This study aims to compare the performance of different large language models (LLMs) in pre-exam learning for the Chinese dental licensing examination, with a focus on evaluating their differences in answering, explanation, and teaching effectiveness, to provide a reference for the application of LLMs in dental education. Three evaluation scenarios were designed: selecting correct answers, providing answer explanations, and adversarial testing. DeepSeek-R1, Qwen 2.5-MAX, Doubao 1.5 Pro, Xinghuo Spark-X1, ERNIE 4.0 Turbo, GPT-4o, and Huaxi Zhilian were selected for comparative testing. Evaluation metrics included accuracy, net accuracy, and pedagogical effectiveness. In the scenario of selecting correct answers, all LLMs exceeded the passing threshold, with Huaxi Zhilian achieving the highest accuracy (84%). In the answer explanation scenario, Huaxi Zhilian demonstra-ted the highest net accuracy (92%), followed by DeepSeek-R1 (89%), among models. Regarding pedagogical effectiveness, Huaxi Zhilian ranked highest in relevance, practicality, and clarity, whereas GPT-4o led in conciseness, among the investigated LLMs. In adversarial testing, Huaxi Zhilian and DeepSeek-R1 exhibited the smallest declines in accuracy and net accuracy, respectively, among the tested models. In pre-exam learning for the Chinese dental licensing examination, knowledge-enhanced LLMs specifically optimized for dentistry (e.g., Huaxi Zhilian) outperform reasoning LLMs pretrained on general Chinese corpora (e.g., DeepSeek-R1) and those primarily trained on English corpora (e.g., GPT-4o). However, the performance of all models declines under adversarial conditions. Future research should focus on addressing identified weaknesses to enhance the utility of LLMs in dental education further. 目的: 比较不同的大语言模型（LLM）在口腔执业医师考前学习中的应用表现，重点评估其在答题、解析和教学效果方面的差异，为LLM在口腔医学教育中的应用提供参考。方法: 设计3个评估场景，包括选择正确答案、答案解析和对抗性测试。选择DeepSeek-R1、通义千问2.5-MAX、豆包1.5 Pro、星火Spark-X1、文心一言4.0 Turbo、GPT-4o和华西口腔智联大模型进行对比测试，评估的指标为准确率、净正确率和教学效果评分。结果: 在选择正确答案场景方面，所有LLM均达到了及格线，华西口腔智联大模型的准确率最高（84%）。在答案解析场景方面，华西口腔智联大模型的解析净正确率最高（92%），其次为DeepSeek-R1（89%）。在教学效果评分中，华西口腔智联大模型在相关性、实用性和清晰度方面得分最高，GPT-4o在简洁性方面分数最高。在对抗性测试场景下，华西口腔智联大模型和DeepSeek-R1分别在准确率和净正确率方面下降幅度最小。结论: 在口腔执业医师考前学习应用场景中，针对口腔医学进行知识增强的LLM（如华西口腔智联大模型）表现优于以中文语料库为核心预训练的推理LLM（如DeepSeek-R1），优于以英文语料库为核心预训练的LLM（如GPT-4o）。在对抗性测试中，所有模型的表现均有所下降。未来相关模型的研究可针对评估中表现不足之处进行优化，提升其在口腔执业医师考前学习中的应用效果。.
This study aims to analyze the related factors of ectopic eruption of adjacent first permanent molars after the restoration of stainless-steel crowns of the second primary molars. The experimental group consisted of 19 patients, and 25 second primary molars with stainless steel crown restorations were examined. The patients presented with ectopic eruption of the corresponding first permanent molars. The control group included 19 patients, from whom 29 second primary molars with stainless steel crown restorations were examined. Notably, the corresponding first permanent molars erupted normally. The panoramic radiographs of all participants were analyzed, and va-riables, such as patient age, gender, ectopic eruption positions of the first permanent molars, and the distal margi-nal adaptation of the stainless-steel crowns, were asses-sed. The tilt angles of the first permanent molars, second primary molars, and the intersection angle between the long axes of the two teeth were measured. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson's chi-square test and independent t-tests. A significant positive correlation was identified between the distal marginal adaptation of the stainless-steel crowns and the ectopic eruption of the corresponding first permanent molar (OR=9.14, 95% CI: 1.06-79.26, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the experimental group exhibited a smaller angle between the long axes of the maxillary first permanent molar and the second primary molar (6.51°±4.46°, P<0.05). Additionally, the mandibular first permanent molar had a more pronounced inclination (43.66°±10.56°, P<0.05), and the angle between the long axes of the mandibular first permanent molar and the second primary molar was significantly larger (25.39°±10.79°, P<0.05) in the experimental group. Prior to the restoration of second primary molars with stainless steel crowns, evaluating the potential risk of ectopic eruption of the corresponding first permanent molar is essential. This step is particularly important when ectopic eruption is present in the remaining quadrants. When the angle between the long axes of the maxillary first permanent molar and the second primary molar is excessively small, the inclination of the mandibular first permanent molar is extremely large, or the angle between the long axes of the mandibular first permanent molar and the second primary molar is extremely large, the use of stainless-steel crowns should be minimized, or preventive measures should be considered. Special attention must be given to the distal marginal adaptation during stainless steel crown restoration to prevent the formation of steps on the distal surfaces. 目的: 分析第二乳磨牙行金属预成冠修复后，相邻第一恒磨牙发生异位萌出的相关因素。方法: 试验组纳入19例患者共25颗第二乳磨牙，均为行金属预成冠修复且相邻第一恒磨牙发生异位萌出者;对照组纳入19例患者共29颗第二乳磨牙，均为行金属预成冠修复且相邻第一恒磨牙正常萌出者。对所有研究对象的曲面体层片进行分析，评价患者年龄、性别、多象限发生第一恒磨牙异位萌出情况、预成冠远中台阶情况，测量第一恒磨牙倾斜角度、第二乳磨牙倾斜角度及两牙间牙体长轴交角。使用Pearson卡方检验及成组t检验对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 预成冠远中台阶与相邻第一恒磨牙发生异位萌出呈正相关关系，OR=9.14（95%置信区间为1.06~79.26，P< 0.05）。与对照组比较，试验组上颌第一恒磨牙与第二乳磨牙牙体长轴夹角（均值为6.51°±4.46°）偏小（P<0.05），下颌第一恒磨牙倾斜角度（均值为43.66°±10.56°）更偏近中（P<0.05），下颌第一恒磨牙与第二乳磨牙牙体长轴夹角（均值为25.39°±10.79°）显著增大（P<0.05）。结论: 在第二乳磨牙行金属预成冠修复前，需评估对应第一恒磨牙发生异位萌出的风险，尤其当患者已有其余象限发生第一恒磨牙异位萌出者。当上颌第一恒磨牙和第二乳磨牙的牙体长轴夹角过小，下颌第一恒磨牙倾斜角度过大，或下颌第一恒磨牙与第二乳磨牙的牙体长轴夹角过大时，应尽量减少使用金属预成冠修复，或采取相应预防措施，尤其要注意预成冠修复时远中边缘的适应性，避免远中面台阶形成。.
This consensus systematically addresses the unique facial anatomical and aging characteristics of the population in Southwest China and systematically proposes an individualized injection protocol for botulinum toxin type A (BONT/A) for upper and mid-face aesthetic treatments. The protocol was tailored to the skeletal and muscular features of this regional group and incorporates precise injection techniques, dosage recommendations, and depth guidance for key upper facial areas, such as forehead lines, glabellar lines, crow's feet, nasal wrinkles, and temporalis muscle. In addition, it outlines peri‑injection assessment procedures, combined treatment strategies, and the management of adverse reactions. The aims are to provide clinicians with standardized operational guidance that aligns with regional characteristics and to enhance the safety, precision, and aesthetic outcomes of treatment. 本共识聚焦中国西南地区人群独特的面部解剖与衰老特征，系统提出了适合该区域人群的面部骨骼与肌肉特点A型肉毒毒素（BONT/A）在上中面部美学治疗中的个体化注射方案。内容涵盖额纹、眉间纹、鱼尾纹、鼻纹、颞肌等上面部关键部位的精准注射技术、剂量与层次建议，并涉及围注射期评估、联合治疗策略及不良反应处理。旨在为临床医生提供贴合地域特征的规范化操作指导，以提升治疗的安全性、精准性与美学效果。.
