Messages in public discourse commonly employ metaphors to describe abstract sociopolitical issues in terms of unrelated concepts. In prior research, exposure to such metaphoric messages influences attitudes. The current research tests the novel possibility that metaphor exposure can elicit defensive avoidance of otherwise benign information. We build on the evidence that individuals with avoidant attachment style avoid thinking about close relationships, operationalized as lower recall of relationship information. Two studies show that dispositionally high and experimentally increased attachment avoidance impaired recall of messages framing political topics metaphorically in terms of close relationships. This effect is specific to the relationship metaphor and avoidance regarding relevant relationships. It held even when the message referred to positive relationships, casting doubt on an alternative valence priming explanation. Although the target political topics are not, literally speaking, close relationships, relationship-metaphoric messages led individuals who avoid relationship information to transfer that defensive processing style across domains.
The vast ice cap that covers Greenland nearly three miles thick is melting faster than ever before on record, and the pace is speeding year by year, according to global climate watchers gathering data from twin satellites that probe(探测) the effects of warming on the huge northern island. The consequence is already evident in a small but ominous(不祥的)rise in sea levels around the world, at a pace that is also accelerating, the scientists say.
The article explores the changing meanings of psychological themes in the 1940s. In the early 1940s, these themes were largely disparaged by film critics and associated with horror but, by the late 1940s, psychological themes became highly valued through their association with realism. However, while this process increasingly distinguished the realist thriller from horror, the latter becoming largely associated with Gothic fantasy, critics also became disenchanted with the supposedly ‘realist’ thrillers of the late 1940s. If realism was valued in the extent to which it was part of an analysis of social problems, and offered a form of constructive social criticism, film critics increasingly came to see the realism of many Hollywood thrillers as merely stylistic or aesthetic. Ironically, the one feature that they continued to celebrate were the psychologically disturbed killers featured in many of these films, killers that were the point of continuity with the 1940s horror cycle of the early to mid-1940s.
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The subject of ekphrasis, and in particular of the ekphrasis of works of art, has recently begun to receive a great deal of attention from classical scholars. As will become clear, I believe that the reason for this is that many of the theoretical issues that are most pressing in classical studies — and indeed in cultural studies in general — are raised by the study of ekphrasis. The purpose of this note on the other hand is modest: I want to say a little about the narratological issues that are raised by set-piece description (I), and to look at one example in the Aeneid (II). But even so I have found it impossible not to offer some thoughts of a frighteningly general nature (III). I shall concentrate on the ekphrasis of works of art for reasons that will again become clear, but some at least of what I shall say will also be relevant mutatis mutandis to the ekphrasis of natural features and events.
This new edition of John Horgan's critically acclaimed book is fully revised and expanded. The book presents a critical analysis of our existing knowledge and understanding of terrorist psychology. Despite the on-going search for a terrorist pathology, the most insightful and evidence-based research to date not only illustrates the lack of any identifiable psychopathology in terrorists, but demonstrates how frighteningly 'normal' and unremarkable in psychological terms are those who engage in terrorist activity. By producing a clearer map of the processes that impinge upon the individual terrorist, a different type of terrorist psychology emerges, one which has clearer implications for efforts at countering and disrupting violent extremism in today's world. In this 2nd edition, Horgan further develops his approach to the arc of terrorism by delving deeper into his IED model of Involvement, Engagement and Disengagement – the three phases of terrorism experienced by every single terrorist. Drawing on new and exciting research from the past decade, with new details from interviews with terrorists ranging from al-Qaeda to left-wing revolutionaries, biographies and autobiographies of former terrorists, and insights from historic and contemporary terrorist attacks since 2005, Horgan presents a fully revised and expanded edition of his signature text. This new edition of The Psychology of Terrorism will be essential reading for students of terrorism and political violence, and counterterrorism studies, and recommended for forensic psychology, criminology, international security and IR in general.
