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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the intestine driven by disruption of mucosal immune balance. In this context, mucosal inflammation, oxidative stress, and damage to the epithelial barrier reinforce one another and form a self-perpetuating cycle. Oral nanozymes that combine catalytic removal of reactive oxygen species with in vivo imaging readouts provide a potential platform for site-focused intervention and imaging-based evaluation of IBD. This review focuses on how oral nanozymes are designed to couple imaging and therapy and summarizes recent progress in two overarching directions: single-modality imaging-guided strategies and multimodal imaging-guided strategies. Within the single-modality group, current studies are discussed mainly as computed tomography (CT)-guided strategies and optical/photoacoustic (PA)-guided strategies according to their dominant signal-generation mechanisms. Multimodal imaging-guided strategies, by contrast, integrate structural and functional information on a single platform to support more informative preclinical assessment of IBD. This paper also discusses current limitations in oral delivery, characterization of enzyme-like activity, imaging assessment, and long-term biosafety, thereby outlining key design principles for the next generation of oral nanozymes for visual theranostics in IBD.

The gut microbiome is now recognized as a causal driver of colorectal cancer (CRC) rather than a mere commensal ecosystem. This review elucidates the molecular mechanisms of keystone pathogens, specifically Fusobacterium nucleatum, pks + Escherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, which induce DNA interstrand crosslinks, hyperactivate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, compromise the epithelial barrier, and reshape the tumor immune microenvironment. We discuss how bioengineered human organoids and microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip platforms resolve the aerobic-anaerobic co-culture paradox, enabling patient-specific mechanistic dissection of host-microbe crosstalk. From a clinical perspective, we evaluate multi-omics signatures for noninvasive screening, intratumoral bacterial load as a prognostic indicator, and emerging therapeutic strategies including narrow-spectrum antimicrobials, bacteriophage-guided drug delivery, fecal microbiota transplantation for immunotherapy sensitization, and engineered living probiotics. By integrating mechanistic paradigms, organoid-guided validation, and translational applications, we delineate actionable trajectories for precision microbiome targeting in CRC management.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-based tissue acquisition is the cornerstone for assessment of suspected malignant biliary strictures. Conventional techniques, including biliary brush cytology and transpapillary forceps biopsy, are highly specific but are limited by modest sensitivity for detection of malignancy, often leaving a substantial proportion of individuals without a definitive diagnosis. To improve diagnostic sensitivity for cancer, several adjunctive approaches have been integrated into ERCP-based sampling. Peroral cholangioscopy (POC)-guided biopsies have become a reliable ERCP-based adjunctive modality, allowing direct visualization and targeted sampling, particularly in individuals with prior nondiagnostic procedures. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique used to improve diagnostic yield with biliary brushings by detecting chromosomal abnormalities, but is limited to specialized centers due to the need for specialized processing and training. Next-generation sequencing provides high sensitivity and can enable identification of actionable genomic alterations, while methylated DNA markers represent a promising, scalable molecular approach with strong diagnostic performance. Additional techniques include artificial intelligence-augmented direct visualization by POC and bile-based liquid biopsy. Current guidelines recommend multimodal ERCP-based sampling, combining at least two modalities where feasible, to optimize diagnostic accuracy. This review highlights the clinical performance, strengths, and limitations of established and emerging ERCP-guided techniques, emphasizing their evolving role in improving the diagnosis and management of malignant biliary strictures.

