In recent years, experiential consumption, which refers to purchases involving hedonic experiences, has been gathering attention in marketing research. Experiential consumption is closely related to cognitive biases, and among them, we focus on the IKEA effect, which is a cognitive bias in which the maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for a product is high because the experience of assembling the product is highly valued. Since no studies have examined the neural mechanism behind the IKEA effect, here we present the first study exploring the neural substrates of the IKEA effect using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). During the WTP evaluation, we expect the attachment to and memory retrieval of DIY products to be the cognitive mechanism for the IKEA effect. Thirty healthy students, of which 24 were confirmed to have undergone the IKEA effect, were asked to perform a WTP evaluation task after assembling three types of do-it-yourself (DIY) products and handling three types of Non-DIY products. Their cerebral hemodynamic responses during the evaluation were measured using fNIRS. In order to adjust for temporal variability of cortical responses among participants, a personalized adaptive general linear model (GLM) analysis was adopted. Then, one-sample t-tests were performed for each DIY and Non-DIY condition for the obtained β values, and a paired t-test was performed between DIY and Non-DIY conditions. We identified brain regions, including the left-inferior frontal gyrus (L-IFG) and left-middle frontal gyrus (L-MFG), which were probably related to cognitive processing related to the IKEA effect. Among them, the L-MFG exhibited more activation during the DIY condition than during the Non-DIY condition. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to reveal the neural basis of the IKEA effect. The cortical activation during evaluation of WTP for DIY and Non-DIY products exhibited marked differences. In addition to the R-IFG activation often reported for WTP evaluations, we revealed that other regions, in particular the L-IFG and L-MFG, were activated during the DIY condition. These areas are considered to be related to memory and attachment, which would serve as reasonable cognitive constituents for the IKEA effect. In conclusion, this study suggests that the value of experiential consumption can be assessed using fNIRS-based neuroimaging and provides a novel approach to consumer neuroergonomics. It is predicted that visualization the value of experiential consumption will create marketing opportunities for more and more companies and the visualization will become an indispensable method in the future.
Cooperative relationships between humans and agents are becoming more important for the social coexistence of anthropomorphic agents, including virtual agents and robots. One way to improve the relationship between humans and agents is for humans to empathize with agents. Empathy can increase human acceptance. In this study, we focus on the IKEA effect in creating agents and examine empathy through interpersonal relationships. We conducted a robot assembly task in which participants either cooperatively built the same robot or individually assembled their own. The results showed that the IKEA effect promoted empathy toward the agent regardless of the relationship between participants. However, participants did not show a significant change in empathy levels from before to after the task. These results suggest that regardless of the relationship between participants, the IKEA effect can promote empathy toward the agent.
Compressed schedules, where workers perform longer daily hours to enjoy additional days off, are increasingly promoted as a workplace well-being intervention. Nevertheless, their implications for work-related well-being outcomes, such as recovery from work and burnout risk, are understudied. This gap leaves employers with little evidence on whether and how the arrangement contributes to workplace well-being. IKEA Belgium offered its employees the option to enter compressed schedules in the aftermath of a national labour reform aimed at improving well-being and reducing burnout. We collected data on psychological detachment from work, work-related exhaustion, and burnout risk in four waves before and after implementation. We used mixed-effects growth models to estimate the within-subjects changes in these three domains, and two-way fixed effects models to compare changes with those from a non-treated comparison group. Workers experienced increased psychological detachment from work in compressed schedules, yet we saw no decrease in work-related exhaustion or burnout risk. While between-subjects analyses confirm that the increase in psychological detachment is related to treatment, they also hint that this association may fade out during summer when all workers take more extended breaks from work. While workers in compressed schedules may mentally switch off from work more effectively, this does not translate into decreased burnout risk scores. Consistent with theoretical expectations, policymakers and employers should be cautious in assuming that the arrangements significantly reduce burnout.