Development Arrested: The Blues and Plantation Power in the Mississippi Delta. By Clyde Woods. The Haymarket Series. (London and New York: Verso, 1998. Pp. x, 342. $22.00, ISBN 1-85984-811-7.) In this sweeping political, cultural, and economic survey of the Mississippi Delta region from slavery to the present, author Clyde Woods outlines in painstaking detail the story of a brutally repressive and frighteningly resilient plantation regime and tells the symbiotic story of black resistance manifested lyrically in the counter-narrative of the Mississippi blues tradition. Although Woods's study begins during slavery and Reconstruction and ends in the 1990s with the: 1990 Delta Pride catfish workers strike and the 1993 appointment of Mississippi's Mike Espy as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, it is the middle section of his text that is most insightful. Woods contests the standard interpretation of the so-called enclosure movement--a set of policies ostensibly devised to stabilize and modernize the southern economy in the wake of the devastating Mississippi flood of 1927 and the onset of the Great Depression. The movement was embodied in the Agricultural Adjustment Act and, according to Woods, it was the one pivotal development that transformed the state's plantation economy. In his view: [t]he enclosure movement in the Delta was not ... based on the transition of feudalism into capitalism; rather it marked the movement from capital-scarce, labor-intensive plantation to capital-intensive, labor-surplus neo-plantation production (p. 127). This allowed greater concentration of land ownership and wealth and greater control and domination of labor. Woods notes that Works Progress Administration (WPA) practices perpetuated racial inequality by allowing dual pay scales, with blacks paid less than white workers. These oppressive conditions were bolstered by white vigilante violence and a brutal prison system. Woods shifts his attention to the post-World War II period to offer a rigorous critique of what he terms the Green Revolution, an economic and structural reconfiguration of Mississippi's plantation system involving mechanization, crop diversification, and new agricultural techniques. Various labor-saving devices, coupled with a resurgence of white supremacist violence designed forcibly to evict surplus black tenant farmers from the land, resulted in a new plantation regime. Although southern-based white supremacists like the White Citizens Councils are among the main culprits in forging the neo-plantations of Mississippi, Woods also indicts the U. …
In November 1999, Indonesias new president, Abdurrahman Wahid, promised in both Jakarta and Washington to hold a referendum on autonomy in the secessionist province of Aceh. His government reportedly started negotiating with representatives of the Free Aceh movement?something flatly unthinkable under Wahids autocratic predecessor, Suharto. Wahid s actions are hardly isolated. Indeed, they bespeak a new global strategy to contain ethnic conflict. Its essential principles are that threats to divide a country should be managed by the devolution of state power and that communal fighting about access to the state s power and resources should be restrained by recognizing group rights and sharing power. The conventional wisdom, of course, is that tribal and nationalist fighting is still rising frighteningly. But in fact, the rash of ethnic warfare peaked in the early 1990s?countered, in most regions, by the application of these principles. The brutality of the conflicts in Kosovo, East Timor, and Rwanda?and the messiness of the international responses to them? obscures the larger shift from confrontation toward accommodation. But the trends are there: a sharp decline in new ethnic wars, the settlement of many old ones, and proactive efforts by states and international organizations to recognize group rights and channel ethnic disputes into conventional politics. In Kosovo and East Timor, intervention was chosen only after other means failed. The fact that
The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) website declares its origins and aims from the outset. The initial ‘umbrella’ home page [complete with National Health Service (NHS) logo] describes NICE as the independent organization responsible for providing national guidance on the promotion of good health and the prevention and treatment of ill-health. Relationships to the NHS and the recent amalgamation with the Health Development Agency (adding the ‘Health’ to the long NICE title) are explained. This new structure is reflected in a division of the site into two main areas, Clinical Excellence and Public Health Excellence. The former is of most interest to occupational physicians. One click further on is the Clinical Excellence home page. Clearly navigable, this signposts separately the ‘business end’ of the site (the growing portfolio of NICE guidelines) and supporting material about the history and process of NICE. The latter includes phenomenal detail about the board, various committees and working partnerships. The credentials of the guideline developers are clear. A generic statement on the site describes the aim to include clinical experts from multiple disciplines for each topic. Moreover, a wide sweep of stakeholders (including patient and carer representatives) is included in the guideline development process. Inevitably, there is a need to reconcile different viewpoints and agendas. However, the mechanism for this is transparent. Conflicts of interest are carefully addressed for each Guideline Development Group, and are made explicit to the public on the