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Reviewed by: Writing After Postcolonialism: Francophone North African Literature in Transition by Jane Hiddleston Alexandra Gueydan-Turek Hiddleston, Jane. Writing After Postcolonialism: Francophone North African Literature in Transition. London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. ISBN 9781350022799. 291 p. Situé à la frontière entre théorie, histoire et littérature, l'ouvrage de Jane Hiddleston s'interroge sur le statut de la littérature francophone au sein de la société maghrébine et ce, au jour des courants théoriques du postcolonialisme et de la littérature-monde (18). Partant du constat que l'on ne peut réduire la production livresque, voire culturelle, contemporaine du Maghreb à celle de sociétés sorties de l'expérience coloniale qui tenteraient encore de s'affranchir du carcan d'une pensée dominante occidentale, Hiddleston nous suggère de réorienter notre regard pour nous concentrer sur le rôle politique de la littérature au sein de l'État-nation, en particulier en période de frictions. Non pas qu'Hiddleston nie l'importance de l'héritage colonial mortifère et les excès qui en ont résulté, mais l'auteure plaide pour une vision dépassant les seules problématiques de la "postcolonialité" dans le contexte des mouvements de dissidences politiques qui ont traversé l'Afrique du Nord après les Indépendances (1–2). À travers son analyse de la littérature francophone nord-africaine des années 1980 jusqu'aux révoltes de 2011, Hiddleston nous invite à concevoir la création littéraire comme "a liberated and unregulated form that works outside ideology and where it is possible to imagine alternative modes of thinking" (10).3 Loin d'être une assertion naïve selon laquelle l'œuvre littéraire pourrait directement influencer le monde qui l'entoure, l'ouvrage offre un argument nuancé [End Page 194] qui emprunte à la fois au concept de littérature engagée tel qu'a pu le redéfinir Abdellatif Laâbi, à savoir un engagement à titre individuel et en dehors de tout embrigadement politique (19–20), et au concept derridien de la littérature comme espace essentiellement démocratique où fusent des voix s'autorisant à "tout dire" (21–23). Le propos introducteur se partage entre les deux premières parties de l'ouvrage avec, dans l'"Introduction," les jalons historiques de l'étude et, dans le premier chapitre, les jalons théoriques du propos. Dans l'introduction à proprement parler, Hiddleston établit le rapport dynamique existant entre l'écrivain et le contexte socio-historique et politique qui préside à son œuvre, pour penser la figure de l'intellectuel-citoyen au Maghreb. Tout en traçant les histoires distinctes de l'Algérie, du Maroc et de la Tunisie, depuis leur indépendance respective jusqu'à l'époque contemporaine, Hiddleston souligne l'évolution de la production littéraire en lien avec les mouvements de dissension qui ont marqué chacun de ces pays. Elle prête, en l'occurrence, une attention toute particulière au Printemps algérien avec son soulèvement d'octobre 1988, sa répression, et la guerre civile qui en résulta (1992–2002) ainsi qu'aux "Années de plomb" durant le règne d'Hassan II (1961–1999) au Maroc et aux régimes autoritaires d'Habib Bourguiba et de Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, jusqu'à la chute de ce dernier, suite à la révolution tunisienne de 2011. Forte de ce contexte historique, Hiddleston soutient que l'esprit de contestation et les discours d'opposition qui caractérisaient le mouvement de la littérature dite "anticoloniale" n'ont pas disparu avec celle-ci. Et, en dépit de la posture de plus en plus esthétique qu'adopte la littérature maghrébine contemporaine—posture qui lui permet de se démarquer de la littérature de combat qui l'a précédée—Hiddleston argue que celle-ci n'en demeure pas moins profondément contestataire, et que l'élaboration et la pratique de nouvelles formes d'écriture renforcent l'expression du drame de sociétés en crise (17). Sous l'intitulé "Postcolonialisme, littérature-monde, et les Mille et une nuits,"4 le chapitre inaugural poursuit la r...

