling morphology preservation while providing locally stabilized chemical environments that suppress dissolution. Advances in operando microscopy and three-dimensional atomic electron tomography have clarified how atomic-scale ordering, strain distribution, and site occupancy govern degradation pathways. Building on these insights, low-temperature atomic rearrangement strategies coupled with morphology engineering offer a unified framework for achieving stable electronic structures, minimized defect density, and enhanced durability. This review consolidates the mechanistic understanding of ordering-dependent degradation and proposes atomic ordering-morphology integration design for next-generation PEMFC catalysts capable of sustaining high performance under demanding conditions.

Achieving global carbon neutrality by 2050 requires technologies capable of capturing CO2 at atmospheric concentrations. Membrane-based direct air capture (DAC) offers an energy-efficient route, and facilitated transport membranes (FTMs) using ionic liquids (ILs) are promising owing to their structural diversity with tunable reactivity. This study examines the influence of diamine-functionalized IL carrier structure and process conditions on CO2 separation in DAC-relevant environments. FTMs are prepared by impregnating a porous polymer support with blended ILs composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][AcO]) and various diamine-functionalized ILs. The relationship between CO2 solubility and CO2 permeability of the FTMs shows an optimum solubility range that affords high CO2 permeability. When CO2 solubility is excessive, CO2 permeability becomes relatively low. Suppressing the solubility through molecular modification by introducing hydroxyethyl groups or adjusting the diamine spacer effectively shifts the solubility value into a suitable range that enables higher CO2 permeability. Further decrease in the solubility results in low permeability. The effects of both temperature and humidity on the separation performance are also assessed, and optimal temperature conditions and mixing ratios are identified for superior CO2 permeability. These findings clarify the chemical structure-performance relationships and inform the design of efficient FTMs for DAC applications.

The search for sustainable alternatives to synthetic nitrification inhibitors (SNIs) is critical for reducing agricultural nitrogen losses and environmental impact. This study assessed the effects of low concentrations (5, 10, and 50 mg phenolics&#x2022;L-1) of olive mill wastewater (OMW) soluble fraction on nitrogen dynamics, phytotoxicity, and quality traits of Lactuca sativa L. cultivated under controlled soil conditions simulating field conditions. Treatments included a positive control with ammonium fertilization (Control P) and Dicyandiamide (DCD) as an SNI treatment (P+DCD 25 mg/L). P+DCD 25 mg/L and P+OMW 50 mg/L reduced nitrate (NO3 -) leaching by 81% and 65% and nitrite (NO2 -) leaching by 93% and 54%, respectively, compared to Control P (p < 0.05). However, the former increased ammonium (NH4 +) leaching by 59%, while the latter reduced it by 34%. As a result, total inorganic nitrogen leaching was similarly reduced under both treatments&#xe5f8;61% and 58%, respectively. Lower concentrations of the OMW soluble fraction had no significant effect on nitrogen dynamics or crop performance. At 50 mg phenolics/L, the OMW soluble fraction enhanced lettuce growth and fresh biomass by over 50% compared to Control P, without phytotoxic effects, and preserved leaf morphology and coloration within the typical ranges reported for Lactuca sativa L. under optimal cultivation. Leaf NO3 - contents remained below EU regulatory limits in all treatments. Also, significant matrix interferences were detected during HPLC-UV/vis quantification of NO2 - in lettuce tissues, highlighting the need for complementary analytical methods in leafy vegetables. These findings support the valorization of agro-industrial byproducts within a circular economy approach to improve nitrogen use efficiency and crop quality in sustainable horticultural systems.