PI-RADS 3 lesions represent a diagnostic challenge in repeat prostate biopsy. We investigated whether PI-RADS 3 independently predicts negative biopsy outcomes and how PSA density (PSAD) modifies cancer detection across PI-RADS categories. We retrospectively analyzed 684 patients who underwent repeat MRI-guided prostate biopsy between 2015 and 2022. PI-RADS scores, clinicopathologic variables, biopsy Gleason Scores, and radical prostatectomy findings were assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of positive biopsy. Subgroup analysis examined detection rates stratified by PI-RADS and PSAD. Overall, 238 patients (34.8 %) had positive biopsies. PI-RADS 3 was identified in 210 patients (30.7 %) and PI-RADS 4-5 in 274 (40.1 %). Cancer detection differed significantly: 19.0 % for PI-RADS 3 versus 51.8 % for PI-RADS 4-5 (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed PI-RADS 3 as an independent predictor of negative biopsy (OR 0.582, 95 % CI 0.364-0.929, P = 0.023), while PI-RADS 4-5 predicted positive biopsy (OR 2.438, P < 0.001). PSAD strongly stratified risk in PI-RADS 4-5 lesions (33.8 % vs 62.4 %, P < 0.001) but showed minimal effect in PI-RADS 3 lesions (16.2 % vs 20.7 %, P = 0.564). PI-RADS 3 lesions independently predict negative biopsy in repeat MRI-guided prostate biopsy. PSAD demonstrates differential predictive utility across PI-RADS categories. Risk-stratified management incorporating imaging and clinical biomarkers may optimize decision-making while minimizing unnecessary procedures.

Intracranial hypertension is a life-threatening complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and a major target in neurocritical care. While ventriculostomy for cerebrospinal fluid diversion and the emerging technique of cisternostomy are used on a regular basis in different areas of the world, their application is heterogeneous on indications, timing, and technical aspects in the surgical procedures. This variability highlights a critical lack of standardized protocols, particularly in resource-constrained environments where optimized recommendations are most needed. What are the specific, expert-consensus recommendations to standardize the use of ventriculostomy and cisternostomy within a protocol for TBI management? The Neurotrauma Committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies develop an international consensus, including a methodological group and a panel of 16 expert neurosurgeons following a Delphi process, involving systematic literature review, statement formulation, and iterative blinded voting using a 5-point Likert scale. Consensus was predefined as &#x2265;75% agreement. The panel ratified 69 consensus statements. Core recommendations advocate for ventriculostomy as an early therapeutic intervention for TBI requiring fluid drainage and define cisternostomy as an adjunctive procedure for selected patients with TBI and significant traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Protocols with algorithms were proposed for both procedures. This consensus provides a practical framework to guide surgical management of TBI using ventriculostomy and or cisternostomy as techniques. It promotes a strategic shift towards prior heterogeneous concepts on ventriculostomy and defines a specific, consensus-guided role for cisternostomy. The statements aim to harmonize global practice and direct future research.

Periodontitis-related tooth loss remains inadequately managed, largely due to high dental implant failure rates associated with poor osseointegration. While commercial membranes (i.e., Bio-Gide&#xae;, considered the gold standard in dentistry) are widely used to facilitate guided bone regeneration (GBR), their animal-based origin presents ethical, procurement, and accessibility concerns. This study combines a traditional tissue engineering approach to material development with molecular imprinting chemistry to develop a novel, animal-free, recognition-capable biomaterial. Icariin, a bioactive flavonoid compound implicated in enhanced osseointegration and tissue regeneration, was imprinted onto eggshell membrane (ESM), onion epidermis (OE) and tomato exocarp (TE) via crosslinking, to evaluate imprinting efficiency and functional performance. The resulting molecularly imprinted vegetarian membranes (MIP-VMs) were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and icariin binding assays, followed by biocompatibility assessment using human gingival fibroblasts. Among the tested formulations, the tannic acid (TA)-crosslinked molecularly imprinted ESM (MIP-ESM) demonstrated the most favourable overall performance, exhibiting enhanced stiffness (Young's modulus increased from 8.5 MPa to 14.0 MPa), increased hydrophilicity (p < 0.01), and improved cytocompatibility (p < 0.05). Notably, the MIP-VMs exhibited several properties comparable to Bio-Gide&#xae;, supporting their potential as accessible alternative membrane materials for GBR and other clinical applications. Overall, these results demonstrate the feasibility of generating functional tissue-engineering scaffolds from animal-free materials and present a simple strategy for imprinting membranes with therapeutic agents, highlighting their translational potential in regenerative medicine.