Creating objects can increase our evaluation of them, even when we compare them to physically identical copies (IKEA effect). Here we evaluate the influence of collaboration on the IKEA effect in two societies-the United Kingdom and India. One hundred twenty-eight 5-to-6-year-old children (48% female, 50% British middle class, 50% Indian middle class) assembled toys in pairs. Half of the children collaborated to assemble a single toy and half assembled their own toy. In both societies, children demonstrated an IKEA effect (η2p = .19), valuing their own creation over an identical copy. This was the case regardless of whether children collaborated or worked independently. In summary, it seems that the IKEA effect is a potent bias that is present in diverse societies and is insensitive to others' contributions in a collaborative environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Behavioral economists have proposed that people are subject to an IKEA effect, whereby they attach greater value to products they make for themselves, like IKEA furniture, than to otherwise indiscernible goods. Recently, cognitive psychologist Tom Stafford has suggested there may be an epistemic analog to this, a kind of epistemic IKEA effect. In this paper, I use Stafford's suggestion to defend a certain thesis about epistemic value. Specifically, I argue that there is a distinctive epistemic value in being an active producer of epistemic goods, like true belief, as opposed to just a passive recipient of such goods, and that because of this it can be rationally permissible to sacrifice truth in a certain way for the sake of this other value. In particular, it is rationally permissible for an epistemic agent to prefer a belief set that contains fewer overall truths but more truths obtained through the agent's own intellectual labor, in something like the way that a practical agent might prefer furniture they have made through their own manual labor to inherently superior furniture made by someone else. In making my case, I draw on Ernest Sosa's discussion of causation and praxical epistemic values, and Jennifer Lackey's testimony-based criticism of the credit view of knowledge. After defending my thesis about epistemic value, I further clarify it by connecting it to the focus of Stafford's discussion, conspiracy theorists.
Brand names typically maintain a distinctive letter case (e.g., IKEA, Google). This element is essential for theoretical (word recognition models) and practical (brand design) reasons. In abstractionist models, letter case is considered irrelevant, whereas instance-based models use surface information like letter case during lexical retrieval. Previous brand identification tasks reported faster responses to brands in their characteristic letter case (e.g., IKEA and Google faster than ikea and GOOGLE), favoring instance-based models. We examined whether this pattern can be generalized to normal sentence reading: Participants read sentences in which well-known brand names were presented intact (e.g., IKEA, Google) or with a modified letter case (e.g., Ikea, GOOGLE). Results showed a cost for brands written in uppercase, independently of their characteristic letter case, in early eye fixation measures (probability of first-fixation, first-fixation duration). However, for later measures (gaze duration and total times), fixation times were longer when the brand's letter case was modified, restricted to those brands typically written in lowercase (e.g., GOOGLE > Google, whereas Ikea ≲ IKEA). Thus, during sentence reading, both the actual letter case and the typical letter case of brand names interact dynamically, posing problems for abstractionist models of reading.
The integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into music education markedly lowers technical barriers for predominantly novice composers, but also raises concerns about a potential erosion of human creative agency. When learners rely on text prompts to produce music with minimal subsequent involvement, they may fail to develop a sense of psychological ownership over AI-assisted creations. Drawing on the Theory of Psychological Ownership, this study examined the cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes through which perceived GenAI support relates to students' psychological ownership. Survey data were collected from 355 non-music-major undergraduates enrolled in a GenAI-assisted composition course that explicitly required iterative post-generation refinement of AI outputs. Structural equation modeling with bias-corrected bootstrapping was used to test a serial mediation model. The results showed that perceived GenAI support was positively and significantly associated with psychological ownership, and that this relationship operated through a sequential pathway involving creative self-efficacy, flow state, and learner engagement. These findings suggest that GenAI does not inherently alienate learners; when positioned as a cognitive scaffold within a human-in-the-loop design, it is associated with creative confidence, optimal immersion, and active investment of effort. The study highlights the importance of deliberately incorporating productive friction into AI-supported learning activities to elicit an "IKEA effect," thereby transforming algorithmically generated material into personally appropriated creative artifacts.
