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Abstract Digital map processing techniques have enabled new computational methods to extract geographic features from scanned map sources. These are mainly historical maps and are rich in spatiotemporal information which can be derived by descriptive metrics. River channel width is such a typical ecological metric used to calculate properties such as water discharge rates and, generally, often applied in hydrological and ecological monitoring. Measures of river channel width in previous ecological work have successfully measured width based on in situ measurements or remote sensing efforts, but poorly captured the variability in river width due to simplifications of the river network or due to sparse availability of in situ measurements. As river width can greatly vary and change over space and time, capturing its variability with modern geospatial processing techniques is a key interest in interdisciplinary fields studying spatiotemporal changes of riverine properties. This article proposes HydroWidth, a small‐scale approach to measure river width continuously along a channel, capable of capturing the variability in width in simple as well as complex river structures without the use of river masks. The small‐scale approach is compared to two conventional vector‐based discrete river width measurement techniques to test the robustness of the methods in terms of measuring river width and its variability. Furthermore, this article evaluates the adaptability of HydroWidth by performing three experiments measuring river width variability at rivers of different structure, length, and complexity. The methods are applied on rivers of historical map sources, allowing a novel perspective of applying algorithms measuring river width on non‐airborne data sources. Lastly, the computational performance results of the conventional and HydroWidth methods at each experimental site are presented and discussed.
South Africa's fresh water resources are under threat by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). A comprehensive and cost effective method for wide area detection and monitoring of HABs is therefore needed to manage and where possible circumvent the negative impact HABs may have on the country's aquatic ecosystems. Current commercial radiometers used for such applications are often too costly to purchase in numbers. This study focuses on the performance of a low cost, in-house developed prototype radiometer, Hyperspectral Device for Radiometric Observations in Water (HyDROW). HyDROW's performance has been evaluated against data registered with a commercially available Hyperspectral Tethered Spectral Radiometer Buoy (HyperTSRB) during a field campaign at Loskop Dam in South Africa. The Loskop Dam is at risk for HABs and has been selected given its diverse environments from an optical perspective. Measurements were made at five optically diverse test points. The maximum percentage difference between the HyperTSRB and HyDROW were ∼8% in the blue, ∼19% in the green and ∼24% in the red bands of the spectrum. The correlation coefficients between the radiometers range from 0.97 at the most turbid of test sites, to better than 0.99 in clearer waters.
Abstract. The wflow_sbm hydrological model, recently released by Deltares, as part of the Wflow.jl (v0.7.3) modelling framework, is being used to better understand and potentially address multiple operational and water resource planning challenges from a catchment scale to national scale to continental and global scale. Wflow.jl is a free and open-source distributed hydrological modelling framework written in the Julia programming language. The development of wflow_sbm, the model structure, equations and functionalities are described in detail, including example applications of wflow_sbm. The wflow_sbm model aims to strike a balance between low-resolution, low-complexity and high-resolution, high-complexity hydrological models. Most wflow_sbm parameters are based on physical characteristics or processes, and at the same time wflow_sbm has a runtime performance well suited for large-scale high-resolution model applications. Wflow_sbm models can be set a priori for any catchment with the Python tool HydroMT-Wflow based on globally available datasets and through the use of point-scale (pedo)transfer functions and suitable upscaling rules and generally result in a satisfactory (0.4 ≥ Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) < 0.7) to good (KGE ≥ 0.7) performance for discharge a priori (without further tuning). Wflow_sbm includes relevant hydrological processes such as glacier and snow processes, evapotranspiration processes, unsaturated zone dynamics, (shallow) groundwater, and surface flow routing including lakes and reservoirs. Further planned developments include improvements on the computational efficiency and flexibility of the routing scheme, implementation of a water demand and allocation module for water resource modelling, the addition of a deep groundwater concept, and computational efficiency improvements through for example distributed computing and graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration.
Institut za boje Pantone LLC je za boju 2024. godine odabrao 13-1023 Peach Fuzz. S ciljem dobivanja obojenja sličnom navedenoj boji, provedeno je bojadisanje brušene kože prirodnim bojilima ekstrahiranim iz kore nara i ljuski crvenog luka. Bojadisanje je provedeno u vodenim ekstraktima različitih omjera, u neutralnom i kiselom mediju, sa i bez dodatka močila, kalij aluminijevog sulfata dodekahidrata KAl(SO4)2 12H2O. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju odličnu podudarnost u tonu i kromatičnosti, dok je najveće odstupanje vidljivo u vrijednosti svjetline.