This study aimed to explore the clinical efficacy of stabilization splint (SS) and the characteristics of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging changes by analyzing the CBCT images and clinical symptoms of patients with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) complicated with chewing side preference before and after treatment with SS. Me⁃thods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 74 TMJOA patients (aged 18-40 years) who visited the Department of Stomatology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital from June 2021 to January 2025. Among them, 31 patients had no chewing side preference (mean age: 29.81±2.99 years), and 43 patients had chewing side preference (mean age: 30.88±5.65 years). The CBCT imaging features and clinical symptoms of the two groups at the initial visit and follow-up (6 months later) were observed and analyzed. SPSS 27.0 software was used for data analysis. Comparison of patients without chewing side preference before and after SS treatment: the incidence of pain decreased from 100% to 3.23%, limited mouth opening from 96.77% to 3.23%, and joint noise from 80.65% to 38.71%, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). CBCT showed that the ipsilateral posterior joint space and superior joint space increased significantly (P<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) indices between the two sides (P>0.05). Comparison of patients with chewing side preference before and after SS treatment: the incidence of pain decreased from 100% to 4.65%, limited mouth opening from 88.37% to 2.33%, and joint noise from 79.07% to 39.53%, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). CBCT showed that the medial-lateral diameter of the condyle, anterior-posterior diameter of the condyle, intra-articular space, posterior joint space, superior joint space, slope of the articular eminence, and condylar height on the habitual chewing side increased significantly (P<0.05). Moreover, the medial-lateral diameter of the condyle, anterior-posterior diameter of the condyle, intra-articular space, posterior joint space, and superior joint space on the non-habitual chewing side increased significantly (P<0.05). The posterior joint space, intra-articular space, and condylar height on the habitual chewing side were significantly larger than those on the non-habitual chewing side (P<0.05). Comparison between patients with and without chewing side preference after SS treatment: no significant differences were found in pain, limited mouth opening, and joint noise between the two groups (P>0.05). SS is effective in treating patients suffering from TMJOA with or without chewing side preference because it can effectively relieve joint pain, significantly improve mouth opening, and reduce the incidence of joint noise to a certain extent. Chewing side preference is closely related to the progression of TMJOA. Patients with TMJOA are recommended to receive early intervention with SS treatment, which is particularly important for those cases complicated with chewing side preference. 目的: 通过分析伴偏侧咀嚼的颞下颌关节骨关节炎（TMJOA）患者经稳定性咬合板（SS）治疗前后颞下颌关节的锥形束CT（CBCT）影像及临床症状，探讨其临床疗效及颞下颌关节CBCT影像学改变的特征。方法: 回顾性分析2021年6月—2025年1月在解放军总医院第一医学中心口腔科就诊的74例TMJOA患者，年龄为18~40岁。其中无偏侧咀嚼患者31例，平均年龄为（29.81±2.99）岁;伴偏侧咀嚼患者43例，平均年龄为（30.88±5.65）岁。观察2组TMJOA患者初诊和复诊（6个月）时的CBCT影像学特点及临床症状进行分析。应用SPSS 27.0软件分析数据。结果: SS治疗无偏侧咀嚼患者前后对比:疼痛由100%降至3.23%、张口受限由96.77%降至3.23%、关节杂音由80.65%降至38.71%，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;CBCT显示同侧关节后间隙及上间隙均显著增大（P<0.05）;双侧TMJ指标对比差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。SS治疗伴偏侧咀嚼患者前后对比:疼痛由100%降至4.65%、张口受限由88.37%降至2.33%、关节杂音由79.07%降至39.53%，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;CBCT显示习惯侧髁突内外径、髁突前后径、关节内间隙、关节后间隙、关节上间隙、关节结节斜度及髁突高度均显著增加（P<0.05）;非习惯侧髁突内外径、髁突前后径、关节内间隙、关节后间隙及关节上间隙均显著增加（P<0.05）;习惯侧关节后间隙、关节内间隙及髁突高度均显著大于非习惯侧（P<0.05）。SS治疗无/伴偏侧咀嚼患者对比:治疗后疼痛、张口受限和关节杂音组间比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论: 通过SS治疗无/伴偏侧咀嚼TMJOA患者，均可有效缓解患者的关节疼痛，明显改善开口度，一定程度上减少了关节杂音的比例，具有良好的治疗效果。偏侧咀嚼与TMJOA患者的病情进展密切相关，建议TMJOA患者早期进行SS治疗干预。.
This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of silibinin in renal injury induced by periodontitis. Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal control (Control), periodontitis (P), and periodontitis+silibinbin intervention (P+SB). Ligation with 7-0 silk thread around the maxillary second molar's neck was performed to generate a periodontitis animal model. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson staining, and micro-CT techniques were used to verify the successful construction of the periodontitis model. Renal injury degree was evaluated by renal histological exa-mination (HE, periodic acid-schiff, and Masson staining), ultrastructure observation under a transmission electron microscope, and blood biochemical index detection. The balance of oxidation and antioxidation in kidney tissue was observed by detecting the index of oxidative stress and MitoSOX Red fluorescence staining. The mRNA expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain, and the localization and expression of mTOR in mouse kidney was further clarified using immunohistochemical staining. Compared with that in the Control group, gingival destruction and inflammation around the second molar were more evident in the P group. The alveolar bone was absorbed remarkably, as characterized by a decrease in bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness and the widening of trabecular spacing. Renal tissue showed signs of renal injury, such as widening of Bowman space, exfoliation of renal tubular epithelial cells, morphological destruction of foot process, swel-ling of mitochondria, and disappearance of mitochondrial crest, accompanied with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level, a decrease in glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and the activation of mTOR signal pathway. In the P+SB group, the destruction of gingiva and alveolar bone was significantly reduced, kidney injury was effectively alleviated, the MDA level decreased, SOD and GSH activities were recovered, and the mTOR signal pathway was significantly inhibited. Silibinin can effectively alleviate the oxidative stress injury of kidney and alleviate the renal injury caused by periodontitis by regulating the mTOR signal pathway. 目的: 探索水飞蓟宾在牙周炎引发的肾损伤中的作用及机制。方法: 将24只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为3组，分别为正常对照（Control）组、牙周炎（P）组及牙周炎+水飞蓟宾干预（P+SB）组，每组8只。通过7-0丝线结扎上颌第二磨牙颈部，建立牙周炎动物模型，利用苏木精-伊红（HE）、Masson染色及Micro-CT技术多角度验证牙周炎模型构建成功。通过HE染色、过碘酸雪夫（PAS）染色和Masson染色检测肾脏组织学变化，通过透射电子显微镜观察超微结构，检测血液生化指标等方法多方位评估肾脏损伤程度。通过检测肾脏组织氧化应激指标及MitoSOX Red荧光染色，观察肾脏组织内氧化与抗氧化的平衡。采用定量逆转录聚合酶链反应技术检测哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）mRNA的表达，并结合免疫组织化学染色，进一步明确mTOR在小鼠肾脏组织中的定位及表达水平。结果: 与Control组相比，P组小鼠第二磨牙周围牙龈炎症及破坏明显，牙槽骨出现明显吸收，具体表现为骨体积分数（BV/TV）和骨小梁厚度（Tb.Th）降低，骨小梁间距（Tb.Sp）增宽，同时肾脏组织呈现肾小球鲍曼囊腔增宽、肾小管上皮细胞脱落、足突形态破坏、线粒体肿胀、线粒体嵴消失等肾脏损伤迹象，并伴有丙二醛（MDA）含量显著上升，谷胱甘肽（GSH）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性下降，mTOR信号通路激活。相比之下，P+SB组小鼠牙龈及牙槽骨破坏程度明显减轻，肾脏损伤情况得到有效缓解，MDA水平降低，SOD和GSH活性恢复，并伴有mTOR信号通路显著抑制。结论: 水飞蓟宾可能通过调控mTOR信号通路，有效减轻肾脏组织的氧化应激损伤，进而对牙周炎引发的肾损伤起到明显的缓解作用。.