website. The guidelines themselves are extremely useful tools. In truth, some are not very relevant to occupational physicians but others including those on depression, anxiety and back pain are essential reading. The Public Health Excellence area is less useful to occupational physicians, but there is some relevant guidance on health promotion issues such as smoking cessation policies and physical activity. The material on the NICE website is unbiased and frighteningly up to date. A ‘New Developments’ tab on the Clinical Excellence home page puts important news in the forefront of the user's attention. Overall, the design is excellent, being streamlined and stratified to allow detail where required or a quick overview when detail is not necessary. The Freedom of Information Act is mentioned in detail, with instructions on how to make an application. The website has a feedback page, and it appears that user opinion is taken into account. A pending revision to the site aims to streamline access to the guidelines themselves (via a single click from the home page), although they are very easy to find even in the current format. Users are not required to register, and no charge is made. NICE guidelines can be downloaded free. Without a doubt, the NICE website is exemplary. Its design is first class and the content is high quality. The usefulness to occupational physicians is not uniform. However, the main asset of the site—a set of evidence-based and expert clinical guidelines is a valuable tool if used selectively. Access 5 Speed of searches 4 User friendliness 5 Links to other websites 3 Overall 5 Should be ‘bookmarked’ (added to favourites)
The horrors of the Great Famine (1315-1322), one of the severest catastrophes ever to strike northern Europe, lived on for centuries in the minds of Europeans who recalled tales of widespread hunger, class warfare, epidemic disease, frighteningly high mortality, and unspeakable crimes. Until now, no one has offered a perspective of what daily life was actually like throughout the entire region devastated by this crisis, nor has anyone probed far into its causes. Here, the distinguished historian William Jordan provides the first comprehensive inquiry into the Famine from Ireland to western Poland, from Scandinavia to central France and western Germany. He produces a rich cultural history of medieval community life, drawing his evidence from such sources as meteorological and agricultural records, accounts kept by monasteries providing for the needy, and documentation of military campaigns. Whereas there has been a tendency to describe the food shortages as a result of simply bad weather or else poor economic planning, Jordan sets the stage so that we see the complex interplay of social and environmental factors that caused this particular disaster and allowed it to continue for so long. Jordan begins with a description of medieval northern Europe at its demographic peak around 1300, by which time the region had achieved a sophisticated level of economic integration. He then looks at problems that, when combined with years of inundating rains and brutal winters, gnawed away at economic stability. From animal diseases and harvest failures to volatile prices, class antagonism, and distribution breakdowns brought on by constant war, northern Europeans felt helplessly besieged by acts of an angry God--although a cessation of war and a more equitable distribution of resources might have lessened the severity of the food shortages. Throughout Jordan interweaves vivid historical detail with a sharp analysis of why certain responses to the famine failed. He ultimately shows that while the northern European economy did recover quickly, the Great Famine ushered in a period of social instability that had serious repercussions for generations to come.
The terrorist attacks of September 11th have turned the world's attention to areas of the globe about which we know very little. Ahmed Rashid, who explored Afghanistan's Taliban regime in a previous work, here turns his skills as an investigative journalist to the five Central Asian republics adjacent to Afghanistan. Central Asia is coming to play a vital strategic role in the war on terrorism, but the region also poses new threats to global security. The five Central Asian republics - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - were part of the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. Under Soviet rule, Islam was brutally suppressed, and that intolerance has continued under the post-Soviet regimes. Religious repression, political corruption, and the region's extreme poverty (unemployment rates exceed 80 percent in some areas) have created a fertile climate for militant Islamic fundamentalism. Often funded and trained by such organizations as Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda and the Taliban, guerrilla movements like the IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) have recruited a staggering number of members across the region and threaten to topple the governments of all five nations. Based on research and numerous interviews, this text explains the roots of militant rage in Central Asia, describes the goals and activities of these militant organisations, and suggests ways in which this threat could be neutralised by diplomatic and economic intervention. Rich in both cultural heritage and natural resources - including massive oil reservoirs - Central Asia remains desperately poor and frighteningly volatile. In tracing the history of Central Asia and explaining the current political climate, Rashid demonstrates that it is a region we ignore at our peril.