Primary extraskeletal pelvic Ewing sarcoma within gynecologic organs is extremely rare and current literature is limited to case reports or series. Definitive diagnosis requires molecular confirmation of the EWSR1 fusion gene which drives cancer proliferation. Current treatment is guided by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for Ewing sarcoma of the bone. A previously healthy 21-year-old woman presented to her primary care provider with two weeks of malaise and pelvic symptoms. Imaging revealed a 10&#xa0;cm heterogenous cystic and solid mass in the mid-pelvis appearing to arise from the anterior uterus with potential bladder invasion. She underwent exploratory laparotomy which included en bloc radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, anterior vaginectomy, distal left ureterectomy, partial posterior cystectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Pathologic evaluation confirmed extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma through identification of an EWSR1 gene rearrangement. Margins were negative. The patient is undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy and PET scan 4.5&#xa0;months postoperative showed no evidence of residual disease or metastasis.A comprehensive literature review identified 98 cases of molecularly-confirmed Ewing sarcoma occurring across gynecologic organs including the ovary, fallopian tube, broad ligament, uterine corpus, cervix, vagina, and vulva. Cases occurred in women across the lifespan. Treatment regimens and prognosis were variable. We present a unique case of primary pelvic extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma in a previously healthy young woman with localized invasion into the uterus, vagina, and bladder. Given the rarity of this disease, paucity of data, and potential for misdiagnosis, clinicians must maintain high suspicion for pelvic extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma.

Fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome (FD/MAS) is a rare benign bone disorder caused by postzygotic mutations in GNAS, characterized by skeletal lesions leading to pain, deformities, and fractures. Although antiresorptive agents such as denosumab and zoledronate are used, evidence remains limited, and denosumab carries a well-known rebound risk. Given the heterogeneous disease activity in FD/MAS, standardized treatment approaches are frequently insufficient, raising the need for individualized treatment strategies. We therefore evaluated the effects and safety of individualized denosumab-zoledronate therapy with clinically guided treatment adjustments. A single-center FD/MAS cohort (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;42) managed between 2014 and 2025 was retrospectively analyzed. Clinical, radiographic, histopathological, and baseline biochemical characteristics were assessed in the overall cohort, whereas longitudinal analyses of treatment response, laboratory markers, pain scores, and adverse events were restricted to an antiresorptive-treated subgroup of 11 patients. Compared with untreated patients, the treated subgroup showed higher skeletal lesion burden and elevated osteocalcin levels. During therapy, elevated bone turnover markers decreased, particularly ALP (-44.3%, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.016). Most treated patients showed stable biochemical trajectories and reported pain reduction under therapy. One young MAS patient experienced severe rebound hypercalcemia (4.43&#xa0;mmol/L) with renal failure after delayed denosumab administration. In conclusion, individualized antiresorptive therapy with denosumab and zoledronate was associated with symptomatic improvement and largely stable clinical courses in most treated FD/MAS patients. However, denosumab treatment may carry a clinically relevant rebound risk, particularly in young MAS patients with extensive skeletal burden and high bone turnover. Further studies are needed to establish specific, safe and effective treatment strategies.

The purpose of this correspondence is to expand upon the recent review article by Noiret et al. addressing management of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) and proposing anatomically guided treatment strategies. While tumor location influences surgical complexity and functional outcomes, we caution against an overly anatomy centric framework that may oversimplify treatment selection and underemphasize patient preferences and biological determinants of response. Current evidence does not support the assertion that chemotherapy followed by surgery provides superior long-term functional outcomes compared with total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) with organ preservation (OP). Contemporary management of LARC includes multiple curative-intent strategies, each associated with distinct tradeoffs in oncologic control, toxicity, and quality of life. In particular, modern radiotherapy techniques and OP strategies have demonstrated favorable response rates, functional outcomes, and quality of life compared with radical surgery. We argue that future treatment paradigms should move beyond anatomy alone and prioritize biologic risk stratification, response adaptive treatment, and incorporation of multi-omic biomarkers. Ultimately, treatment decisions should integrate patient preferences, oncologic risk, functional outcomes, and evolving biologic understanding to optimize individualized care for patients with LARC.