Monitoring rainfall in the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA), which comprises most of the largest tropical rainforest and largest river basin on the planet, is extremely important but challenging. The size of the area and land cover alone impose difficulties on the operation of a rain gauge network. Given this, we aimed to evaluate the performance of nine databases that estimate rainfall in the BLA, four from gridded analyses based on pluviometry (Xavier, CPC, GPCC and CRU), four based on remote sensing (CHIRPS, IMERG, CMORPH and PERSIANN-CDR), and one from reanalysis (ERA5Land). We found that all the bases are efficient in characterizing the average annual cycle of accumulated precipitation in the BLA, but with a predominantly negative bias. Parameters such as Pearson’s correlation (r), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and Taylor diagrams (SDE), applied in a spatial analysis for the entire BLA as well as for six pluviometrically homogeneous regions, showed that, based on a skill ranking, the data from Xavier’s grid analysis, CHIRPS, GPCC and ERA5Land best represent precipitation in the BLA at monthly, seasonal and annual levels. The PERSIANN-CDR data showed intermediate performance, while the IMERG, CMORPH, CRU and CPC data showed the lowest correlations and highest errors, characteristics also captured in the Taylor diagrams. It is hoped that this demonstration of hierarchy based on skill will subsidize climate studies in this region of great relevance in terms of biodiversity, water resources and as an important climate regulator.
<h3>Objective:</h3> To determine if device trial results (NCT04604015) are generalizable to routine practice. <h3>Background:</h3> Right to left shunt (RLS), including patent foramen ovale (PFO), is a recognized risk factor for stroke. A multicenter, prospectively enrolled device trial of robot-assisted transcranial Doppler (raTCD) vs transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for RLS/PFO detection was completed. This demonstrated raTCD detecting all and large RLS at approximately 3 times the rate of TTE (any RLS: raTCD 64% vs TTE 20% [absolute difference 43.4% (95% CI 34.3%–52.5%), p < 0.001]). <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> We conducted a multi-site retrospective review of prospectively collected “real-world” clinical data of raTCD for RLS diagnosis. All patients referred for a clinical study at the participating sites who underwent raTCD were included. Outcomes included demographics and rate of RLS detection, all and large (Spencer Logarithmic Scale ≥3), and the results were compared to the results of BUBL. <h3>Results:</h3> 350 patients underwent raTCD across three participating sites. The mean age was 56 ± 13 years compared to 59 ± 14 years in BUBL (p = 0.03, 95% CI 0.20–5.49). Both cohorts were 46% female. The clinical population had any RLS on raTCD in 54% (189/350) compared to 64% in BUBL (p= 0.14, 95% CI −0.02–0.18). Large RLS was detected in 26% (91/350) of the clinical population as compared to 28% in BUBL (p = 0.89, 95% CI −0.08–0.11). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The same raTCD device that was safe and 3 times more likely to diagnose RLS than TTE in a device trial detected all and large RLS in clinical practice at a rate similar to that demonstrated in the device trial, supporting the notion that raTCD may allow providers to achieve the known sensitivity of TCD for RLS and PFO detection without the need for an experienced operator to perform the examination in routine clinical practice. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Rubin has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for NovaSignal. Dr. Rubin has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for INSPE. Dr. Chang has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novasignal . Dr. Chang has stock in Hydrow . Dr. Waters has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Devlin has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Neuroscience Innovation Foundation. Dr. Devlin has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Nova Signal. Dr. Devlin has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Viz.ai. Dr. Devlin has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Medtronic. Dr. Devlin has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Medtronic. Dr. Devlin has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Viz,ai. Dr. Devlin has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an officer or member of the Board of Directors for Neuroscience Innovation Foundation. Dr. Devlin has stock in Nova Signal. Dr. Devlin has stock in Viz.ai. The institution of Dr. Devlin has received research support from Viz.ai. Dr. Devlin has received research support from Nova Signal. Dr. Devlin has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. The institution of Dr. Alexandrov has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for NovaSignal. Dr. Alexandrov has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for NovoNordisc. Dr. Alexandrov has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for AstraZeneca. Dr. Alexandrov has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as an officer or member of the Board of Directors for American Society of Neuroimaging. Dr. Alexandrov has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.