MLR, I03. I, 2008 247 certain knowledge of the past and of the other. This is a beautifully written book, whose painstakingly precise and loving attention toResnais's filmsshines through in every paragraph. It offers a valuably contemporary reappraisal of Resnais's career, and should find awide readership among students and researchers of his cinema. UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM KATE INCE Assia Djebar-Out ofAlgeria. By JANEHIDDLESTON. (Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures, 6) Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2oo6. vi+ 192 pp. /40. ISBN 978-I-8463I-031-7. JaneHiddleston's Assia Djebar-Out ofAlgeria is an impressive overview of the li teraryoutput of one ofAlgeria's most prolificwriters. She traces thedevelopment of Djebar's work from itsearliest stages tohermost recent publications, and this study is the firstof itskind to devote itselfentirely to the 'changing trajectory' (pp. io-i i) ofDjebar's fiction. This study explores the 'expatriation' (p. i) that theauthor claims isever-present in Djebar's novels. She argues convincingly thatAlgeria isultimately a lostnotion, one which Djebar has attempted toharness and conceptualize throughout herwriting ca reer,butwhich has continually haunted and eluded her.One ofHiddleston's principal arguments is thatAlgeria is an ever-changing geographical, historical, and linguistic concept thatescapes any secure, singular definition. It is inherentlyplural, and renders Djebar's quest fora trulysatisfyingway ofwriting her people, her nation, and itshis tory increasingly problematic. Clearly defined theorization or categorization becomes impossible in a nation thathas fallenvictim tovarious occupations-both colonial and more recently Islamic-and which has been ravaged bywar, torture,and oppression to such an extent thatany true,singular Algeria no longer exists. Suitably, Hiddleston combines historical and contextual overviews with detailed analysis and interpreta tion of Djebar's novels in order to demonstrate this 'plurality' (p. i6), effectively conveying how expressing the authentic (female) Algerian voice becomes an enigma. The author draws on European philosophy and theory in order to demonstrate simultaneously its relevance and its limitationswith regard to theAlgeria thatDjebar has sought to portray. For instance, Hiddleston argues thatDjebar's depictions of Algeria illustrate both theFoulcauldian theory of societal influence and Derrida and Nancy's 'disseminated subject'. This theoretical approach also highlights Djebar's problematic position as a writer. Educated and writing in French, Djebar is at the crossroads between her country and itscolonizer. Her writing ispeppered with Euro pean philosophical and literaryreferencesbut also with the rhythmsand connotations ofBerber, Arab, and Islamic voices. Thus, Hiddleston goes togreat lengths toexplore furtherDjebar's troubled and uncomfortable relationship with the country ofwhich shewrites, arguing thatAlgeria is actually an excluding force forher (p. i). The work isdivided into fivechapters, each examining a particular period inDje bar's output.Writing Algeria, at first,isviewed with an optimism thatgradually fades asDjebar's fictionunfolds and she becomes more and more politicized. Djebar's im plicit references to the theories ofDerrida, Camus, and Irigaray, among others, serve only toproblematize increasingly her uncomfortable position in relation toher native country. One of the strengths of the study is its lucid engagement with postcolonial theory and theway in which ithighlights the limitations of such a theoretical frameworkwhen facedwith the case ofAlgeria. Drawing on European philosophical thought in relation toDjebar's novels, Hiddleston argues, for instance, that the notion of 'postcolonial individuation' (p. 3) that currently dominates postcolonial thought is incompatible 248 Reviews with theAlgeria thatDjebar seeks to represent, since Algeria is, in essence, an un graspable force and one thatshould not, perhaps cannot, be theorized so rigidly.One possible criticism is the reluctance to engage with Djebar's filmcareer,which would have furtherunderpinned the arguments regarding the difficulties ofmaintaining a culturally authentic voice through themedium of the colonial language. However, this is an omission that is addressed by the author and is a possible field for further enquiry. This study constitutes an indispensable resource for scholars and students alike with an interest inDjebar or, indeed, Algerian postcolonial literature generally. SWANSEA UNIVERSITY SOPHIE SMITH Annie Ernaux: 'La Place' and 'La Honte'. By ALISON S. FELL. (Critical Guides to French Texts, 140) London: Grant & Cutler. 2oo6. 85 pp. ?7.95. ISBN 978 0-7293-0449-8. As Alison Fell notes in her introduction to this critical guide, a particular aspect of Ernaux's ceuvre is itsevolution as a series of...

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This article relies on survey data I collected from the Hiddleston fandom in June of 2018, to gauge their long-lasting impressions of the highly publicized three-month relationship between Tom Hiddleston and Taylor Swift in 2016. Their responses reflect three significant (and overlapping) anti-fan expressions: extreme dislike of Taylor Swift, frustration with the media coverage of the ‘Hiddleswift’ spectacle and acknowledgement that it was difficult to be a fan of Hiddleston during that time. By pairing with Swift, an act many survey respondents felt was played for publicity, and simultaneously distancing himself from social media, he became inaccessible to those who had been loyal to him early in his career. I interrogate Hiddleston’s own references to himself as an ‘authentic’ public figure and then conduct close readings of the only two extended profiles that have been published since his relationship with Swift ended in 2016: one in GQ (2017) and another from the New York Times (2019). Although it was neither publication’s intent, both pieces led to further media scrutiny and mockery, which only exasperated his fans further. Ultimately, I argue that Hiddleston’s name remains pejoratively linked to Swift’s, but not vice versa, thereby proving the negative impact this short-lived romance had upon his celebrity narrative and fandom.