Background Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an established treatment option for selected patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs), particularly for lesions not amenable to microsurgical resection or located in surgically high-risk areas. SRS can be delivered through different platforms, including Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, and linear accelerator (LINAC)-based systems. This retrospective single-institution study evaluated outcomes of patients with bAVMs treated with LINAC-based SRS at a quaternary care center in Bogot&#xe1;, Colombia. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients with bAVMs treated with LINAC-based SRS guided by triple-fusion imaging between 2011 and 2017. Clinical, treatment, and imaging data were collected from medical records. Telephone interviews were used only to supplement clinical follow-up and were not used to determine radiological obliteration. The primary outcome was radiological obliteration during the available follow-up period, assessed by follow-up imaging. Actuarial obliteration rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and interpreted as exploratory because of limited follow-up and censoring. Univariable Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed as exploratory analyses to evaluate factors associated with obliteration. Results Eighty-two patients were included. At presentation, 36 patients (44.0%) had ruptured bAVMs, 61 (74.4%) had lesions in eloquent areas, and most had Spetzler-Martin grade III malformations. Prior embolization was performed in 47 patients (57.3%). Complete radiological obliteration was documented in 27 patients (33.0%) during available follow-up. The median follow-up was 16.3 months, and 46 patients (56.1%) were lost to follow-up before completing three years of institutional follow-up. Actuarial obliteration estimates at later time points should therefore be interpreted cautiously. In exploratory univariable Cox analysis, radiosurgery dose >20 Gy was associated with a shorter time to obliteration. Conclusions This single-institution retrospective study describes radiological and clinical outcomes after LINAC-based SRS for bAVMs in a Latin American quaternary care center. The findings suggest that LINAC-based SRS is a feasible treatment approach when appropriate technology, planning expertise, and quality assurance are available. However, the short median follow-up, substantial loss to follow-up, and lack of a comparator group limit conclusions regarding effectiveness. Future prospective studies with standardized long-term imaging follow-up are needed.

Problematic smartphone use (PSU) poses increasing risks to young adults' psychological well-being and daily functioning. While offline social exclusion has been linked to maladaptive behaviors, the effects of cyberostracism-online forms of exclusion-and the mediating role of parental behaviors remain underexplored. Guided by the Need-Threat Model of Ostracism and the Rejection Sensitivity Model, the present study examined whether perceived parental phubbing mediates the relationship between distinct forms of cyberostracism and PSU among Iranian young adults. A total of 428 participants (303 females, 125 males; mean age&#xa0;=&#xa0;28.03&#xa0;years, SD&#xa0;=&#xa0;8.67) completed validated self-report measures assessing cyberostracism (direct, indirect, and ignored), perceived parental phubbing, and PSU. Structural equation modeling was used to test direct and indirect pathways. Results indicated that cyber indirect exclusion was directly associated with higher PSU, whereas the association between direct exclusion and PSU was mediated by increased perceptions of parental phubbing. Cyber-ignoring was not significantly associated with PSU. These findings suggest that the psychological correlates of social media-based exclusion on smartphone use vary according to the type of exclusion, with perceived parental phubbing&#xa0;serving as a key process through which&#xa0;explicit online exclusion is associated with maladaptive smartphone engagement. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of integrating social media exclusion experiences with family-level digital behaviors into theoretical models and targeted interventions aimed at reducing PSU.