With the continuous expansion of the scale, capacity, and coverage of the modern transmission network, the role of the power system in the national economy is increasingly prominent, and the disconnection of the power system will have a huge impact on society and people’s lives. Due to the long transport distance and wide coverage of transmission lines, natural conditions and human factors have caused great difficulties in line operation and maintenance. How to effectively improve the operation and maintenance of transmission lines to ensure the stability and safety of the power grid has become a common problem for the power industry and scientific researchers to discuss. In recent years, the information society has stepped into the era of big data, and big data has developed rapidly, becoming a hot area favored by academia and industry, and is widely used. Through big data analysis, potential operation rules can be discovered from a large amount of grid information, providing maintenance personnel with corresponding maintenance decision support. Using big data technology for transmission line fault analysis can effectively reduce accident processing time and avoid accident expansion. Therefore, this paper combines the underground transmission line fault of power grid with the fuzzy KNN algorithm model to apply the underground transmission line state intelligent monitoring system and conducts the study of real-time data collection and fault diagnosis analysis of the underground transmission line fault of power grid, and this paper conducts the transmission line fault analysis experiment, which fully confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm model proposed in the paper and concludes that the data analysis model proposed in this paper. The proposed data analysis model has good innovation and practical feasibility.
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Protein phosphorylation acts a pivotal mechanism in regulating the contractile state of the heart by modulating particular levels of autonomic control on cardiac force/length relationships. Early studies of changes in cardiac protein phosphorylation focused on key components of the excitation-coupling process, namely phospholamban of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar troponin I. In more recent years the emphasis has shifted towards the identification of other phosphoproteins, and more importantly, the delineation of the mechanistic and signaling pathways regulating the various known phosphoproteins. In addition to cAMP- and Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent kinase processes, these have included regulation by protein kinase C and the ever-emerging family of growth factor-related kinases such as the tyrosine-, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases. Similarly, the role of protein dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases has been recognized as integral in modulating normal cardiac cellular function. Recent studies involving a variety of cardiovascular pathologies have demonstrated that changes in the phosphorylation states of key cardiac regulatory proteins may underlie cardiac dysfunction in disease states. The emphasis of this comprehensive review will be on discussing the role of cardiac phosphoproteins in regulating myocardial function and pathophysiology based not only on in vitro data, but more importantly, from ex vivo experiments with corroborative physiological and biochemical evidence.
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OBJECTIVE: Diabetes selectively injures receptor-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation. In this study, we investigated the effect of elevated glucose concentrations on intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) signal transduction in response to stimulants of EDRF/nitric oxide release in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. METHODS: [Ca2+i] was measured in cell suspensions using Fura-2 and fluorescence spectroscopy while nitric oxide production was evaluated using radioimmunoassay of cGMP production. RESULTS: After 24 h exposure to 25 mM glucose in Ham's F-12 media, the increase in endothelial cell [Ca2+i] in response to 100 nM bradykinin was attenuated by 40% while the response to ionomycin was unaltered. When RMPI medium was used, no reduction in response to bradykinin was observed at 25 mM glucose, but a significant reduction in [Ca2+i] signal was observed after exposure to 35 mM glucose for a similar time period. Defective [Ca2+i] signaling was also seen in cells using MEM medium. [Ca2+i] signal responses to ionomycin and NaF, a G-protein activator of extracellular calcium entry via calcium channels, were unaltered by elevated glucose exposure. The defect in [Ca2+i] signal was not mimicked by either mannose or sucrose, but was prevented by co-incubation with cytochalasin B to inhibit glucose uptake. Neither superoxide dismutase nor catalase nor the extracellular hydroxyl radical scavenger, mannitol, blocked the reduction in the bradykinin-induced increase of [Ca2+i] in elevated glucose-exposed cells; however, the reduction was completely blocked by the cell-permeable hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethylthiourea. Bradykinin-stimulated (but not ionomycin-stimulated) cGMP production within endothelial cells or in RFL-6 detector cells was attenuated by elevated glucose exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia may contribute to defective endothelium-dependent relaxation in diabetes via an attenuated increase in Ca2+i signal transduction for the release of nitric oxide by endothelial cells. This defect possibly arises as a consequence of hydroxyl radicals formed intracellularly.