Reviews 832 highly edueated milieu inhabited byallthree women?). However, irritating asthe style canbe,theaceount ofthese three colourful, passionate lives, andofthree attempts to createa selfthrough writing, is fascinating. Eachliveda longand eventful life during which sheuseda variety ofgenres togivevent topassionate enthusiasms andangers, thelatter provoked notleast bytheoppression ofhersex, atleastas itaXected thewriter. Eachdisplayed intelleetual curiosity anda lively desire tocommunicate andtobe heard.Letters (addressed inLeroyer's caseto Sand,Miehelet andFlaubert, whoallreplied), essays (Renoozwasthefounder of theanti-Darwinian Societe J%eosophique), short stories, diaries, fragments ofnovels, all poured from their pens, very few ofthese finding their wayinto print. Theynone thelessconstitute evidenee ofshared female preoceupations andoftheimportanee ofwriting towomen ofa eertain classatthis period. Intermittently, Smith Allen makes a casefor the presence here ofa pre-Cixousian ecriturefeminine andanimplicit critique ofphallogocentrism. Thisisnotwholly convineing ofwriters whoseem to haveemployed a largely conventional discourse, buttheeasefor 'traces offeminist eonseiousness' (p. I52) andfor eachwriter's difficult struggle for discursive agency ismueh more persuasive. UNIVERSITY OFLEEDS DIANA HOLMES George Sand and Autobiography. BYJANET HIDDLESTON. (Research Monographs in Freneh Studies, 5). Oxford: Legenda, European Humanities Researeh Centre. I999. I07 pp. Sand'sstoek stood markedly higher inherowncentury than ithasuntil relatively recently in thetwentieth. Yet HenryJames,by no meanstheleastof her international galaxy ofadmirers, wasopenly dismissive ofHistoire demavie, the autobiography towhich Sanddevoted herself onandoffbetween I 847andI 854. He characterized itas 'a nondescript performance, which hasneither thevalueof truth northeillusion offiction' (p.3),anditishard todisagree. Thereisnodoubt thatSandcouldanddidwrite badlyonoccasion (theundistinguished potboilers L'Orco andL'Uscoque date, after all,from exactly thesameperiod asSpiridion, oneof hermajor achievements) andthelateJanet Hiddleston is,attimes, oddly tentative inher claims for the work, almost (though perhaps notquite) asifshewere trying to convince herself that itisactually worth writing about. Themonograph reviews andanalyses Sand'spurpose(s) inwriting herautobiography , prior to assessing herdepiction ofthekeyrelationships inherlife, the tensions between her mother andher grandmother aswell asher feelings about and forherlargely absentfather (killed whenshewas onlyfour). Therefollows a consideration ofthestructure ofthetext, and ofthefeatures thatsupposedly distinguish malefrom female writing. A final chapter returns toandextends the vexed question oftheroleofgender, anda conclusion, inmany respects themost compelling section ofthebook,offiers a fascinating analysis ofcentraI image polarities oftheautobiography, Paris versus Nohant, theGarden ofEdenversus 'a room ofone'sown'.Yet,as Hiddleston admits, theHistoire demavie 'hasa certain hybrid quality' that 'still leavesSand'scontradictions, particularly those ofgender, largely unresolved' (p.92).Asa result, despite much perceptive analysis, noreal senseofthework as a coherent orunified wholeemerges. Partly, I think, this is because thetext is,frankly, such a ragbag. Partly, though, itsurely derives from the amount ofspacethatHiddleston devotes toreviewing andsummarizing recent critical approaches toSand.Someofthese arequitespectacularly daft: whatis somewhat irritating, though, isnotthe daftness itself somuch asthe way Hiddleston MLR,96.3,200I 833 cannever quite seemtosummon thecourage ofherconvictions tosayso.'What is therelevance ofsuchmodernist speculation tothewritings ofSandwholivedI50 years earlier?' (p.8I ), shegloomily inquires, butanswer comes there none. Thereis a degree ofcarelessness evident in theproof-reading, specifically in respect oftitles oftexts (LesReveries d'unpromeneur solitaire, 'Henri'instead ofHen7y Brulard, 'Rudolfstadt' instead ofRudolstadt) andnamesofcritics (Bozon-Scalzitti becomes'Bozon-Scalzetti' throughout, and bothLeslie Rabine and Avrom Fleishman aremisspelt inthe Bibliography). UNIVERSITY OF KENT ATCANTERBURY KELITH WREN Madame Bovaty Representations oftheMasculine. ByMARY ORR. (Romanticism and After inFrance, 3)Bern: Peter Lang. I999. 229 pp £23. Inthis bookMary Orrclaims to'demonstrate howMadame Bovaty hasmuch tosay aboutcontemporary preoccupations ingender theory, thecrisis ofmasculinity in late-twentieth-century Western consumer society, andaboutthecult ofyouth and fear ofageing inan increasingly technologized medico-centric world' (p. I5). In fact, themainfocus ofherwork lieselsewhere. Despite passing references to'the ongoing problems mencontinue tofacetoday', Orr'sanalysis isgrounded inthe models ofbehaviour setoutintheCode SNapoleon ofI804. Hercentral argument is that Madame Bovary canbereadasa microcosm oftheconstructions ofmasculinity laiddownbytheCode, andinclaiming that'thenovelprophetically heralds the crises maleidentity iscurrently confronting', sheoXers a suggestive andoriginal reading ofitsmalecharacters. Sheconsiders these under thebroadcategories of 'Fathers' and'Sons'.The'Fathers' (Rouaultpere, Bovarypere, M.Roger, Bournisien, Canivet, Lariviere, Guillaumin, Lheureux andHomais) areviewed astheembodimentofpatriarchal valuesthatare out of control, whilethe'Sons' (Justin, Rodolphe, LeonandCharles) areseenas demonstrating howgender is socially constructed, andas passing implicit judgement onthe'Fathers'. Theworkings of socialhierarchies ofclass,profession andsexcontribute further tothecomplex tensions that areshown toemerge from a novel which, Orrsuggests, stems from Flaubert's ownstruggle tomove beyond hisearlier literary failure. While the broad sweep ofOrr's argument isconvincing, some ofherassertions aredubious. Isitnot somewhat reductive toargue, for example, that 'ifthe aftermath ofEmma's funeral isfor anything itisfor theelucidation ofthewoeful lackinPatriarchy's training of mentocopewith bereavement andstrong maleemotional...