This study aimed to explore the impact of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our findings offer a theoretical foundation for advancing the research and development of novel therapeutic agents for OSCC. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using the cancer genome database to classify OSCC patients based on the presence or absence of extracapsular spread and metastasis in tumor tissues, and to compare the differences in survival rates among different OSCC cell lines. The cell proliferation of different OSCC cell lines treated with different DHA concentrations was detected by CCK-8 cytoto-xicity assay, and the optimal drug concentration was screened. The CCK-8 cytotoxicity assay was used to detect the cell proliferation of different OSCC cell lines (CAL27, HN30, and SCC9) after treatment with different concentrations of DHA, and to screen out the optimal drug concentration. The effects of DHA on the proliferation of OSCC cells were detected by CCK-8 cell proliferation assay and cell cloning assay. The effect of DHA on the migration and invasion ability of tumor cells was detected by scratch test and Transwell test. A nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model was constructed to study the effects of DHA on OSCC tumor tissues and major organ. Bioinforma-tics analysis showed that the survival rate of patients with extracapsular spread and metastasis in tumor tissues was lower than that of patients without such phenomena (P<0.05). According to CCK-8 cytotoxicity results, the maximum safe concentrations for different OSCC cell lines CAL27, HN30, and SCC9 were 20, 10, and 5 μmol/L, respectively. Proliferation and cloning experiments of CCK-8 cells showed that DHA could inhibit the proliferation of three squamous cell lines (P<0.05). Scratch test and Transwell test showed that the migration and invasion levels of CAL27, HN30, and SCC9 cells were significantly decreased under DHA treatment (P<0.05). In vivo experiments showed that the growth rate of tumor tissue significantly decreased after DHA treatment (P<0.05). DHA exhibits significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of various OSCC cells and growth of tumor tissues. 目的: 通过研究双氢青蒿素（DHA）对口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）细胞系增殖、迁移和侵袭等生物学行为的影响，为后续研发新型药物治疗OSCC提供理论依据。方法: 通过癌症基因组学数据库进行生物信息学分析，以肿瘤组织是否存在囊外扩散转移对OSCC患者进行分类，比较不同OSCC细胞生存率的差异。CCK-8细胞毒性实验检测不同OSCC细胞系（CAL27、HN30和SCC9）经不同浓度DHA处理后的细胞增殖情况，进而筛选出最适药物浓度。CCK-8细胞增殖实验、细胞克隆实验检测DHA对OSCC细胞增殖能力的影响。划痕实验、Transwell实验检测DHA对肿瘤细胞迁移侵袭能力的影响;构建裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型，研究DHA对OSCC肿瘤组织及主要脏器组织的影响。结果: 生物信息学分析表明，肿瘤组织存在囊外扩散转移的患者的生存率低于无囊外扩散转移的患者（P<0.05）。CCK-8细胞毒性检测显示，DHA对CAL27、HN30和SCC9细胞的最大安全浓度分别为20、10和5 μmol/L。CCK-8细胞增殖实验、细胞克隆实验表明，DHA可以显著抑制CAL27、HN30和SCC9的增殖能力（P<0.05）;划痕实验、Transwell实验表明，DHA作用下CAL27、HN30和SCC9细胞的迁移和侵袭能力显著下降（P<0.05）。体内实验表明，经DHA干预后肿瘤组织生长速率显著降低（P<0.001）。结论: DHA对OSCC细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力及肿瘤组织的进展具有显著的抑制作用。.
Traditionally, prosthodontics has adhered to a clinical diagnosis and treatment model centered on "tooth defects, partial edentulism, and complete edentulism", which show insufficient alignment with the modern "biopsychosocial" medical model. The demand of high-quality medical services continues to increase with the nation's growing prosperity and the continuous extension of average life expectancy. Facing these heightened medical demands, particularly the challenges of oral frailty and multimorbidity in an aging society, the traditional diagnostic and therapeutic system for prosthodontics increasingly reveals limitations, including insufficient information coverage, obscuring the underlying etio-logy, the neglect of individual psychological needs, and a lack of holistic consideration for multimorbidity. This consensus proposes the "Four-Level and Dual-Axis" comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic system for prosthetic rehabilitation of oral diseases to address these bottlenecks in disciplinary development. This system classifies the diagnostic scope from micro to macro into four functional levels of "tooth-pulp", "dentition-occlusion", "occlusion-temporomandibular joint", and "maxillofacial-systemic" emphasizing the pathological cascade reactions between levels and a bidirectional diagnostic logic. Simultaneously, it introduces a subjective-objective dual-axis assessment model comprising "individual psychology and prosthetic needs (axis A)" and "etiology and patho-anatomical diagnosis (axis B)," achieving an integration of medical rationality and humanistic care. By reconstructing diagnostic logic and implementing standardized sequential treatment pathways, this consensus aims to facilitate the continuous transition of prosthodontics toward the "biopsychosocial" medical model, shifting from a "prosthesis-centered" approach to a "patient-centered and disease-focused" model of precision personalized prosthetic rehabilitation. 一直以来口腔修复学遵循以“牙体缺损、牙列缺损、牙列缺失”为核心的临床诊疗模式，与现代医学的“生物-心理-社会”模式的契合度不足。随着国家的富强和百姓平均寿命的持续延长，高质量医疗服务的需求日益高涨。而面对更好更高的医疗需求，尤其是社会老龄化带来的口腔衰弱与多病共存等的挑战，传统口腔修复诊疗体系已日益显现出信息涵盖量低、掩盖病因本质、忽视个性心理及缺乏共病思维等局限性。为了解决学科发展堵点，本共识提出“四层双轴”口腔疾病修复重建诊疗体系，将诊疗视野由微观至宏观分为“牙体-牙髓”“牙列-咬合”“-颞下颌关节”“颌面-全身系统”4个功能层级，强调层级间的病损级联反应与双向诊疗逻辑;同时引入“个性心理-修复需求（轴A）”与“病因-病理解剖诊断（轴B）”的主客观双轴评估模式，实现医学理性与人文关怀的融合。通过重构诊断逻辑并推行标准化序列治疗路径，旨在推动口腔修复学持续向“生物-心理-社会”医学模式转化，并从以修复体为中心，向实现以患者口腔疾病为中心的精准个性化修复重建治疗转型。.