The year 1992, scheduled to be a milestone on the road to European unity, saw Sarajevo and other European cities bombarded slowly to pieces and their inhabitants starved before the TV eyes of the world. It saw two million Bosnian Moslems threatened with Europe's first genocide since World War II; most of them already driven from their homes by massacre, rape and terror. It saw Bosnia's legal, multi-ethnic government treated as a mere 'warring party' and pressed to surrender by Western governments eager for peace at any price. And it also saw a liberal and left opinion in the West unable to offer any explanation for the continuing war beyond variations on the racist notion of an innate propensity of violence among the peoples of Yugoslavia, or indiscriminate lamentations about the evils of nationalism. Combining political analysis, reportage, polemic and personal reflection, this book provides the first inside account and analysis of the tragic path leading to Yugoslavia's break-up. Against the background of events as they occurred since Tito's death in 1980, it tracks the process whereby an equitable settlement between the country's constituent was destroyed by an increasingly virulent Great-Serb nationalism, bent on recentralising the country under its own hegemony. The book is written not by a passive spectator but by a participant with a firm grasp of Yugoslavia's history, which accounts for the breadth of its content. As the decade it covers draws to a close, Branka Magas's initial cautious optimism changes to a growing intimation of impending tragedy, and finally to outrage at the slaughter visited on upon Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina by the Serbian army, with the tolerance or complicity of Western chancelleries. The Destruction of Yugoslavia represents a unique documentary testimony to Yugoslavia's regression towards disintegration, war, and the horrors of 'ethnic cleansing'; a testimony which is frighteningly accurate.
The Literature of Labor and the Labors of Literature juxtaposes representations of labour in fictional texts and non-fictional texts in order to trace the intersections between aesthetic and economic discourse in nineteenth-century America. Both allegory and the new forms of labour produced a version of personhood that seemed frighteningly flat, a flatness that attacked the substance of the work ethic and, indeed, the very foundations of American individualism. Using this contextualized model of allegory, Weinstein argues that texts by Hawthorne, Melville, Twain and Adams are best understood both as allegories of labour (that is, the allegorical representations of the nature and cost of being a labouring being) and labours of allegory (that is, the visibility of the author's work of representation). Weinstein revolutionizes the notion of allegorical narrative, which is exposed as a literary medium of greater depth and consequence than has previously been implied - a working authorial vehicle for engaged and at times socially turbulent thought.
It seems obvious that I could have failed to exist. My parents could easily never have met, in which case I should never have been conceived and born. The like applies to everyone. More generally, it seems plausible that whatever exists in space and time could have failed to exist. Events could have taken an utterly different course. Our existence, like most other aspects of our lives, appears frighteningly contingent. It is therefore surprising that there is a proof of my necessary existence, a proof that generalizes to everything whatsoever. I will explain the proof and discuss what to make of it. A first reaction is that a 'proof of such an outrageous conclusion must contain some dreadful fallacy. Yet the proof does not collapse under scrutiny. Further reflection suggests that, suitably interpreted, it may be sound. So interpreted, the conclusion is not outrageous, although it may not be the view you first thought of.
Every decision maker faces one brutal question: What do you do when the crisis hits? Such situations can be explosive; they call for specific answers in frighteningly complex situations where the very frame of reference seems to crumble. Crisis management is very complex and it is a world that has barely been explored, let alone charted. Crisis Management develops a broad strategic approach to steering through these highly turbulent situations. It can help decision makers prevent, anticipate, limit and control crisis phenomena. The three sections of the text are organized around this focus. The methods explored are based on a series of investigations and consultations made within major industrial groups all over the world.
There has never been a more clear and compelling account of a gang member's life than Always Running, Luis J. Rodriguez's eloquent, impassioned, frighteningly vivid chronicle of his youth in Los Angeles in the late 60s and early 70s. Growing up in Watts and East L.A., Rodriguez joined his first gang at age 11 and was drawn into la vida loca - the crazy life. Gangs were how we wove something out of the threads of nothing, he remembers. By age 18, he was a veteran of gang warfare, police killings, drug overdoses, and suicides that had claimed 25 of his friends and had driven him and so many others to despair. In part, Rodriguez survived the violence and desperation of his youth by writing down his experiences. They were only woven into this astonishing book years later, when his son, Ramiro, joined a gang in Chicago where they now live. Always Running is packed with episode after episode of high drama, but within this honest and powerful depiction of social devastation, there is a father's impassioned message of understanding and hope to his son, and to thousands like him. Rodriguez's inspiring story should be read by anyone who cares about the future of children in America.