Danielle Garratt is a Learning Disability Voices Network Project worker for Brighton and Hove Speak Out. Speak Out is an independent charity that makes sure people with learning disabilities can speak up and take action about things that matter to them. During the pandemic Danielle discovered a big interest in research. She started up an interview series on YouTube called ‘Speak Out with Danielle’. She interviewed, filmed and edited the recordings by herself. She interviewed many different people including those who have a learning disability and the head of Learning Disability England. She then got asked to help with ‘50 Years of speaking up in England—Towards an important history’ (Walmsley, Davies & Garratt, 2022). Through Speak Out Danielle also worked with Noelle, on a project called ‘Covid Stories from the learning disability community’, where she continued to be able to interview and capture people's stories and video edit. As a result of doing this project an opportunity come up to write this response. Danielle and Noelle both wanted to work on it and Danielle thought that Nathaniel would make a great third person to help us create a response to our chosen article. Nathaniel Lawford is the Inclusion and Projects Director of Grace Eyre, as well as a member of Brighton and Hove Speak Out's ‘Being heard in Government’ group. Nathaniel is deeply passionate about understanding and supporting the voices of humanity in the many diverse forms that exist, and is currently focused through work and volunteering on the inclusion and ownership of persons with learning disabilities and/or Autism. Nathaniel also has Autism as well as active PTSD. Nathaniel found the article most insightful and inspiring, in parts speaking to his lived experience and understanding gained from others, as well as challenging assumptions, especially around the formation of relationships through digital inclusion. A massive thank you to all involved in the research of the article. Noelle McCormack is a visiting research fellow and member of the Social History of Learning Disability research group based at the Open University. Her interests include life story work and creative research methods. She has recently worked with Brighton and Hove Speak Out, on a project called ‘Covid Stories from the learning disability community’ which recorded experiences of local people during the pandemic. We met three times to discuss our thoughts about the article. At our first meeting we had a read through and were each drawn to different parts of the research. Danielle wanted to respond to leadership and digital inclusion, Nathaniel was interested in aspects of relationships and online safety, and Noelle wanted to find out more about the nuts and bolts of the research methods. We wrote up and emailed each other our first drafts. At our second meeting we read our responses to each other. While each of us was reading aloud we noticed changes we wanted to make, went away and redrafted. At our third meeting we revised our work again and agreed which questions we wanted to prioritise. We sent our combined response to Jan Walmsley and Liz Tilley for them to forward to the authors in advance of our online meeting with them. A Zoom meeting was arranged with the authors, Natasha Spassiani, Mojca Becaj, Aaron Hume and Stephan Tait, where we discussed their answers to our questions. In our article below, we begin each section with a quote from the original paper, followed by our question to the authors, and then the discussion that followed in our Zoom meeting. At the first look at this paper, Danielle thought it was easy to understand. Danielle works with people who have a learning disability and knows how hard the pandemic was for them. She expected that the article would have some information to do with how the organisation helped people who are digitally isolated as well as digitally included. Speak Out set up a helpline and rang people weekly for a catch up to see how they were doing. Danielle enjoyed reading about how the grassroots disability organisation let people with intellectual/developmental disabilities have a leadership role and were running sessions. Her questions to the authors are about how they got people with intellectual/developmental disabilities to become active leaders. Danielle focuses her bit of the response on the key point of ‘since moving online more adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities took on active leadership roles and felt that the organisation became a community’. When reading this section for the first time it was a very positive and uplifting section but there were some things that struck her about it. ‘Seeing how well the organisation adapted and was able to keep providing services gave members a sense of shared pride because they had an active role in the organisation's success’. Question: Could you explain more about the active roles what members had? Aaron told us that the organisation is member-led and that they worked side-by-side to plan events that they then hosted and led. They put new ideas for events to the members and then put them into practice, for example, a ‘Murder Mystery’ event. For this event Aaron worked with another member to plot, write and act out the event, which was ‘interactive, fun and enjoyable’. ‘Within our study, 30 members with intellectual/developmental disabilities created and led all the online Facebook events.’ Question: How much support did the members have to lead the online Facebook events? Stephan said that members were supported in a variety of ways including coaching, mentoring, a tutorial library, and messenger calls. The organisation's ambassadors and coordinators worked with members to prepare them for how to lead and join online events. They saw a growing confidence in members and less support was required over time. They used a ‘trial and error’ approach. The first time someone was leading an event they had support from ambassadors, which gave them confidence. Everyone was encouraged and supported to try. Stephan found that when he taught one member, they went on to teach another member, which led to a snowball effect. He told us that the only failure ‘was not trying at all, everyone was encouraged to try, and everyone understood that it was okay to fail’. There was a co-ordinator present at every meeting and event. ‘The organisation fostered opportunities and created a platform that allowed for ideas to be brainstormed and developed as a group, where members felt inspired to contribute to content development.’ Question: What platform was there for members to put their ideas down and brainstorm? Was it hard to teach them how to use it? Aaron told us that they mostly worked using Zoom for meetings and private Facebook groups for members to post information and have live events. Zoom was offered by the organisation, but Facebook messenger was for members to keep in touch and create content for the organisation. They created a timetable of when events would take place at their weekly get together, a 1-h meeting called ‘Monday Magic’, when ideas were floated, and members volunteered to host. ‘Our study findings support past research and demonstrates how effective disability organisations can be in educating and supporting people with intellectual/developmental disabilities in staying digitally included.’ Question: Can this be explained more as teaching people to use the internet is hard and if they do not have the internet then how do you teach them? We heard from Mocja that it was never the organisation's intention to teach people about technology, this was a by-product of trying to keep people connected during the pandemic. Sixty per cent of the organisation's staff team are people with lived experience. Stephan had made a series of online tutorials and the organisation's ambassadors supported people until they were confident. Overall, Danielle thought the discussion section of this article has a lot in it. One of the points that she would like to have some more information on is in the section saying, ‘Our study found that adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities were able to meaningfully participate online and felt socially connected through their computer screen.’ Question: Danielle would like to know how many people didn't interact online. Mojca told us that at end of the 12 months, 70 per cent of the membership did not engage online, which they were very concerned about. However, it had been one of the most successful years in their history in terms of participation and engagement. The focus of their paper had been about the 30 per cent who did join in with activities online, to tell an upbeat story of record numbers of participation. Danielle found the answers to her questions useful and interesting. She was pleased to find out more about how the organisation worked together to encourage everyone to be involved in the planning and hosting of online Facebook events and that everyone was encouraged and supported to participate. She was impressed by the content of the online tutorials and will use them herself in future work. The Section 2a titled ‘Increased opportunity to access events’ Nathaniel found a most surprising read, especially given the statement that ‘adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities are able to build positive relationships online … that can have the same benefits as seeing people in person’. This challenged his understanding of the formation of relationships. For while Nathaniel has witnessed many positive relationships being formed through digital inclusion, he always thought that the physical nature of interaction could never be replicated into the digital world. And so, Nathaniel must thank this article for challenging his assumptions and motivating him to revise his thinking. A query Nathaniel found however, was while reading this section and coming across the sentence ‘they are able to find out which other people have similar interests and build true and meaningful relationships’. Question: The question the above quote inspired is: for the relationships that were created during lockdown, did persons experience friction or anxieties leading up to the end of lockdown when some persons would have returned to in person spaces and others stayed online? We heard from Aaron that they found significant relationships were established by meeting online. For Aaron it was better because it was more accessible. He told us that the organisation is great because it does both online and in person events so he can choose which events he wants to go along too. Nathaniel found the focus on persons given autonomy and respect to support or let go of their relationships as they saw fit very much in keeping with respecting the individual's right to decide the shape of their own lives, including the individuals within it. This is in keeping both with the ethos of Grace Eyre and Speak Out as well as other organisations involved in the learning disability community. Also, the choice of online and in person provision means different platforms remain open so that wider accessibility and opportunity to build and maintain relationships can continue which he found very encouraging. Nathaniel is aware the hybrid model is essential from the perspective of including the group, but it does pose the question of how easily or how many relationships that were founded during lockdown, when digital meetings were the only way, have fared in the time of hybrid inclusion especially for persons who find themselves preferring different environments when given the choice? Following from above conversation the article explores in 2b ‘Increased sense of safety meant people felt more able to take chances/risks’. Nathaniel found this a most enlightening and inspiring read. He found while reading certain points such as familiarity of one's home environment removing anxiety of new spaces and the removal of the anxieties and distress that can go with transport, spoke true to his own experiences during and shortly after experiencing significant trauma. But given he was able to overcome these barriers, and not wishing to dwell upon those difficult memories, he also had lost the perspective of those who continue to face these barriers as expressed in the article an online meeting can circumvent these challenges, and thus foster a sense of safety. Furthermore, the opportunity for persons to engage in meaningful discussions on their own terms, without direct parental involvement, is a significant step forward and has been a key discussion point in the ‘Being heard in Government’ group he attends that Speak Out facilitates. And he will share this insight with the group in the hope that they can find ways of implementing this approach. This would benefit fostering ownership both between persons with lived experience who are meeting each other and encourage local government to directly engage with the person/s of lived experience where possible directly. Having said the above, it is also true that through work and volunteering Nathaniel has heard many concerns over internet safety, especially in cases where groups are open to new members joining during the pandemic—‘since membership to the organisation is open to any adult with a disability’—and these new attendees would not be known by the pre-existing group. The difficulty comes when this results in harmful behaviour from the new attendee which could have been screened out more effectively through the process and structures that often accompany in-person groups. Or conversely situations where the new member feels excluded having not had the shared experience of before lockdown with other members of the group. Question: Thinking about these scenarios that Nathaniel has heard lived experience of, he was wondering during the online events how the organisations that were involved in the study ensured the inclusion of new members during Covid. And what processes were put into place to ensure the safety of the pre-existing group would not be threatened? Stephan told us that existing members welcomed new people with open arms, like a ‘big cuddly blanket’ to join the community, reflecting the ethos of the organisation. People feeling threatened couldn't be