Estimating the 6-DoF posture of parts in assembly-based modeling is a critical task in the fields of computer graphics, computer vision and robotics. A typical scenario involves enabling a machine agent to automatically assemble IKEA furniture using the provided parts. This paper presents HiFormer, a novel Hierarchical Transformer with Box-packed Positional Encoding, designed for highly automatic 3D part assembly. Our method addresses three important issues commonly encountered in 3D part assembly: 1) How to mitigate the overfitting problem associated with Transformer-based feature learning for 3D point clouds? 2) How to effectively model the relationships between the intragroup and intergroup parts? 3) How to compute positional encoding and integrate it into the Transformer for parts with diverse geometric forms in the coarse-to-fine assembly process? These challenges are tackled through three key contributions: 1) a multi-task 3D Swin Transformer with a two-stage training strategy for feature extraction, 2) a novel hierarchical Transformer for capturing part relationships at flattening, intragroup, and intergroup levels, and 3) an innovative box-packed positional encoding that enhances the Transformer by incorporating query, key, and value information derived from relative box positions. On the PartNet benchmark, our method outperforms the state-of-the-art PWH-MP model on three representative categories-Chair, Table, and Lamp-, achieving average improvements of 2.84% in Part Accuracy (PA) and 3.72% in Connection Accuracy (CA) for diversity modeling (with noise), and 3.55% in PA and 3.21% in CA for deterministic modeling (without noise).
In industrial environments, robust Temporal Action Localization (TAL) is essential; however, frequent occlusions often compromise the reliability of skeletal data, leading to negative transfer in multimodal fusion. To address this challenge, we propose a Gated Skeleton Refinement Module (Gated SRM), a universal front-end preprocessing module that explicitly incorporates OpenPose confidence scores into the network architecture. By applying these scores as a logarithmic bias within a self-attention mechanism, our method achieves soft suppression-dynamically attenuating the attention weights assigned to unreliable joints-before adaptively fusing the refined skeletal features with RGB representations through a learnable gating network. Extensive experiments on the heavily occluded IKEA ASM dataset demonstrate that our approach effectively prevents the catastrophic accuracy degradation typical of naive and established multimodal fusion strategies, improving the mean Average Precision (mAP) to 21.77%, maintaining parity with the RGB-only baseline while demonstrating superior robustness. Furthermore, the system maintains a practical end-to-end inference speed of approximately 9.2 frames per second (FPS), which is sufficient for monitoring macro-level industrial workflows. By prioritizing confidence-based data selection over data restoration, this sensor-metadata-driven architecture offers a robust and principled approach acting as a critical fail-safe and safety-net for real-world action recognition under occlusion.
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The black soldier fly (BSF) larvae is a rich and promising source of alternative protein that continues to increasingly gain global traction as a functional ingredient for sustainable livestock and fish production. The key setback to postharvest processing of stored BSF larvae (BSFL) products is the significant damage caused by two notable storage pests (Tribolium castaneum and Necrobia rufipes). Here, we present a comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genomes and gut microbiome profiles of T. castaneum and N. rufipes. The study mitogenomes were similar in size and structure to other coleopteran mitogenomes. The gut microbiome profiles of the two pests showed a high abundance of bacteria in the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. However, T. castaneum had 78% more phyla represented within its microbiome than N. rufipes. The most abundant genera in T. castaneum were Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, while in N. rufipes, the dominant genera were Klebsiella and Synechococcus. We also identified the presence of potentially clinically harmful microbial genera (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) in the gut of T. castaneum and N. rufipes in relatively high abundance. These results provide insight into potential harmful associations in the gut of the storage pest, picked from contaminated, poorly processed BSFL products.
Evidence on physical activity (PA), sedentary time, and fitness in adolescents with impairments has been limited. We aimed to compare outcomes in Swedish adolescents with and without impairments and between impairment types. This cross-sectional study, from September to December 2019, comprised of adolescents from 34 mainstream schools within 3 h' drive of Stockholm, Sweden. Parents reported impairment status. PA and sedentary time were measured with accelerometers during school and leisure time on weekdays and weekends. Fitness was estimated using the Ekblom-Bak submaximal cycle test, sports participation was self-reported and multilevel mixed models were used for analyses. We enrolled 972 adolescents (51% girls), with a mean age of 13.4 ± 0.3 years. Just under a third (31%) had impairments. Adolescents with impairments showed lower PA levels, less adherence to recommendations, lower fitness and less participation in organised sports than those without impairments. Those with learning or visual impairments engaged in less vigorous activity and the former had lower fitness levels. Adolescents with impairments were less physically active, more sedentary and had lower fitness than peers without impairments. This emphasises the need for equitable opportunities for PA, to support long-term health and well-being in adolescents with impairments.