Sepsis is characterized by a dynamic and heterogeneous immune response in which hyperinflammation and immunosuppression often coexist and change over time. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), including monocytes and lymphocyte subsets, provide an accessible window into this evolving immune trajectory and can be repeatedly assessed during disease progression. In this narrative review, we synthesize recent evidence from single-cell and spatial omics, mechanistic studies, and PBMC-based biomarker research, with a focus on three connected themes: time-dependent PBMC remodeling, monocyte/macrophage dysfunction, and translational immune biomarkers. Current evidence indicates that PBMC remodeling in sepsis is marked by monocyte state transitions, HLA-DR downregulation, lymphocyte apoptosis and exhaustion, regulated cell death, and immunometabolic reprogramming. These changes help explain why some patients recover after the acute inflammatory phase, whereas others progress toward persistent immunoparalysis, secondary infection, prolonged critical illness, or poor outcomes. PBMC-derived biomarkers, including transcriptomic signatures, monocyte phenotypes, lymphocyte exhaustion markers, metabolic indicators, and functional immune assays, may improve immune phenotyping and risk stratification. However, clinical translation remains limited by cohort heterogeneity, age-related differences, timing-dependent immune states, assay standardization, and insufficient prospective validation. Future studies should prioritize longitudinal, age-stratified, and biomarker-guided designs to determine whether PBMC-based immune monitoring can support individualized immunomodulatory strategies in sepsis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disorder of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa affecting approximately 11% of adults worldwide. Although compositional dysbiosis of the sinonasal microbiome has historically dominated etiological discourse, this framework inadequately accounts for the mechanistic complexity of mucosal immune dysregulation in CRS. Emerging evidence positions microbial metabolites, rather than microbial identity per se, as the proximate immunological mediators of commensal microbiota-host crosstalk. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the "microbial metabolite-immune receptor axis" in CRS, encompassing three classes of protective commensal metabolites and their mechanisms of action. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) activate GPR43 and inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) to induce FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and promote ILC3-derived IL-22 production. Tryptophan-derived indole metabolites engage the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to sustain ILC3 barrier-protective function and suppress Th2/Th17 polarization. Secondary bile acids signal through FXR and TGR5 to modulate the Treg/Th17 balance. In contrast, virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus (the dominant pathobiont in CRSwNP) drive NLRP3 inflammasome activation, macrophage pyroptosis, and epithelial tight junction disruption. The gut-nose metabolite axis further establishes that systemic depletion of gut-derived protective metabolites amplifies nasal mucosal immune dysfunction. Building upon this mechanistic framework, we propose postbiotic supplementation, defined as the direct administration of purified bioactive metabolites, as a precision therapeutic strategy to restore nasal mucosal immune homeostasis. Endotype-specific metabolite candidate selection, guided by individual patient metabolomics profiling, is central to this therapeutic approach.

To explore the experiences of Hypoglycemic Confidence among Chinese adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes and identify contextual facilitators and barriers affecting its development and sustainability. A qualitative descriptive design was adopted. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 16 adults with type 1 or 2 diabetes from the endocrinology department of a tertiary hospital in Eastern China. Inductive content analysis of the transcribed data was guided by Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Four themes emerged: (1) direct behavioral experience; (2) vicarious observation and learning experiences; (3) verbal persuasion and external support; (4) physiological and emotional arousal. Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to Hypoglycemic Confidence in patients with diabetes and call for social support and safety nets, thereby facilitating psychological care, enhancing knowledge provision, and acknowledging the psychosocial comforting role of culture. These strategies may have positive implications for optimizing patient-centered diabetes care and improving the health and well-being of patients in the long term.

The rapid global expansion of "comfortable dental care" has significantly increased the demand for outpatient sedation. However, the unique challenges of Non-Operating Room Anesthesia (NORA), including shared airways and limited rescue resources, necessitate highly specialized nursing competencies. This study aims to develop and validate a comprehensive competency framework for specialist nurses in outpatient dental sedation and anesthesia to enhance perioperative safety. Guided by the Onion Competency Model, a preliminary framework was established through a structured literature review and Behavioral Event Interviews (BEIs). A two-round modified Delphi consultation was conducted between August and October 2025 with a multidisciplinary panel of 25 experts (anesthesiologists, dental surgeons, and nursing specialists) from nine provinces in China. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to determine the relative weights of the indicators, with consistency ratios calculated to ensure logical rigor. The final framework comprises 4 primary, 11 secondary, and 40 tertiary indicators. The four primary domains and their respective weights are: Professional Skills (0.361), Professional Knowledge (0.315), Personal Traits (0.179), and Professional Accomplishment (0.151). The expert authority coefficient (Cr) reached 0.847, and Kendall's W for the second round showed significant consensus (p&#x202f;<&#x202f;0.001). Notably, "Risk Warning Management" (0.289) emerged as the most critical secondary competency. The overall AHP consistency ratio was 0.034, indicating high reliability. This study establishes a scientifically validated benchmark for the recruitment, training, and evaluation of dental sedation nurses. By prioritizing risk-prevention skills and situational awareness, this framework provides a strategic blueprint for improving patient safety in ambulatory anesthesia settings within the Chinese healthcare context, with potential for cross-cultural adaptation.