Digital and intelligent digital technologies can help optimize the clinical workflow of edentulous jaw implant restoration, significantly improving precision, predictability, and efficiency throughout all stages of treatment. In the preoperative phase, by acquiring the patient's digital information model and integrating data with the assistance of an artificial intelligence-driven planning system, personalized design of implant positions and prosthesis morphologies can be achieved, thereby realizing accurate functional and aesthetic matching. During the surgical procedure, the adoption of static implant guides, dynamic navigation systems, or implant robotic systems can effectively enhance surgical precision and minimize patient trauma to the greatest extent. In the immediate and final restoration phases, digital impression technology based on intraoral and extraoral scanning systems enables accurate acquisition of information regarding implants, as well as hard and soft tissues related to edentulous jaw implantation. Among these technologies, the application of AI-assisted algorithms and modified intraoral scan bodies can further improve patient comfort and chairside work efficiency. When encountering metal restoration artifact interference, the use of artifact correction algorithms or methods to increase identifiable marker points can both enhance the fitting precision of virtual data, reduce the impact of metal artifacts on data matching, and provide more reliable data support for digital preoperative planning. For complex edentulous cases, such as pterygoid implant placement, implant robotic systems based on digital three-dimensional modeling enable high-precision implantation with intraoperative dynamic calibration, thereby improving prosthetic predictability. Although challenges remain in data interoperability and standardization of clinical protocols, the integration of unified data standards, comprehensive intelligent platforms, and standardized workflows may facilitate the standardized and intelligent application of digital technologies in edentulous implant rehabilitation. It is foreseeable that in the future, digital and intelligent digital technologies will continue to drive the development of the edentulous jaw implant restoration field, providing patients with more high-quality, efficient, and safe implant restoration solutions. 数字化及数智化技术可助力优化无牙颌种植修复的临床工作流程，在治疗全阶段显著提升精度、可预测性与效率。术前阶段，通过获取患者数字化信息模型，并结合人工智能驱动的规划系统开展数据整合，能够个性化设计种植体位置与修复体形态，进而实现精准的功能与美学匹配;手术过程中，采用静态种植导板、动态导航系统或种植机器人系统，可有效提高手术精度，最大限度降低患者创伤;在即刻修复与最终修复阶段，依托口内、口外扫描系统的数字化印模技术，能精准获取无牙颌种植相关的种植体及软硬组织信息。其中，人工智能辅助算法与改良口内扫描杆的应用，可进一步提升患者舒适度，提高椅旁工作效率。当遇到金属修复体伪影干扰时，采用伪影校正算法或增加可识别标记点的方法，均能提升虚拟数据拟合精度，减少金属伪影对数据匹配的影响，为数字化术前规划提供更可靠的数据支撑。针对翼板区倾斜种植等复杂无牙颌病例，基于数字化三维建模的口腔种植机器人系统可实现种植体的高精度植入及术中动态校准，从而提高修复的可预测性。目前，数字化流程仍面临数据互作及操作规范不统一等问题，但通过统一数据标准、整合全流程数智化平台并规范临床操作流程，可为无牙颌种植修复的标准化与智能化应用提供技术基础。可以预见，未来数字化及数智化技术将持续推动无牙颌种植修复领域的发展，为患者提供更优质、高效、安全的种植修复方案。.
To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the simple taper-retained external connection narrow-diameter implant JUST J1 MINI (J1 implant) applied in the narrow alveolar ridge of the premolar region for 5-8 years. Sixty-six patients who attended the Department of Stomatology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University for implant restoration in the premolar region from January 2017 to March 2020 were selected. A total of 87 simple taper-retained external connection narrow-diameter implants were implanted into the narrow alveolar ridge of the premolar region in the immediate postoperative period after implantation without any bone augmentation surgery. CBCT and surface tomography films were taken after the completion of final crown restoration and at the time of final follow-up. With a mean follow-up of 78.9±9.0 months, the survival rate of the J1 implants, rate of abutment loosening and shedding, amount of bone resorption at peri-implant margins, and changes in the bone width and height of the implants were observed. At the final follow-up of 5-8 years, two implants failed when they loosened at three and four months after surgery, and the implant survival rate was 97.7%. The bone resorption values of the distal and mesial margins were 0.719 mm±0.495 mm and 0.722 mm± 0.604 mm, respectively. The bone height and width resorption of the implants were 0.581 mm±0.346 mm, 0.209 mm±0.118 mm. The results of long-term follow-up after 5-8 years showed that J1 implants in the narrow alveolar ridge of premolar teeth without bone augmentation can reduce surgical trauma, simplify implant surgery, and satisfy a certain degree of aesthetics and masticatory function in patients. Therefore, J1 implants have good long-term clinical results and expand the indications for implant restorations in the narrow alveolar ridge. 目的: 评估单纯锥度固位外连接窄径种植体JUST J1 MINI（简称J1种植体）应用于前磨牙狭窄牙槽嵴的5~8年临床疗效。方法: 选取2017年1月—2020年3月于南昌大学第四附属医院口腔科就诊行前磨牙区种植修复患者66例，在不进行任何骨增量手术的前提下，将87枚单纯锥度固位外连接窄径种植体植入到前磨牙区狭窄牙槽嵴，分别在种植术后即刻（T0）、种植体最终完成修复后（T1）和最终随访结点（T2）拍摄锥形束CT（CBCT）和曲面断层片。平均随访（78.9±9.0）个月，观察J1种植体存留率、基台松动脱落率、种植体周边缘骨吸收量、种植体颊侧骨高度和骨宽度的变化。结果: 最终随访5~8年，87枚种植体中有2枚种植体分别在术后3个月和4个月后松动并取出，种植体存留率为97.7%。T0到T2时，种植体近远中边缘骨吸收量分别为（0.719±0.495）、（0.722±0.604）mm;骨高度和骨宽度吸收量分别为（0.581±0.346）、（0.209±0.118）mm。结论: 5~8年的长期随访结果表明，在不进行骨增量的前提下，在前磨牙狭窄牙槽嵴植入J1种植体可以减少手术创伤，实现种植手术的简易性，满足患者的美学和咀嚼功能，具有良好的长期临床效果，扩大了狭窄牙槽嵴种植修复的适应证。.
This study explored the expression of Rho-related BTB domain-containing protein 1 (Rho-BTB1) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) cells; its effects on TSCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration; and the underlying molecular mechanisms. RhoBTB1 expression in TSCC was analyzed by querying a bioinformatics online database. Forty-five cases of primary TSCC lesions resected during oral and maxillofacial surgery from December 2024 to August 2025 were selected. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect RhoBTB1 expression in TSCC tissues and adjacent tissues. Two kinds of TSCC cell lines, CAL-27 and SCC-25, were selected for in vitro experiments. The overexpression plasmid vector and small interfering RNA were designed on the basis of the RhoBTB1 gene sequence. TSCC cells were transiently transfected, and the transfection efficiency was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of TSCC cells were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, Transwell cell invasion assay, cell scratch assay, and flow cytometry respectively. The expression levels of RhoBTB1, Rho-related protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), phosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homologue (p-PTEN), protein kinase B (AKT), and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) were analyzed by Western blot. SPSS 22.0 and GraphPad Pri 8.0 were used to analyze the experimental data. RhoBTB1 expression in TSCC tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). RhoBTB1 overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of TSCC cells, promoted their apoptosis, down-regulated ROCK1/p-AKT, and up-regulated p-PTEN (P<0.05); no significant difference in expression was observed between PTEN and AKT (P>0.05). Knockdown of RhoBTB1 yielded opposing effects, with the upregulation of ROCK1 and p-AKT and the downregulation of p-PTEN (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the expression levels of PTEN and AKT (P>0.05). RhoBTB1 is lowly expressed in TSCC and may inhibit its malignant phenotype by negatively regulating the ROCK1/PTEN/AKT pathway, suggesting its potential as an oncogene and therapeutic target. 目的: 研究Rho相关BTB结构域蛋白1（RhoBTB1）在舌鳞状细胞癌（TSCC）细胞中的表达，探讨RhoBTB1对TSCC细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移的影响及其分子机制。