In his acclaimed book Theocracy, Kevin Phillips warned of the perilous interaction of debt, financial recklessness, and the spiking cost (and growing scarcity) of oil - warnings that are proving to be frighteningly accurate. Now, in his most significant and timely book yet, Phillips takes the full measure of this crisis. They are part of what he calls 'bad money' - not just the depreciated dollar, but also the dangerous attitudes and the flawed products of wayward mega-finance. His devastating conclusion: In its hubris, the financial sector has hijacked the American economy and put our very global future at risk - and it may be too late to stop it.
The chilling true crime 'non-fiction novel' that made Truman Capote's name, In Cold Blood is a seminal work of modern prose, a remarkable synthesis of journalistic skill and powerfully evocative narrative published in Penguin Modern Classics. Controversial and compelling, In Cold Blood reconstructs the murder in 1959 of a Kansas farmer, his wife and both their children. Truman Capote's comprehensive study of the killings and subsequent investigation explores the circumstances surrounding this terrible crime and the effect it had on those involved. At the centre of his study are the amoral young killers Perry Smith and Dick Hickcock, who, vividly drawn by Capote, are shown to be reprehensible yet entirely and frighteningly human. Truman Capote (1924-84) was born in New Orleans. He left school when he was fifteen and subsequently worked for The New Yorker, which provided his first - and last - regular job. He wrote both fiction and non-fiction - short stories, novels and novellas, travel writing, profiles, reportage, memoirs, plays and films; his other works include In Cold Blood (1965), Music for Chameleons (1980) and Answered Prayers (1986), all of which are published in Penguin Modern Classics. If you enjoyed In Cold Blood, you might like Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs' And the Hippos were Boiled in their Tanks, also available in Penguin Modern Classics. It is the American dream turning into the American nightmare...By juxtaposing and dovetailing the lives and values of the Clutters and those of the killers, Capote produces a stark image of the deep doubleness of American life ...a remarkable book. (Spectator).
The exploits of the new engineers and profiteers of life read more like science fiction than science fact. But fact they are, and frighteningly so. The human body and the other organisms of the earth are rapidly becoming the raw material for a new industrial age - a manufacturing revolution based on the manipulation and marketing of life. The escalating price placed on our most intimate possessions - our blood, organs, cells, and genes - along with the increasing ability of biotechnologies to alter the human body, has created a boom market for the human body shop. Using controversial case studies, Andrew Kimbrell exposes an industry based on the cloning of life forms, fetal tissue transplants, genetic engineering, and a host of startling new discoveries and techniques. With recombinant DNA technology it is now possible to transplant, snip, insert, recombine, rearrange, edit, program, and produce genetic and other living material just as our ancestors were able to heat, burn, melt, and solder together various inert materials. Scientists are, in fact, creating new combinations of animate matter just as the machine makers of the past century created new shapes, combinations, and forms of inanimate matter. Whether in the areas of human health and childbearing or in the manipulation of viruses and other microbes, these advances, though extraordinary accomplishments, actually represent a remarkable and insidious invasion of the sanctity of life by the same engineering and marketing imperatives that dictated the direction of the Industrial Age. This extension of the ideologies of efficiency and the market to what is now being called the Age of Biotechnology is among the most disturbing technological, philosophical, and ethical transitions in recorded history. The Human Body Shop lifts the cloak of secrecy and confusion that has long concealed the astounding and shocking e++
Enthusiasm for incorporating community health workers (CHWs) into health systems has resurfaced because of a growing commitment to achieve universal health coverage. Despite calls for universality, however, donor financing and programme architecture remain largely focused on narrow programmes, frighteningly reminiscent of the post-Alma Ata experience. To avoid repeating history, it will be important to understand how CHWs can support health systems beyond vertical interventions. We present here how one non-governmental organisation, Partners In Health (PIH), has worked with over 13 000 CHW colleagues in ten countries to advance health equity and achieve greatly improved clinical outcomes.