OBJECTIVES: Pieces of evidence have been accumulating that imply a crucial role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in initiation and progress of heart failure, but the signalling processes subsequent to Ang II receptor activation in cardiac myocytes are complex and still controversial. We examined the effects of Ang II on the relationship between the intracellular Ca2+ transient and isometric contraction in mammalian ventricular myocardium. METHODS: Isolated rabbit ventricular papillary muscle was loaded with the Ca2+ sensitive bioluminescent protein aequorin and electrically stimulated at a rate of 0.5 Hz at 37 degrees C. RESULTS: Ang II (10(-8)-10(-6) M), in the presence of bupranolol (3 x 10(-7) M) and prazosin (10(-7) M), elicited a positive inotropic effect (PIE) in association with an increase in the peak Ca2+ transient. The maximal PIE of Ang II was about 30% of the isoproterenol-induced maximum (ISOmax), while the maximal increase in the peak Ca2+ transient induced by Ang II was only 7% of ISOmax. Ang II tended to prolong the duration of contraction (both time to peak force and relaxation time) but did not produce a discernible change in the duration of Ca2+ transient. The relationship between the amplitude of Ca2+ transient and peak force was shifted to the left by Ang II, as compared with the relationship for elevation of [Ca2+]o (2.5-15.0 mM). The PIE and the increase in the amplitude of Ca2+ transient induced by Ang II were abolished by a selective angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan (10(-5) M) but were not affected by a selective AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 (10(-6) M). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that Ang II elicits a PIE through a dual mechanism via activation of AT1 receptors in rabbit ventricular myocardium: by an increase in the amplitude of Ca2+ transient; and in addition by an increase in the myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity.
The significance and nature of ion kinetic effects in D3He-filled, shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions are assessed through measurements of fusion burn profiles. Over this series of experiments, the ratio of ion-ion mean free path to minimum shell radius (the Knudsen number, NK) was varied from 0.3 to 9 in order to probe hydrodynamic-like to strongly kinetic plasma conditions; as the Knudsen number increased, hydrodynamic models increasingly failed to match measured yields, while an empirically-tuned, first-step model of ion kinetic effects better captured the observed yield trends [Rosenberg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 185001 (2014)]. Here, spatially resolved measurements of the fusion burn are used to examine kinetic ion transport effects in greater detail, adding an additional dimension of understanding that goes beyond zero-dimensional integrated quantities to one-dimensional profiles. In agreement with the previous findings, a comparison of measured and simulated burn profiles shows that models including ion transport effects are able to better match the experimental results. In implosions characterized by large Knudsen numbers (NK ∼ 3), the fusion burn profiles predicted by hydrodynamics simulations that exclude ion mean free path effects are peaked far from the origin, in stark disagreement with the experimentally observed profiles, which are centrally peaked. In contrast, a hydrodynamics simulation that includes a model of ion diffusion is able to qualitatively match the measured profile shapes. Therefore, ion diffusion or diffusion-like processes are identified as a plausible explanation of the observed trends, though further refinement of the models is needed for a more complete and quantitative understanding of ion kinetic effects.
Sensitivity analysis is critically needed to better understand the microwave emission model for soil moisture retrieval using passive microwave remote sensing data. The vegetation b-factor along with vegetation water content and surface characteristics has significant impact in model prediction. This study evaluates the sensitivity of the b-factor, which is function of vegetation type. The analysis is carried out using Passive and Active L and S-band airborne sensor (PALS) and measured field soil moisture from Southern Great Plains experiment (SGP99). The results show that the relative sensitivity of the b-factor is 86% in wet soil condition and 88% in high vegetated condition compared to the sensitivity of the soil moisture. Apparently, the b-factor is found to be more sensitive than the vegetation water content, surface roughness and surface temperature; therefore, the effect of the b-factor is fairly large to the microwave emission in certain conditions. Understanding the dependence of the b-factor on the soil and vegetation is important in studying the soil moisture retrieval algorithm, which can lead to potential improvements in model development for the Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission.
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Abstract An interdisciplinary approach was used to analyse multicomplex issues of the Covid-19 crisis, demonstrated also by the Economics of innovation. The Economics of innovation is useful when analysing a unique feedback of megatrends and the emergence of liminal crisis innovations. The purpose of this paper is, in spite of many statements to the contrary, to prove that innovative activity may serve as the key to unlocking a post-crisis economic development. Analyses presented in the paper are based on the Polish and foreign literature on the subject, reports on research conducted in many research centres and the author’s own observation at the Social Innovation Council. Three research themes are signalled: 1) the reality of the crisis in the aspect of Covid-19 pandemic and other crises in the literature studies and in practice; 2) innovation as the driving force for recovering from the Covid-19 crisis; 3) Coronavirus support: the activity of the state and social expectations. Conclusions and recommendations contained in this paper are, to a large extent, based on hermeneutics; they also stem from statistical data analyses and own research.