Petroleum-derived polymers (PDPs), including polyolefins and polyesters, combine mechanical robustness and thermal stability but persist in the environment due to chemically inert C-C backbones. Here, we report PHEVD (poly-[7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,4-divinyl-3-oxa-7-azabi-cyclo[3.3.0]-octane-6,8-dione]), a polymer designed to preserve PDP-relevant thermal stability and hydrophobic film performance while incorporating enzyme-addressable imide and amide motifs. Compared with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE), PHEVD exhibits comparable thermal robustness yet undergoes rapid and near-complete depolymerization within 7 days under mild aqueous conditions in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), with measurable degradation also observed for Chlorella vulgaris. Integrated transcriptomic, mutant, and purified-enzyme analyses implicate Chitinase-associated pathways in degradation. 1H NMR and LC-MS confirm the disappearance of parent polymer signals and the formation of low-molecular-weight, soluble products, indicating chemical depolymerization rather than persistent microplastic fragmentation. Identified degradation products correlate with biofilm-dispersion signatures, linking controlled breakdown to functional biological outcomes. By retaining PDP-like performance during use while enabling selective, biologically triggered end-of-life conversion into soluble small molecules, PHEVD demonstrates a structure-guided strategy to reduce environmental persistence relative to conventional PDPs and advance sustainable polymer design.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a genetically well-defined yet phenotypically diverse malignancy with a strong predilection for liver metastasis. To define phenotypic divergence during progression, we performed comprehensive gene expression profiling of primary UM (pUM) and metastatic UM (mUM) samples. Two principal molecular subtypes emerged in both entities. Matched pUM-mUM samples showed little transcriptional concordance, indicating extensive reprogramming during metastasis. Approximately half of the pUM samples exhibited a proliferative, MAPK/PI3K-driven phenotype, suggesting heterogeneous dependency on PKC signaling. Immune landscapes also diverged; pUM was dominated by adaptive responses, whereas mUM displayed innate signaling and macrophage-driven immunosuppression. The inflammatory pUM-A subtype was associated with poor survival, consistent with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data linking chromosomal aberrations such as monosomy 3 to progression. Analysis of 53 UM samples demonstrated context-dependent phenotypes, supporting site-specific, phenotype-guided therapeutic strategies integrating pathway inhibition and immune modulation.

Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides with the ability to bind specific target molecules with high affinity and selectivity, positioning them as valuable tools for precision therapeutics and targeted drug delivery. In ophthalmology, aptamer-based platforms have emerged as effective solutions for managing retinal diseases, glaucoma, and ocular surface disorders. This review provides a comprehensive overview of aptamers that have received approval or are in experimental, preclinical, or clinical development stages for ocular diseases. A narrative literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, concentrating on aptamers that have reached experimental, preclinical, clinical, or FDA-approved stages. Studies published up to March 2026 were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, based on their reported efficacy, molecular targets, and relevance to ocular diseases. Twenty-four records were included, comprising 24 aptamer-based platforms. Across ocular diseases, aptamers were identified in three principal application domains: therapeutic intervention, diagnostic, and targeted drug delivery. In age-related macular degeneration, aptamers development was predominantly therapeutic, with agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, complement components, nucleolin, CBF1, and CD44. In glaucoma, aptamers were mainly directed toward neuroprotection, antifibrotic modulation, aqueous humor outflow regulation, biomarker detection, and topical drug delivery. In ocular surface diseases, aptamers were primarily developed for antimicrobial and antiviral therapy, antiangiogenic treatment, anti-allergic modulation, corneal surface targeting, and controlled topical drug delivery. Overall, aptamers demonstrated broad translational versatility across both posterior and anterior segment diseases. The available evidence demonstrates a diverse and rapidly expanding repertoire of aptamers developed for ocular diseases, underscoring their versatile potential as next-generation platforms for therapeutic, biomarker-guided diagnosis, and targeted drug delivery in ophthalmology.