Agricultural productivity in East Africa is increasingly threatened by climate-sensitive insect pests. This study investigates the occurrence of key vegetable pests: Brevicoryne brassicae, Plutella xylostella, Maruca vitrata, and Liriomyza mik. A comparative species distribution modelling evaluated pest risk projections under climate change. Four variable selection strategies were tested: case 1 (correlation and variance inflation factor [VIF] filtering across all predictors), case 2 (correlation and VIF filtering of bioclimatic variables merged with other predictors), case 3 (filtering based on environmental values at species occurrence point to approximate realized niches), and case 4 (dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis). These strategies were combined with 3 algorithms: generalized linear model, boosted regression tree, and maximum entropy. In total, 640 spatially occurrence records were analyzed with bioclimatic, elevation, normalized difference vegetation index, solar radiation, wind speed, and land use predictors. Future projections were generated under shared socioeconomic pathways, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 (2041-2060), using 4 general circulation models. Model performance varied by species and strategy: case 3 performed best for B. brassicae and P. xylostella, case 1 was most effective for L. mik, and case 2 performed best for M. vitrata. Current suitability maps highlighted high risk zones in central and western Kenya, southwestern Uganda, and Rwanda's northern province. Projections indicated consistent expansions for P. xylostella and L. mik, while B. brassicae and M. vitrata exhibited localized and uncertain shifts. These findings provide decision-ready pest risk maps that can inform climate-smart pest management, including targeted surveillance, resistant crop varieties, and biological control strategies across in East African vegetable systems.
To investigate associations between adventurous play, outdoor play and screen time and mental health (MH) in British preschool-aged children. Cross-sectional. A nationally representative sample of caregivers of 2-4 years old (n=1066) in England, Scotland and Wales (Britain), recruited through an online research data and analytics group (YouGov UK). Caregivers of 1018 children provided valid complete-case data (age 2: n=298 (29%), age 3: n=365 (36%), age 4: n=355 (35%); female n=481 (47%); white: n=878 (81%)). Four outcomes, derived from parent-report questionnaires: internalising and externalising scores (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and positive and negative affect scores (using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children-P). Linear regression was used to explore associations between the three exposures (time (in hours per week) a child spent: (1) playing adventurously; and engaging in (2) educational screen time and (3) recreational screen time) and the four outcomes; interactions between play and screen time variables were also tested. Models were adjusted for child and parental demographic variables. For each additional hour per week a child engaged in adventurous play, they had lower internalising scores (-0.02 (-0.03 to -0.01)) and higher positive affect scores (0.04 (0.02 to 0.05)). More hours per day (vs <1 hour/day) of educational screen time and recreational screen time were associated with higher internalising and negative affect scores. Greater educational screen time was associated with lower positive affect and higher externalising scores, with adventurous play moderating the association between higher educational screen time, internalising and negative affect. In British preschoolers, adventurous play is associated with better MH outcomes, whereas higher educational screen time was associated with poorer MH, indicating that adventurous play may benefit preschoolers' MH or that preschoolers with better mental health are more likely to engage in adventurous play. Adventurous play may also offset possible negative associations with screen time.