方法: 利用生物信息学在线数据库查询分析RhoBTB1在TSCC中的表达状况。选取2024年12月—2025年8月于口腔颌面外科手术中切除的TSCC原发病灶45例，采用免疫组织化学法与蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）法检测TSCC组织及癌旁组织中RhoBTB1的表达水平。选取TSCC细胞系的2种细胞CAL-27和SCC-25细胞进行体外实验。针对RhoBTB1基因序列设计过表达质粒载体及小干扰RNA，采用瞬时转染法转染TSCC细胞，应用实时定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）评估转染效率;采用CCK-8实验、Transwell细胞侵袭实验、细胞划痕实验及流式细胞术分别评估TSCC细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移和凋亡能力;Western blot分析RhoBTB1、Rho相关蛋白激酶1（ROCK1）、磷酸酶与张力蛋白同源物（PTEN）、磷酸化的磷酸酶与张力蛋白同源物（p-PTEN）、蛋白激酶B（AKT）、磷酸化的蛋白激酶B（p-AKT）的表达水平。应用SPSS 22.0和GraphPad Prism 8.0软件对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果: TSCC组织中RhoBTB1的表达水平明显低于癌旁组织（P<0.05）;过表达RhoBTB1可抑制TSCC细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移，促进凋亡，并下调ROCK1/p-AKT、上调p-PTEN表达，上述差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05），PTEN、AKT的表达则无明显差异（P>0.05）;敲低RhoBTB1则产生相反效应，ROCK1/p-AKT表达上调、p-PTEN表达下调（P<0.05），PTEN、AKT的表达同样无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论: RhoBTB1在TSCC中低表达，可能通过负向调控ROCK1/PTEN/AKT通路抑制其恶性表型，提示RhoBTB1作为抑癌基因具有成为TSCC治疗靶点的潜力。.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different treatment methods on local plaque lesions of incisors and the sealing of pits and fissures in first permanent molars in patients with mild molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). Patients clinically diagnosed with mild MIH were selected as research subjects for a prospective clinical comparative study on the treatment of local plaque lesions in incisors and the pits and fissures of first permanent molars. Infiltrative resin and fluoride varnish were used to treat local plaque lesions on incisors. The area of local plaque lesions on incisors and lightness (L), red-green hue (a), and yellow-blue hue (b) of the lesion area were measured before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. The color difference value (ΔE) and tooth whiteness index (WID) were then calculated. Two methods, phosphoric acid etching pit and fissure sealing and self-etching pit and fissure sealing, were used for the treatment of pits and fissures of first permanent molars. The incidence rate of caries, sealant retention rate, and success rate of pit and fissure sealing for the two methods were calculated at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. In patients with mild MIH, local plaque lesions on incisors exhibited a significant reduction in area at 1, 3, and 6 months post-treatment in the infiltrative resin group (P<0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in the fluoride application group (P>0.05). After infiltrative resin treatment, the L value and ΔE value showed a decreasing trend (P<0.05), whereas the L value in the fluoride application group did not change significantly (P>0.05). In patients with first permanent molars, the phosphoric acid etching pit and fissure sealing group exhibited superior success and retention rates at 6 months post-treatment compared with the self-etching pit and fissure sealing group (P<0.05) and a lower loss rate than the self-etching pit and fissure sealing group (P<0.05). Infiltrative resin treatment can reduce the L value and ΔE value of local plaque lesions on incisors in patients with mild MIH. It demonstrates a significant improvement in plaque lesion area, with relatively stable effects within 6 months. Phosphoric acid etching is recommended for the pit and fissure sealing of first permanent molars in patients with mild MIH. 目的: 评价不同治疗方法对轻度磨牙切牙釉质矿化不全患者切牙局部斑块病损及第一恒磨牙窝沟封闭的疗效。方法: 选取临床确诊为轻度磨牙切牙釉质矿化不全患者为研究对象，对切牙局部斑块病损和第一恒磨牙窝沟进行前瞻性临床治疗对比研究。切牙局部斑块病损采用渗透树脂与含氟涂料2种方法进行治疗，术前及术后1、3、6月测量切牙局部斑块病损面积和病损区域的明度（L）、红绿色相（a）、黄蓝色相（b），计算色差值（ΔE）及牙齿白度指数（WID）。第一恒磨牙窝沟采用磷酸酸蚀窝沟封闭与免酸蚀窝沟封闭2种方法进行治疗，术后1、3、6月计算2种方法的患龋率、封闭剂保留率、窝沟封闭成功率等指标。结果: 轻度磨牙切牙釉质矿化不全患者切牙局部斑块病损，与术前相比，术后1、3、6月渗透树脂组斑块病损面积减小（P<0.05），L、ΔE值呈降低趋势（P<0.05），而涂氟组斑块病损面积、L值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。轻度磨牙切牙釉质矿化不全患者第一恒磨牙窝沟，磷酸酸蚀窝沟封闭术后6月的窝沟封闭成功率、窝沟封闭剂保留率高于免酸蚀窝沟封闭（P<0.05），窝沟封闭剂脱落率低于免酸蚀窝沟封闭（P<0.05）。结论: 渗透树脂治疗能减小轻度磨牙切牙釉质矿化不全患者切牙局部斑块病损L、ΔE值，渗透树脂治疗对斑块病损面积的改善更显著，且在6个月内效果较稳定。轻度磨牙切牙釉质矿化不全患者第一恒磨牙窝沟封闭建议采用磷酸酸蚀。.
This study aims to examine the protective effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist pioglitazone on renal injury linked to periodontitis in mice and to preliminarily explore the relationship between this effect and Klotho. A total of 24 eight-week-old C57 mice were randomly assigned to three groups: control (C), periodontitis (P), and pioglitazone treatment (P+Pio). Silk ligation was employed to induce experimental periodontitis around the maxillary second molars, and pioglitazone was administered through oral gavage. After eight weeks, the mice were euthanized. The maxillae were subjected to Micro-CT scanning. Periodontal and kidney tissues underwent hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome staining. Renal ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were measured. The levels of renal reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed through MitoSOX red fluorescence staining. Serum concentrations of creatinine (Cre), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and albumin (Alb) were evaluated, in addition to urinary protein levels. The gene and protein expression levels of PPAR-γ, Klotho, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and serine/threonine kinase (AKT) were determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Micro-CT and periodontal histological analysis indicated substantial alveolar bone loss and heightened periodontal pocket depth in the second molar region of the P group relative to the C group. The P+Pio group exhibited reduced effects, compared with the P group. Histological examination of renal tissue and TEM revealed pathological damage in the P group. Pathological damage was alleviated in the P+Pio group. Biochemical assays and MitoSOX staining indicated that the P group demonstrated lower levels of SOD and GSH levels than the C group and increased MDA and ROS levels. Compared with the P group, the P+Pio group exhibited elevated levels of SOD and GSH and reduced levels of MDA and ROS. No notable differences were detected in Cre, BUN, and Alb levels across the groups. qRT-PCR and IHC revealed a reduction in PPAR-γ and Klotho expression levels in the renal tissues and an increase in PI3K and AKT expression levels in the P group compared with the C group. In the P+Pio group, the expression levels of PPAR-γ and Klotho were elevated relative to those of the P group, whereas expression levels of PI3K and AKT were decreased. Pioglitazone can alleviate renal damage associated with periodontitis in mice, and its effect may be related to the upregulation of Klotho expression. 目的: 探究过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPAR-γ）激动剂吡格列酮对小鼠牙周炎相关肾损伤的保护作用，并初步探索该作用与Klotho的关系。方法: 将24只8周龄C57小鼠随机分成3组:对照组（C组）、牙周炎组（P组）、吡格列酮给药组（P+Pio组）。采用丝线结扎构建实验性牙周炎模型，小鼠通过灌胃法给药。8周后对小鼠实施安乐死，上颌骨进行Micro-CT扫描;牙组织及肾组织进行苏木精-伊红、过碘酸雪夫、马松染色;透射电镜（TEM）下观察肾组织超微结构;测定丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH），MitoSOX red荧光染色分析肾组织中活性氧（ROS）水平;收集血清测定肌酐（Cre）、尿素氮（BUN）、白蛋白（Alb），收集尿液测定尿蛋白;进行实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）及免疫组织化学（IHC）测定PPAR-γ、Klotho、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）、苏氨酸蛋白激酶（AKT）基因及蛋白表达情况。结果: Micro-CT及牙周组织学结果显示，与C组相比，P组第二磨牙区牙槽骨吸收明显，牙周袋加深;P+Pio组比P组第二磨牙区牙槽骨吸收程度减轻，牙周袋变浅。肾脏组织学检查及TEM观察显示，P组肾组织出现病理性损伤;P+Pio组比P组肾组织损伤缓解。生化指标及MitoSOX显示，与C组相比，P组SOD、GSH含量下降，MDA、ROS含量升高;与P组相比，P+Pio组SOD、GSH含量升高，MDA、ROS含量下降;3组间Cre、BUN、Alb差异无统计学意义。qRT-PCR及IHC显示，P组较C组肾组织PPAR-γ、Klotho表达水平降低，PI3K、AKT表达水平升高;P+Pio组较P组肾组织PPAR-γ、Klotho表达水平升高，PI3K、AKT表达水平降低。结论: 吡格列酮可缓解小鼠牙周炎相关肾损伤，其作用可能与上调Klotho表达有关。.