Antimicrobial resistance and cancer represent critical global health challenges that demand smarter, targeted drug delivery strategies. This study reports the systematic design, Quality by Design (QbD)-driven optimization, and comprehensive characterization of curcumin-loaded magnetic metal-organic framework-chitosan nanocomposites (Cur/Fe3O4@ZIF-8@CS) as a multifunctional nanoplatform integrating pH-responsive drug release, magnetic targeting, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize three critical formulation variables including MOF-to-drug ratio (X 1), chitosan concentration (X 2), and iron oxide content (X 3) against four predefined Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs): particle size, zeta potential, PDI, and encapsulation efficiency. The optimized nanocomposite achieved a particle size of 228.6 &#xb1; 4.7 nm, a zeta potential of +31.5 mV, a PDI of 0.218, and an encapsulation efficiency of 87.4 &#xb1; 2.3%. Successful step-by-step assembly was confirmed by DLS, ATR-FTIR of all individual components and the final composite, TEM with size-distribution mapping, and VSM magnetometry. Drug release was sustained and pH-dependent, reaching 63.8% at pH 5.5 versus 58.4% at pH 7.4 after 72 hours, following anomalous non-Fickian transport kinetics (Korsmeyer-Peppas n = 0.61). The nanocomposite exhibited potent antimicrobial activity with MIC values up to 66-fold lower than free curcumin against Escherichia coli, and 2.5- to 45-fold lower across the remaining tested organisms. A two-month physicochemical stability study conducted under long-term (25 &#xb1; 2 &#xb0;C) and accelerated (40 &#xb1; 2 &#xb0;C/75 &#xb1; 5% RH, ICH Q1A(R2)) conditions confirmed that all critical quality attributes remained within acceptable pharmaceutical limits, with curcumin retention of 94.6 &#xb1; 1.8% at 25 &#xb0;C and 87.9 &#xb1; 2.6% at 40 &#xb0;C after two months. Cytotoxicity assessment by MTT assay on L929 mouse fibroblast cells yielded IC50 values of 206.65 &#xb5;g mL-1 for the blank nanocomposite (Fe3O4@ZIF-8@CS) and 273.15 &#xb5;g mL-1 for the curcumin-loaded formulation (Cur/Fe3O4@ZIF-8@CS), confirming acceptable biocompatibility at therapeutically relevant concentrations. These findings collectively establish Cur/Fe3O4@ZIF-8@CS as a rationally designed, multifunctional nanoplatform with significant potential for combined antimicrobial and anticancer targeted therapy.

Garlic-flavored light soy sauce is a representative composite seasoning whose taste formation depends not only on fermentation-derived components in light soy sauce but also on the time-dependent transfer of garlic-derived taste substances. However, evidence regarding the dynamic migration of non-volatile taste-active compounds-particularly free amino acids (FAAs)-and their roles in taste formation during soaking remains limited. This study aimed to elucidate the time-dependent migration of garlic-derived FAAs during soaking and their contribution to taste formation, and to assess a practical soaking endpoint. Samples at different soaking times were evaluated using electronic tongue analysis and targeted FAA quantification. The soaking procedure was used to establish a controlled experimental model rather than to represent an industrial standard protocol. Taste activity values (TAVs) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with variable importance in projection (VIP) values were used to identify key taste-active and discriminating amino acids and to assess a practical soaking endpoint. Electronic tongue analysis showed that sourness and bitterness gradually decreased, whereas sweetness and umami exhibited an overall increasing trend with soaking time; the 30- and 40-day samples exhibited highly similar global taste profiles, indicating stabilization of the taste profile. A total of 16 FAAs were detected: total FAAs reached a maximum at day 20, whereas glutamic acid accumulated continuously and reached its highest level at day 30. TAV analysis indicated multiple taste-active amino acids, with glutamic acid making the greatest contribution, and OPLS-DA (VIP values) likewise highlighted glutamic acid among the discriminating variables. These taste shifts were consistent with the time-dependent migration and accumulation of garlic-derived taste-active FAAs, particularly glutamic acid. Under the tested conditions, glutamic acid is the key driver of umami enhancement and taste stabilization in the garlic-light soy sauce soaking system. A soaking period of approximately 30&#x202f;days can be considered a practical soaking endpoint to achieve a relatively stable and reproducible taste profile, supporting process optimization and standardization of garlic-flavored light soy sauce.