further from the truth. This was seen in the ‘chat’ where all the messages to new members were warm and welcoming. Mojca added that co-ordinators cross-checked every member, the groups were open to registered members only, and that members signed up to a community agreement to ensure meetings were a safe space for all. Nathaniel initially found the answer to the question seemed to deviate from the question he had in mind because the answer focused on the mindset of the group rather than the questions of health and safety which he had envisaged the question leading to. That being said, it was really good to hear that everyone is welcome, and that courage to embrace new members links very much to the capabilities and strengths of the community to continue to create and grow relationships in a time of change. Also, when clarifying his question, he did find that the organisation was very much aware of and had taken actions (such as through the existence of closed groups) to ensure a level of safety within online groups. Turning from Digital Inclusion from the standpoint of safety to digital inclusion from the standpoint of the ease of access on digital platforms, in 3b the article states ‘Active role modelling may lead to more people feeling confident to take leadership opportunities.’ The article goes on to cover the sense of ownership and problem-solving capabilities within not-for-profit organisations. In addition, the article states ‘Our study findings support past research and demonstrates how effective disability organisations can be in educating and supporting people with intellectual/developmental disabilities in staying digitally included’. Question: Nathaniel was wondering based upon this if you could expand upon what digital platforms worked well for engagement and the growing opportunity of ownership within these events and meetings, and what digital platforms proved the least adaptable and accessible? Mocja said that Zoom and Facebook worked very well and that the organisation held training sessions to support people to use the online platforms. The membership found Zoom more accessible than other online meeting platforms. Nathaniel found it encouraging to hear that Zoom and Facebook were accessible platforms, as these were also the platforms of choice for the friendship group which Grace Eyre supports as well as for meeting purposes (on the Zoom side) for Trustees with lived experience. He wishes he had more time in the session to ask exactly what aspects made them more accessible, but that the general truth holds across organisations, and indeed countries is, he thinks, most promising. Also, it was wonderful to hear about the collective support, as well as training provided on how to use Zoom. ‘We become experts together’, seemed a very fitting and apt statement to reply to this answer and indeed holds true for the answers throughout. Nathaniel would like to thank the individuals for giving their time for a wonderful session, and hopes the community referenced in both the article and the feedback session continue to flourish. The paper is clearly written in accessible language and has an impressive research brief. Noelle was struck by the responsiveness of the grassroots organisation—they clearly know their membership well—and the speed at which they got going with their enquiry, getting the first questionnaire out to participants in June 2020. There is a lot to like about the inclusiveness of the methods, notably the co-analysis of the and the of parts of the paper and that members of the grassroots organisation were active participants in the research questions to the authors her interest in research and are about her understanding of of engagement and participation. to the to the results and discussion Question: How did you the of and Natasha told us that the research was true between community and They an accessible and to ensure they met the of all involved in the The and took place in a series of Zoom meetings in a safe environment where they could at any point if someone sure what was The research was together and what was useful to answer their research question was in an accessible that they were able to this make The took place over a of Question: What would you to Aaron said their is to have of team meetings and set meeting to look at one section at a it down into This allowed the team to focus on each section of the For example, they had meetings that focused on the results section of the During each meeting they met through and this allowed them to share the so they could all read it together to make and This ensured everyone had a and they could include a meaningful from each member of the was very important to let people with lived experience be of the research process and be as of the paper to ensure they were for their this study, 30 members with and disabilities and were not with more were not in this Question: How were the participants We heard from Aaron and Mocja that participants were from the membership who Zoom events. The of a weekly 1-h ‘Monday Magic’, was their response to the pandemic. of the organisation were able to take active roles in a A group of around 30 members up with some every And at the end of 12 this group had created events Facebook Zoom What they wanted to do as their response to the pandemic was to ask if they were meeting their organisation's of and and and that they continued to their through their online engagement was found in members questionnaire Question: the also Stephan said that three of the were also The work was open to all and the people who this paper were those who had Question: were people with more not Stephan told us that at the time only a of the membership was able to access the online that people with were barriers to online such as support and staff that online events were not for the one was excluded on the of their support Question: How many online activities were recorded in taken at different activities and different would be useful to know given the of events place each and the drawn from the Mocja that all the meetings were recorded in the and were also from the the for their article. In this Zoom meetings member-led Facebook events in a Question: How did you or and We heard from Mojca that and was in the that the organisation's members worked events were developed and through digital had developed a series of online The online events were People made There was a sense of are all in this together and we will get through Noelle out more about the processes of the research. online meetings that in accessible clearly in what Natasha as a Noelle felt that the of the warm and relationships was when they met together and was in the that responses to questions were Nathaniel and Noelle would like to to the of Learning for them to write this In and to the authors of that connected this this is with connected during the pandemic for their and inspiring answers to their questions. They hope to keep in touch and look forward to in the is not to this article as new were created or in this response. of Brighton and Hove Speak Out's Stories project can be found