To investigate the expression of Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its effects on proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in OSCC cells and the underlying mechanisms. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases to evaluate the expression of GOLM1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its prognostic significance. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect GOLM1 expression in OSCC tissues and adjacent tissues. The mRNA and protein levels of GOLM1 in human normal oral keratinocytes (HOK) and OSCC cell lines (HSC-3 and SCC-25, respectively) were measured via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. For in vitro experiments, GOLM1 was silenced in HSC-3 and SCC-25 cells via lentiviral transfection, with the transfection efficiency validated through qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation was assessed through Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated via wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Western blot was used to analyze EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to identify potential signaling pathways associated with GOLM1, followed by validation through Western blot and rescue experiments. GOLM1 exhibited a high expression in HNSCC, correlation with poor prognosis, and significant upregulation in OSCC tissues. In addition, GOLM1 showed markedly elevated expression levels in OSCC cell lines HSC-3 and SCC-25 compared with those in HOK cells. Silencing of GOLM1 markedly suppressed OSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, accompanied with an increased E-cadherin expression and decreased N-cadherin and Vimentin levels. GSEA revealed a strong association between GOLM1 and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Silencing of GOLM1 reduced the expressions of TGF-β1, Smad2, and phosphorylated Smad2. Exogenous recombinant human TGF-β1 protein rescued the inhibitory effects of GOLM1 knockdown on OSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. GOLM1 is overexpressed in OSCC tissues and cells, and silencing of this protein inhibits OSCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT via the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway. 目的: 探讨高尔基体膜蛋白1（GOLM1）在口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）中的表达及其对OSCC细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和上皮间充质转化（EMT）的影响和作用机制。方法: 利用生物信息学分析在TCGA数据库和GTEx数据库中有关头颈鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC）的数据，分析GOLM1在HNSCC中的表达情况及对其预后的影响。免疫组织化学法检测GOLM1在OSCC组织和癌旁组织中的表达情况。提取人正常口腔角质细胞（HOK）及OSCC细胞系HSC-3和SCC-25中GOLM1的mRNA和蛋白，利用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）和蛋白质免疫印记法（Western blot）检测GOLM1的表达差异。选取HSC-3和SCC-25进行体外实验，利用慢病毒转染沉默GOLM1，并通过qRT-PCR和Western blot验证转染效果;CCK-8和集落形成实验检测细胞增殖能力;划痕实验和Transwell实验检测细胞迁移和侵袭能力;Western blot检测EMT相关蛋白E-钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）、N-钙粘蛋白（N-cadherin）和波形蛋白（Vimentin）的表达变化。基因集富集分析（GSEA）筛选GOLM1可能的作用通路，并通过Western blot和挽救实验进行验证。结果: 生物信息学分析结果发现GOLM1在HNSCC中高表达且与其预后不良有关。GOLM1在OSCC组织中高表达。GOLM1在OSCC细胞系HSC-3和SCC-25中的表达水平显著高于HOK。沉默GOLM1后，OSCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力显著降低;E-cadherin的表达显著上升，而N-cadherin和Vimentin的表达显著下降。GSEA分析显示GOLM1与转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）信号通路密切相关;沉默GOLM1后，TGF-β1、Smad2和p-Smad2的表达降低;外源性重组人TGF-β1蛋白刺激可逆转沉默GOLM1导致的OSCC细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力降低。结论: GOLM1在OSCC组织和细胞中高表达，沉默GOLM1可通过TGF-β1/Smad2通路抑制OSCC细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和EMT。.
To analyze the characteristics of adverse drug reaction (ADR) in a specialized stomatology hospital and thus provide references for clinical rational drug use and risk management. A total of 403 ADR cases reported to the military ADR monitoring system by the School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University from January 2022 to December 2025 were collected. Descriptive statistical and Pareto chart analyses were conducted by using Excel 2019. ADR reports were predominantly submitted by pharmacists (91.32%). The proportion of male patients was slightly higher than that of females (53.35% vs. 46.65%). Patients aged 41-60 years accounted for the highest proportion (37.72%) of cases. Intravenous administration was the most common route (60.79%). The main drug categories causing ADR were anti-infective (31.02%), antineoplastic (28.78%), and immune system (18.36%) agents. ADR primarily involved the digestive system (32.75%), skin, and appendages (29.53%). Three new ADR cases and 10 severe ADR cases, with all cases involving multiple drug categories, were reported. ADR in specialized stomatology hospitals exhibit certain specialty-specific characteristics, and high-risk drugs predominate. Although the incidence of severe ADR is low, enhanced monitoring is still required. Establishing an ADR early warning system for stomatology hospitals, promoting multidisciplinary collaboration, and improving clinical medication safety are recommended. 目的: 分析口腔专科医院药品不良反应（ADR）的发生特点，为临床合理用药与风险防控提供参考。方法: 收集2022年1月—2025年12月期间空军军医大学口腔医院通过军队ADR监测管理系统上报的403例ADR报告，采用Excel 2019进行统计分析和帕累托图分析。结果: ADR上报人员以药师为主（91.32%）;男性患者占比（53.35%）略高于女性（46.65%）;41~60岁患者占比最高（37.72%）;静脉滴注为最常见给药途径（60.79%）。引发ADR的前三大类药物为抗感染药（31.02%）、抗肿瘤药（28.78%）和免疫系统药（18.36%）。ADR主要累及消化系统（32.75%）和皮肤及其附属器官（29.53%）。新发ADR 3例，严重ADR 10例，均涉及不同药物类别。结论: 口腔专科医院ADR发生具有一定专科特色，高风险药物较为集中，严重ADR虽发生率较低，但仍需加强监测。建议构建口腔专科ADR预警体系，促进多学科协作，提高临床用药安全性。.
To investigate the biomechanical behavior of three distinct types of narrow-diameter implants (NDIs) supporting a single-cantilever fixed bridge for mandibular central incisors using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Three commonly used NDIs were selected: group Z1, Osstem one-piece implant with a dia-meter of 2.5 mm; group Z2, Anthogy Morse taper connected two-piece implant with a diameter of 2.8 mm; group Z3, Nobel Active screw-retained two-piece implant with a diameter of 3.0 mm. The three-dimensional finite-element model of cantilever fixed bridge supported by NDIs was constructed using finite element software. Vertical loads of 65 and 130 N and 45° oblique load were applied. von Mises stress of the implants and metal components, principal stress of the bone tissue, and stress distribution cloud map were calculated and analyzed. Under vertical load, only Z3 group implant reached a von Mises stress peak of 1 004.5 MPa at a load of 130 N, exceeding the material's yield strength. Under the 45° oblique load, the von Mises stress peaks of all three groups of NDIs excee-ded the material's yield strength. The stress cloud map revealed that the implant neck and surrounding bone tissue were the stress concentration areas. All three NDIs groups proved theoretically feasible under a 65 N axial load, with this study delineating the biomechanical safety boundary and highlighting the important risks posed by excessive or oblique loading. 目的: 利用三维有限元分析方法探讨3种不同类型的窄径种植体（NDI）支持下颌中切牙单端固定桥修复的生物力学行为。方法: 选取3种常用NDI分为3组:Z1组（直径2.5 mm Osstem一体式），Z2组（直径2.8 mm Anthogy莫氏锥度连接两段式），Z3组（直径3.0 mm Nobel Active中央螺丝固位两段式）。利用有限元软件构建NDI支持的下颌中切牙单端固定桥的三维有限元模型，分别施加65、130 N的轴向载荷和45°斜向载荷，计算分析种植体及金属部件的von Mises应力、骨组织的主应力及应力分布云图。结果: 轴向载荷下，只有Z3组种植体在载荷为130 N时，von Mises应力峰值达1 004.5 MPa，超过了材料的屈服强度。45°斜向载荷时，3组NDI的von Mises应力峰值均超过了材料的屈服强度。应力云图显示种植体颈部及其周围骨组织是应力集中区。结论: 65 N轴向载荷下，3组NDI支持的下颌中切牙单端固定桥修复方式均具有理论可行性。本研究大致界定了该修复方案的生物力学安全边界，明确了咬合力过大、斜向载荷将带来更大的失效风险。.