Current food systems leave one in ten individuals at risk of hunger while driving unsustainable environmental impacts. Inaction risks further exacerbating negative impacts on both human and planetary health. These challenges emerge from complex system interactions, requiring approaches that engage with this complexity and consider how transformation measures interact across food systems. We aimed to quantify the magnitude and uncertainty of the impacts of key food systems transformation measures both individually and in a bundle using an ensemble of global economic models. In this global multimodel assessment, we applied an ensemble of ten state-of-the-art global economic models to evaluate the potential of four key measures in transforming food systems: increasing agricultural productivity, halving food loss and waste, shifting towards healthier diets, and economy-wide climate mitigation policies aligned with limiting warming to 1·5°C. The scenarios used a middle-of-the-road shared socioeconomic pathway for population and gross domestic product growth, climate impact data from Jägermeyr and colleagues, Thornton and colleagues, and Nelson and colleagues, and dietary targets based on the EAT-Lancet healthy reference diet, with model simulations conducted from 2020 to 2050. We then assessed the effect of these measures in isolation and in combination in a bundled scenario. To further understand the interactions between these measures, we conducted a decomposition analysis that distinguishes between the individual effects of a measure (effect when implemented alone), total effects (its contribution within the bundle), and interaction effects (the difference between total and individual effects). This approach aimed to show complementarities and trade-offs that emerge when multiple measures are implemented simultaneously. Our analysis showed that individual measures in isolation are insufficient to achieve high-level environmental objectives and might generate unintended consequences. In contrast, bundling measures produces co-benefits: avoiding 50% of projected agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and almost 20% of anticipated land conversion, while moderating food price increases associated with ambitious climate change mitigation policies. Our decomposition analysis further shows that measures can have varying effects across different dimensions. Although dietary shifts and climate mitigation policies are the largest drivers of environmental benefits (each contributing to a median decline of >10 percentage points in non-CO2 emissions and 5 percentage points in agricultural land use globally), productivity improvements and reducing food loss and waste play essential roles in moderating price increases (each contributing to a median decline of >5 percentage points in average prices). This study highlights the importance of implementing coordinated approaches to food system transformation and climate change mitigation rather than relying on isolated interventions. Comprehensive transformation requires understanding how supply-side and demand-side changes can interact with climate mitigation policies, enabling policy makers to design intervention packages that maximise benefits while minimising trade-offs across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability; Environment Research and Technology Development Fund; the Asahi Glass Foundation; CGIAR Initiative on Foresight; the CGIAR Science Program on Policy Innovations; US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; and the ClimateWorks Foundation, European Union.
Melanoma is a highly heterogeneous disease, and a deeper molecular classification is essential for improving patient stratification and treatment approaches. Here, we describe the histopathology-driven proteogenomic landscape of 142 treatment-naïve metastatic melanoma samples to uncover molecular subtypes and clinically relevant biomarkers. We performed an integrative proteogenomic analysis to identify proteomic subtypes, assess the impact of BRAF V600 mutations, and study the molecular profiles and cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment. Clinical and histopathological data were used to support findings related to tissue morphology, disease progression, and patient outcomes. Our analysis revealed five distinct proteomic subtypes that integrate immune and stromal microenvironment components and correlate with clinical and histopathological parameters. We demonstrated that BRAF V600-mutated melanomas exhibit biological heterogeneity, where an oncogene-induced senescence-like phenotype is associated with improved survival. This led to a proposed mortality risk-based stratification that may contribute to more personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, tumor microenvironment composition strongly correlated with disease progression and patient outcomes, highlighting a histopathological connective tissue-to-tumor ratio assessment as a potential decision-making tool. We identified a melanoma-associated SAAV signature linked to extracellular matrix remodeling and SAAV-derived neoantigens as potential targets for anti-tumor immune responses. This study provides a comprehensive stratification of metastatic melanoma, integrating proteogenomic insights with histopathological features. The findings may aid in the development of tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, improving patient management and outcomes.