Some cases show that counterfactual conditionals (‘counterfactuals’ for short) are inherently ambiguous, equivocating between forward-tracking and backtracking counterfactu- als. Elsewhere, I have proposed a causal modeling semantics, which takes this phenomenon to be generated by two kinds of causal manipulations. (Lee 2015; Lee 2016) In an important paper (Hiddleston 2005), Eric Hiddleston offers a different causal modeling semantics, which he claims to be able to explain away the inherent ambiguity of counterfactuals. In this paper, I discuss these two semantic treatments and argue that my (bifurcated) semantics is theoretically more promising than Hiddleston’s (unified) semantics.

204 Reviews distance. Here, Kashiwagi settles his own gaze on the theme of love, and extends the traditional parallel with Sainte-Beuve's Volupte to Raphael's Three Graces, casting Mme de Mortsauf as Chastity, Lady Arabelle Dudley as Pleasure, and Natalie as Beauty. Among the other questions considered in this volume are the identity of Catherine Lescault, the beautiful subject of Frenhofer's painting in Le Chef-d'oeuvre inconnu, and the role of architectural description in La Maison du chat-qui-pelote. All is presented with the critical solidity and intellectual control that specialists have come to expect from Kashiwagi since the publication of his doctoral thesis, La Trilogie des 'Celibataires'd'Honore de Balzac, in 1983 (Paris: Nizet). The main disappointment of the book lies in the insertion of three essays (a comparison of Balzac and Daumier, for example) which have little or no relevance to the central theme. To complain at Takao Kashiwagi's liberal interpretation of his title would nevertheless be churlish. The essay with which he concludes this volume ('Cent ans d'etudes balzaciennes au Japon') shows Japan to have a thriving community of Balzac scholars whose work, one hopes, will one day be made available to a wider readership. University of Bristol Andrew Watts Victor Hugo: romancier de I'abime. Ed. by J. A. Hiddleston. Oxford: Legenda. 2002. xii + 222pp. ISBN 1-900755-58-0. Recent reappraisal of Hugo's ceuvre is well represented in this volume, comprising essays on his fiction by many leading as well as younger scholars under the editorship ofJ.A. Hiddleston. This isa fascinating collection, revealing complexities and shifting sands in place ofthe stark dichotomies once associated with Hugo's novels. Many of the pieces reach beyond the works under discussion to the poetry, travel writing, and graphic work, in all of which 'a rich archive of images, themes, and obsessive motifs is continually reworked and recycled' (Kathryn M. Grossman, p. 120). The firstnine studies deal with individual texts; the book concludes with two thematic studies. Laurence Porter examines tensions in Hugo's political views in the BugJargal and Han d'lslande, in the context of the author's family relationships. In his essay on Le Dernier Jour d'un condamne Frank Bowman provides an extremely useful summary of eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century attitudes towards capital punishment before demonstrating that this is essentially a polemic work, enriched by Hugo's prodigious imagination. The bourgeois status ofthe narrator not only lends plausibility to the literate telling of the tale but appeals to that very class which alone had the means of abolishing the death penalty. Rachel Killick, with a fair degree of humour, compares four film versions of Notre-Dame de Paris, including, bravely, the recent Disney cartoon The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. She highlights the strong as well as the weak points of all her chosen versions, but is forced to conclude that while Hugo is able to shift 'constantly between the visual and the visionary' (p. 58), 'transcendence of the visual is exceptionaP (ibid.) in the films. There are two articles on Les Miserables: Jacques Seebacher relates topographical references in the novel to Hugo's travels, particularly around the time of Leopoldine's death; Fiona Cox applies Laingian analysis to the mentality of Javert. Grossman and Delphine Gleizes deal with Les Travailleurs de la mer,the formerrevealing the hidden political engagementin the text. Gleizes concentrates on Hugo's attempts to express movement and i'experience instable du monde' (p. 115). Reproductions here and elsewhere in the volume provide illuminating comparisons, as do the parallels between this piece and that of C. W. Thompson on the fluidity and boundaries in Hugo's ceuvre. Elise Noetinger examines surface and mask in L'Homme qui rit, Yves Gohin analyses the play of oppositions in Quatrevingt-treize, and the volume concludes with MLRy 99.1, 2004 205 Hiddleston's study ofthe ambivalence of suicide in Hugo's fiction.This volume clearly demonstrates why Hugo's novels provide such a rich seam of interest forthe twentyfirst -century reader, yet assessment of some of his works remains surprisingly fluid: Noetinger paraphrases Richard B. Grant's judgement of L'Homme qui rit (without...