This study constructed bone morphogenetic protein 2-loaded polydopamine heparin nanoparticles (B@PH NPs) and vanillin methacrylate (VMA)-grafted GelMA hydrogel microspheres (B@PH/GM-V) and evaluated their physicochemical properties and regulatory effects on osteogenic differentiation under oxidative stress. B@PH NPs were prepared through oxidative self-polymerization, and B@PH/GM-V microspheres were fabricated via microfluidic technology. The materials were characterized by using scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Swelling, degradation, and drug release behaviors were evaluated. Biocompatibility was assessed through the CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining by using MC3T3-E1 cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probes, and osteogenic differentiation capacity was evaluated through alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red S staining. The average diameters of B@PH NPs and B@PH/GM-V microspheres were approximately 288.2 nm and 499.1 μm, respectively. FTIR and EDS confirmed successful modification with heparin and VMA. B@PH NPs showed favorable sustained release performance. B@PH/GM-V exhibited good biocompatibility, significantly reduced the ROS levels induced by lipopolysaccharide and H2O2, and promoted the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. B@PH/GM-V hydrogel microspheres possess good biocompatibility, antioxidant activity, and osteogenic effects, showing promising potential for periodontitis-related alveolar bone regeneration. 目的: 构建负载骨形态发生蛋白-2的聚多巴胺肝素纳米颗粒（B@PH NPs），并与接枝甲基丙烯酸香兰素（VMA）的GelMA复合，制备B@PH/GM-V水凝胶微球，评价其理化性能及在氧化应激微环境中对成骨分化的调控作用。方法: 采用氧化自聚合法制备B@PH NPs，微流控法制备B@PH/GM-V水凝胶微球;通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、能谱分析（EDS）进行材料表征;检测溶胀、降解及体外释药行为。以MC3T3-E1细胞为模型，采用CCK-8法、活/死细胞染色评价生物相容性;2'，7'‑二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯（DCFH-DA）荧光探针检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平;碱性磷酸酶与茜素红S染色评估成骨分化能力。结果: B@PH NPs平均粒径为288.2 nm，B@PH/GM-V微球平均直径为499.1 μm。FTIR与EDS结果证实肝素与VMA成功修饰。B@PH NPs具有良好缓释效果。细胞实验显示，B@PH/GM-V生物相容性优良，可显著降低脂多糖和H2O2诱导的ROS水平，并促进MC3T3-E1细胞分化与矿化。结论: B@PH/GM-V水凝胶微球具有良好生物相容性、抗氧化能力与促成骨效应，在牙周炎相关牙槽骨再生修复中具有潜在应用价值。.
This study aimed to investigate the clinical and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) characteristics of root fractures in endodontically versus nonendodontically treated posterior teeth. A total of 340 posterior teeth from 305 patients were retrospectively collected. The fractured teeth were divided into endodontically treated (ET) teeth and nonendodontically treated (NET) teeth. The clinical information (age and gender of patients) was recorded. The type of fractured tooth, fractured root, orientation of fracture lines (vertical, horizontal, oblique, and irregular), direction of vertical fracture lines, location of horizontal root fractures, and bone resorption around fractured roots were evaluated and recorded based on CBCT images. 1) The distribution of teeth was significantly different between NET and ET teeth (P=0.028). Root fractures predominantly occurred in mandibular and maxillary molars. However, the proportion of premolars was significantly higher in ET teeth (27.2%) than in NET teeth (14.2%). 2) We observed a significant difference in root distribution between NET roots and ET roots (P=0.037). The mesial roots of mandibular molars were the most common fractured roots in NET and ET roots (36.4% in NET roots and 32.2% in ET roots); however, the second most common roots were the palatal roots of maxillary molars in NET roots (23.0%) and the maxillary premolar roots in ET roots (20.3%). 3) A statistically significant difference in the orientation of root fractures was observed between the two groups (P<0.001). Vertical root fractures accounted for only 43.6% of all root fractures in NET root fractures, whereas they accounted for 75.6% in ET root fractures. 4) For vertical root fractures, the direction of fracture lines between NET and ET root fractures was not significantly different (P=0.58), with both types predominantly presenting as buccal-palatal fractures (86.0% and 84.1%). 5) No significant difference was observed in the location of horizontal fractures between NET and ET root fractures (P=0.132), and the most common site was the cervical third of roots. 6) Bone loss around fractured lines significantly differed between NET and ET root fractures (P<0.001). Around 59% exhibited obvious bone loss around fractured roots in NET root fractures, whereas 91.8% of fractured roots presented bone loss in ET root fractures. The NET root fractured teeth and ET root fractured teeth presented quite different clinical and CBCT characteristics. The complex and diverse traits of NET root fractured teeth indicate the influence of multifaceted occlusal factors in their occurrence. By contrast, ET root fractured teeth demonstrate high uniformity, indicating that their occurrence may be related to the structural changes caused by endodontic treatment. 目的: 探究根管治疗与非根管治疗根折后牙的临床及锥形束CT（CBCT）特征是否存在差异。方法: 回顾性收集CBCT检查发现的305例患者的340颗根折后牙，根据根折牙是否行根管治疗分为根管治疗牙和非根管治疗牙。记录根折患者的年龄和性别，在CBCT图像上评估根折发生的牙位、牙根位、根折类型（纵折、横折、斜折、不规则折）、牙根纵折方向、横折线位置及根折线周围骨吸收情况。结果: 1）非根管治疗与根管治疗根折的牙位差异有统计学意义（P=0.028）。二者根折的牙位均以上颌磨牙和下颌磨牙为主，但根管治疗牙前磨牙的发生比例（27.2%）高于非根管治疗牙（14.2%）。2）非根管治疗与根管治疗根折的牙根位差异有统计学意义（P=0.037），最常见牙根位均是下颌磨牙近中根（发生率分别为36.4%、32.2%），但排名第二的牙根位分别是上颌磨牙腭根（23.0%）、上颌前磨牙牙根（20.3%）。3）非根管治疗与根管治疗根折牙折裂类型的差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。非根管治疗牙纵折占比为43.6%，而根管治疗牙纵折占比高达75.6%。4）非根管治疗与根管治疗纵折牙根纵折方向的差异无统计学意义（P=0.58），均以颊舌向为主（86.0%、84.1%）。5）非根管治疗与根管治疗牙横折发生位置的差异无统计学意义（P=0.132），均以根颈1/3区最常见。6）非根管治疗与根管治疗根折折裂线周围骨吸收的差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。59.0%的非根管治疗根折牙折裂线周围有骨吸收，而根管治疗根折牙中91.8%折裂线周围有骨吸收。结论: 非根管治疗与根管治疗根折牙在临床和CBCT特征上均存在差异，非根管治疗根折牙更加复杂多变的特征表明复杂的咬合因素在根折发生中所起的作用，而根管治疗根折牙更高的一致性表明其根折发生可能与根管治疗对牙齿的结构改变有关。.