Acute oak decline (AOD) is a rapidly progressing disease affecting various oak species (Quercus spp.). Recent studies have shown that AOD is associated with a consortium of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (e.g., in Enterobacterales) in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. However, there is limited information on the bacterial contributions and key genera associated with oak diseases and broadleaf forest ecosystems in Nordic countries. The primary objective of this brief study was to collect the first data on the bark microbiomes of symptomatic, declining sessile oaks (Q. petraea) in Sweden. Pairs of healthy and diseased bark samples were collected from symptomatic trees near Ankarsrum (Kalmar County), Sweden. After total DNA extraction, the bacterial 16S rDNA region was amplified, and Oxford Nanopore Technologies was used for long-read high-throughput DNA metabarcoding of the bacterial microbiome. We found a dominance of enterobacterial phytopathogens, including two of the typical genera associated with AOD, Brenneria and Rahnella, exclusively in the diseased bark samples. Our findings extend the known distribution of AOD-associated bacteria to Sweden and Scandinavia and show that diseased oaks in this region host a microbiome similar to those found in other parts of Europe.
To study the biopsychosocial model of chronic low back pain in the workplace and the role of sex in it. Cross-sectional nationwide survey in a service company. 256 workers (women 64.1%) reporting chronic low back pain. Variables on biometry, job description, physical activity, pain severity/interference, neuropathic features, and questionnaire-based cognitive and affective parameters were collected. Within each sex group, the interrelationships between variables by Multiple Correspondence Analysis were analysed, followed by cluster analysis. In the overall sample, neuropathic features were reported by 28.9% of the patients; the cluster including the high pain disorder modalities (i.e., severity and interference) also included high pain catastrophizing and fear/avoidance towards work, as well as neuropathic features. However, in men, the modalities neighbouring high pain disorder were high anxiety and depression, and low mental quality of life, while in women, they were kinesiophobia, high fear/avoidance towards physical activity and stress at work, and low physical quality of life. As there is now a major demand for defining chronic low back pain patients based on their biopsychosocial profile to improve care and prognosis, this study's results indicate the relevance of conducting such phenotyping at an early stage in a working environment, and that it is preferable to construct predictive models for each sex group.
Biological control agents heavily rely on volatile cues for host location and can be an important component of managing pests through habitat management-based strategies that enhance trophic interactions. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of greenleaf desmodium (Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb. (Fabaceae) infochemicals on the behaviour of three select parasitoids of kale pests (aphids and Diamondback moth), to determine the potential of enhancing the protection of vegetables in integrated push-pull cropping systems. To achieve this, the volatile-mediated behavioural responses of the parasitoids towards D. intortum volatiles were evaluated using a dual-choice Y-tube olfactometer. Our results showed that Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitic wasp for Diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella (Linneaus)) was not attracted to volatiles from D. intortum compared to DCM and empty oven bag controls. Nevertheless, D. intortum VOCs elicited higher parasitoid activity, whether in dual-choice comparisons with either empty oven bags or DCM controls, or when paired with kale plants. Conversely, volatiles from D. intortum were highly attractive to Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitic wasp of aphids. Interestingly, another aphid parasitic wasp, Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was attracted to volatiles from D. intortum only when paired with kales or by kales alone. Gas-chromatography mass spectrometry of D. intortum headspace volatiles revealed 16 compounds: hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol, p-xylene, o-xylene, nonane, α-pinene, cumene, octen-3-ol, octanone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, sabinene, (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, β-elemene, (E)-β-caryophyllene and an unknown compound. In electroantennography assays, all parasitoid antennae commonly detected hexanal and, (E)-β-ocimene, whilst only C. vestalis and A. ervi registered common antennal responses to (E)-β-caryophyllene. Additionally, the antennae of A. colemani detected cumene, octen-3-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and an unknown compound whilst that of A. ervi and C. vestalis detected (Z)-3-hexenol and nonane, respectively. Dose-response olfactometer bioassays with the synthetic standards of hexanal, (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-β-caryophyllene revealed that the response of the three parasitic wasps varied with the concentrations of the individual standards. Specifically, (E)-β-ocimene and hexanal depicted a broad appeal to the tested parasitoids, by eliciting attraction at varying concentrations (P < 0.05). However, (E)-β-caryophyllene was selectively attractive to A. ervi, with no significant attraction observed in C. vestalis (P > 0.05). Our results show species- and -context -specific parasitoid attractive appeal of D. intortum. Nevertheless, our results show that D. intortum may help protect kales against aphid attack through parasitoid recruitment whilst another mechanism may be employed against DBM moth.
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