Journal Article Hiddleston, Jane. Writing After Postcolonialism: Francophone North African Literature in Transition Get access Jane Hiddleston. Writing After Postcolonialism: Francophone North African Literature in Transition. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic (New Horizons in Contemporary Writing), 2017. 304 pp. £85.00 / $114.00. ISBN 978–1–350–02279–9. Forum for Modern Language Studies, Volume 55, Issue 1, January 2019, Page 118, https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqy086 Published: 22 January 2019

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Essai sur Laforgue et les «Dermers vers » suivi de Laforgue et Baudelaire. By J. A. HIDDLESTON. (French Forum Monographs, 23). Lexington, Kentucky: French Forum. 1980. 130pp. $9.50. B. C. SWIFT B. C. SWIFT STIRLING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XXXVIII, Issue 1, January 1984, Pages 79-a–79, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XXXVIII.1.79-a Published: 01 January 1984

Review of Jane Hiddleston. Writing After Postcolonialism: Francophone North African Literature in Transition. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. vii + 291 pp.

Leclerc Yvan. Laforgue aujourd'hui, James A. Hiddleston . In: Romantisme, 1989, n°64. Raison, dérision, Laforgue. pp. 125-127.

Elite Candidate page for Daniel Hiddleston, member of the Sport Careers Agency website since October 2021.

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Laforgue aujourd'hui. Textes réunis et présentés JAMES par HIDDLESTON. Paris, Corti, 1988. 211pp. 125 F. PETER COLLIER PETER COLLIER CAMBRIDGE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XLIII, Issue 2, April 1989, Pages 224–225, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XLIII.2.224 Published: 01 April 1989

Journal Article Book Review. George Sand and Autobiography Janet Hiddleston Get access Forum for Modern Language Studies, Volume 37, Issue 3, July 2001, Page 343, https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/37.3.343-b Published: 01 July 2001

Forma parte de esa nueva generacion de actores britanicos que han reconquistado Hollywood. Tom Hiddleston estrena High-Rise para demostrarnos que, en su carrera, no son incompatibles el cine de autor, la television o hacerle la puneta a Thor en el Universo Marvel.

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access L'Univers de Jules Supervielle. By JAMES A. HIDDLESTON. With a preface by C. A. HACKETT. Paris: José Corti. 1965. v + 236 pp. S. I. LOCKERBIE S. I. LOCKERBIE ABERDEENS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XXI, Issue 1, January 1967, Pages 85–86, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XXI.1.85 Published: 01 January 1967

REVIEWS Get access CHARLES BAUDELAIRE: Fusées, Mon cæur mis à nu, La Belgique déshabillée, suivi de Amæenitates Belgicae. Édition d'ANDRÉ GUYAUX. Paris: Gallimard. (Folio). 1986. 738 pp. Baudelaire and ‘Le Spleen de Paris’. By J. A. HIDDLESTON. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1987. 124pp. £20.00;£6.95 BERNARD HOWELLS BERNARD HOWELLS LONDON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XLI, Issue 4, October 1987, Pages 466–468, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XLI.4.466 Published: 01 October 1987

Journal Article Review: Baudelaire and the Art of Memory J. A. Hiddleston : Baudelaire and the Art of Memory Get access Forum for Modern Language Studies, Volume 37, Issue 2, 1 April 2001, Page 236, https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/37.2.236 Published: 01 April 2001