This study aims to integrate network pharmacology, machine learning, and survival analysis to preliminarily explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of thalidomide on the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia (OLK). First, multisource databases and an OLK transcriptomic cohort (GSE26549) were integrated to identify the intersecting feature genes between thalidomide and OLK with epithelial dysplasia, followed by pathway enrichment analysis. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and ensemble machine learning algorithms were applied to screen for core biomarkers. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were utilized to evaluate the clinical prognostic efficacy of these core biomarkers. Finally, molecular docking was employed to validate the physical binding potential between thalidomide and the core biomarkers of OLK. A total of 16 intersecting target genes between thalidomide and OLK with epithelial dysplasia were identified. These genes were primarily enriched in the signaling pathways of the cell cycle, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), and microRNAs in cancer. PPI network analysis combined with ensemble algorithms ultimately identified four core biomarkers: MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET), Aurora kinase A (AURKA), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). Survival analysis revealed that high expression levels of MET (P=0.004) and AURKA (P=0.029) increased the risk of malignant transformation in OLK. Furthermore, MET exhibited crucial independent prognostic value in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model (hazard ratio=2.58, P=0.051). Molecular docking demonstrated that thalidomide could stably bind to the MET receptor (binding energy=-38.178 kJ/mol). Thalidomide may exert its inhibitory effects against the malignant progression of OLK by primarily targeting MET and synergistically ac-ting on key biomarkers, including AURKA, DNMT1, and PARP1, thereby suppressing downstream PI3K-Akt and cell cycle signaling pathways. This study not only provides robust computational biology evidence for the "drug repurpo-sing" of thalidomide but also highlights a promising pharmacological option for the clinical intervention of OLK's malignant transformation. 目的: 本研究旨在整合网络药理学、机器学习与生存分析，初步解析沙利度胺抑制口腔白斑病（OLK）恶变的分子机制。方法: 首先联合多源数据库与OLK转录组队列（GSE26549），获得沙利度胺与OLK伴有上皮异常增生的交集特征基因集并进行通路富集分析;继而构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络，联合集成机器学习算法筛选核心标志物;然后利用Kaplan-Meier曲线及多因素Cox比例风险回归模型评估核心标志物的临床预后效能;最后借助分子对接技术验证沙利度胺与OLK核心标志物的物理结合潜能。结果: 共获得16个沙利度胺与OLK伴有上皮异常增生的交集靶点基因，主要富集于细胞周期信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B信号通路（PI3K-Akt）和癌症中的微小RNA信号通路。拓扑网络分析联合机器学习算法最终筛选出MET原癌基因（MET）、极光激酶A（AURKA）、DNA甲基转移酶 1（DNMT1）及聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶1（PARP1）为四大核心标志物。生存分析显示，MET（P=0.004）和AURKA（P=0.029）的高表达可增加OLK恶变风险，且MET在多因素Cox比例风险回归模型中表现出关键的独立预后潜能（风险比=2.58，P=0.051）。分子对接显示:沙利度胺能够与MET受体稳定结合（结合能为 -38.178 kJ/mol）。结论: 沙利度胺可能以MET为核心干预靶点，协同AURKA、DNMT1及PARP1等关键分子，通过抑制下游PI3K-Akt及细胞周期等信号通路，进而抑制OLK的恶性转变进程。本研究不仅为沙利度胺的“老药新用”提供坚实的计算生物学依据，也为OLK的临床恶变干预提供具有潜力的药物选择。.
Hypoxia disrupts oral homeostasis through multiple interconnected pathways, including interference with tooth germ development, impairment of salivary gland function and salivary buffering capacity, compromise of the oral mucosal barrier, imbalance in jawbone and alveolar bone remodeling, and alterations in the diversity and functionality of the oral microbiome. These disturbances collectively contribute to the onset and progression of oral diseases. Moreover, disruption of oral homeostasis may, in turn, affect systemic homeostasis, increasing the risk of disorders in other organ systems through mechanisms involving inflammatory mediator release and microbial translocation. Here, we systematically review the effects and underlying mechanisms of hypoxia exposure on oral homeostasis, and further explore the interconnections between hypoxia-induced oral dysregulation and systemic homeostatic imbalance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory networks linking oral and systemic homeostasis under hypoxia, thereby offering potential insights for maintaining homeostatic balance. 低氧通过干扰牙胚发育过程，损害唾液腺功能与唾液缓冲能力、口腔黏膜屏障完整性、颌骨及牙槽骨改建平衡，以及口腔微生物群落的多样性和功能等，导致口腔稳态失衡，进而引起多种口腔疾病的发生与发展。同时，口腔稳态的失衡还可通过炎症因子及微生物群移位等机制，影响全身稳态并增加其他系统疾病风险。本文系统梳理了低氧暴露对口腔稳态的影响及机制，并探讨低氧口腔稳态失衡与全身稳态失衡的关联，旨在为深入理解低氧口腔稳态和全身稳态调控的机制以及维持策略研究提供参考。.
This study aims to design surface patterns using integrated programming software on zirconia posts fabricated through 3D printing. A type 3 3M fiber post was built as a research model, and HyperMill 2021 software was applied to design linear overflow grooves extending from the apex to the base on the post surface. The design parameters included the number, depth, and width of the overflow grooves. Five groups of patterned microstructured zirconia posts were designed, with the 3M fiber post as the control group. Micro-push-out and three-point bending tests were used to measure the bon-ding and flexural strengths of the patterned microstructured zirconia posts. The failure mode of bonding was analyzed by using a stereomicroscope. The patterned microstructure significantly increased the bond strength of zirconia posts (P<0.05). Bonding strength ranged from 9.80 MPa±0.64 MPa to 26.49 MPa±0.94 MPa at the base of the root, from 9.26 MPa±1.08 MPa to 18.51 MPa±0.93 MPa at the center of the root, and from 6.74 MPa±0.31 MPa to 13.00 MPa±0.71 MPa at the apex of the root. The implementation of patterned microstructures reduced the flexural strength of the zirconia post (P<0.05), and flexural strength ranged from 378.3 MPa±24.18 MPa to 587.4 MPa±36.60 MPa. The failure mode of zirconia post adhesions treated with patterned microstructures was mainly mixed failure. Patterned microstructured zirconia posts with improved flexural strength and adhesive properties could be produced by using 3D printing. The bonding and flexural strengths of the patterned zirconia posts can meet the clinical requirements for custom post-and-core design. 目的: 使用集成化编程软件对3D打印氧化锆桩表面进行图案化微结构处理，研究图案化微结构处理对氧化锆桩粘接性能及弯曲强度的影响。方法: 以3号3M纤维桩为模型，使用编程软件HyperMill 2021由桩顶延伸至桩底，在桩表面设计直线型排溢沟，共设计5组图案化微结构处理氧化锆桩，另设3号3M纤维桩为对照组。然后进行微推出试验和三点弯曲试验，测量不同图案化微结构处理氧化锆桩的粘接强度和弯曲强度;体视显微镜分析粘接失效模式。结果: 图案化微结构处理显著增加了氧化锆桩的粘接强度（P<0.05），根颈部、根中部及根尖部的粘接强度范围分别为9.80 MPa±0.64 MPa~26.49 MPa±0.94 MPa，9.26 MPa±1.08 MPa~18.51 MPa±0.93 MPa，6.74 MPa±0.31 MPa~13.00 MPa±0.71 MPa。图案化微结构处理降低了氧化锆桩的弯曲强度（P<0.05），弯曲强度范围为378.3 MPa±24.18 MPa~587.4 MPa±36.60 MPa。图案化微结构处理的氧化锆桩粘接失效模式以混合失效为主。结论: 应用3D打印技术可制备出具有良好弯曲强度和粘接性能的表面图案化氧化锆桩，可满足临床对于个性化桩核设计的需求。.