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Recovery in eating disorders (EDs) is often defined in terms of symptom remission, potentially overlooking the broader meanings individuals attribute to illness and recovery. Qualitative research has highlighted the multidimensional nature of recovery, yet less is known about how therapeutic contexts may shape how individuals make sense of illness, change, and recovery. This study aimed to explore how individuals with EDs conceptualize illness and recovery, and how these meanings may be shaped through participation in group psychotherapy. A qualitative study was conducted within an interpretivist framework using reflexive thematic analysis. Ten adult outpatients with EDs participated in semi-structured interviews at the end of a group psychotherapy program integrated within a multidisciplinary treatment setting. Participants described a shift from understanding the ED mainly through food, weight, body image, and symptom control toward a more emotionally and relationally informed understanding of distress. Recovery was increasingly constructed as a multidimensional and non-linear process involving emotional awareness, self-acceptance, agency, identity renegotiation, and connection with others. The group was experienced as a space that fostered recognition, belonging, and reflection, while also exposing participants to shame, fear of judgment, and emotional vulnerability. Findings suggest that group psychotherapy may support a reconfiguration of how individuals with EDs understand illness and recovery, moving from a primarily symptom-centred perspective toward a more holistic, relational, and personally meaningful framework. Rather than operating mainly through direct behavioural change, the group appeared to function as a space for meaning-making, emotional reflection, and relational experimentation. This study highlights emotional awareness, identity renegotiation, self-acceptance, and interpersonal connection as potential targets for fostering recovery in EDs. Trial registration The study protocol (n. 0034565/i) was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. Eating disorders are often understood mainly in terms of eating behaviours, weight, and body image. However, people with eating disorders may experience illness and recovery in broader and more personal ways, involving emotions, relationships, identity, shame, and self-acceptance. This study explored how adults with eating disorders understood their illness and recovery after taking part in group therapy within a multidisciplinary treatment setting. Ten adults were interviewed after completing a group therapy program. Before the group experience, participants often described their eating disorder mainly through symptoms such as food restriction, bingeing, purging, body dissatisfaction, and weight control. After the group, many described their difficulties in a broader way, linking the eating disorder to emotions, relationships, and personal experiences. Recovery was seen not only as reducing symptoms, but also as becoming more aware of emotions, accepting oneself, developing personal agency, and connecting with others. The group helped some participants feel understood and less alone, but it could also involve shame, fear of judgment, and emotional vulnerability. Overall, group therapy appeared to support broader and more personally meaningful understandings of recovery.

To use the RE-AIM/PRISM Framework to evaluate a co-designed community-based physical activity program for immigrant South Asian older (ISAO) women. A qualitative-driven community based participatory research study that draws on intersectionality theory. The STRONG Program 'Seniors Thriving, Reaching Out, and Growing' is an eight-week hybrid intervention, combining virtual health education with in-person exercise sessions, that was co-designed with ISAO women in Edmonton, Canada. Data sources were participant observations, post-intervention interviews and conversation circles, facilitator debriefs and meeting minutes. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to examine RE-AIM/PRISM dimensions and intersectional influences shaping program acceptability and feasibility. Thirty-four ISAO women participated in the study. Reach was facilitated by relational safety, community champions, and family support. Perceived effectiveness was reflected in acceptance and satisfaction via high attendance (82%) and participant-reported improvements in physical function and social connectedness. Adoption and implementation were shaped by an intergenerational contract in which family members provided essential digital and transportation support, while South Asian facilitators bridged clinical expertise with holistic, strength-based care. Maintenance was challenged by structural inequities; however, organizational partnerships fostered continuity of program success. The STRONG program demonstrates that health promotion for ISAO women is acceptable and feasible when grounded in relational safety and family support. Long-term sustainability requires moving beyond individual-level interventions to address structural barriers related to transportation equity, digital literacy, and the integration of clinical expertise within community-based organizations. WHY IS THIS RESEARCH NEEDED?: Health inequities persist for immigrant older women, yet many health promotion interventions demonstrate limited reach, adoption, and sustainment due to insufficient attention to the lived experiences and structural barriers. This study explores how intersecting social identities, such as gender, migration, and culture, shape the acceptability and feasibility of a community-based health promotion program. WHAT ARE THE KEY FINDINGS?: Among ISAO women experiencing intersecting social exclusions, health promotion programs were more acceptable and feasible when strong intergenerational family contracts and organizational capacity to foster relational safety enabled family-mediated and relational mechanisms of engagement. HOW SHOULD THE FINDINGS BE USED TO INFLUENCE POLICY/PRACTICE/RESEARCH/EDUCATION?: Health promotion programs that are family-centered, use community champions and create relational spaces are more likely to be accepted by immigrant older women. Feasibility is hindered by structural deficits such as transportation inequity, low digital literacy, and lack of outreach of health experts in immigrant communities.

Peer coaching is a promising strategy for continuing professional development for enhancing physicians' skills and mitigating burnout. Coaching may be particularly important for helping rural physicians maintain or extend their traditionally broader scope of practice, yet little is known about what motivates rural physicians to engage in coaching. To address this gap, the purpose of this study was to investigate rural physicians' motivation to participate in a peer coaching program. This study analyzed semi-structured interviews with 22 rural physicians who participated in the Coaching and Mentoring Program offered by University of British Columbia's continuing professional development. Interviews, which were originally collected for program evaluation, were analyzed using template analysis within a constructivist framework. Deductive codes were informed by expectancy-value theory and self-determination theory, while inducive codes captured novel insights. Four key themes emerged: (1) Participants valued closing perceived gaps between their current skills and their evolving scope of practice; (2) credible and invested coaches fostered expectancies of success; (3) experiences during the coaching journey facilitated ongoing motivation; and (4) competing demands threatened ongoing motivation. This study suggests that coaching programs for rural physicians should be responsive to the varied demands that drive rural physicians to seek coaching and support meaningful coach-coachee interactions to foster sustained engagement. Future research should seek the perspective of non-participants and compare peer versus professional coaching models.

To explore how postgraduate operating room (OR) nursing students interpret their experiences of peer-assisted learning and near-peer teaching and how these shape pedagogical competence, professional identity and sense of responsibility. Peer-assisted learning and near-peer teaching are widely used in health professions education to develop supervisory, communication and interpersonal skills. In OR nursing, where practice is complex, interdependent and safety-critical, pedagogical competence is integral to professional performance. A qualitative, hermeneutically oriented design using reflexive thematic analysis was employed. Data comprised reflective notes from 27 third-semester students following structured peer-assisted learning and near-peer teaching sessions, during which they supervised first-semester peers in a clinical skills laboratory. Reflexive thematic analysis used inductive coding, iterative theme development and ongoing reflexivity. Three interconnected themes emerged: (1) Internal meaning-making: Students engaged in identity work marked by tensions between mastery and vulnerability. Mentoring enhanced awareness of learning and fostered pedagogical agency. (2) Interpersonal practice: Teaching shifted from directive instruction to dialogic, relational and ethically responsive facilitation, with authority grounded in sensitivity and calibrated guidance. (3) Learning environment: Students fostered psychological safety through clarity, reassurance and balance between support and autonomy; collaborative supervision enhanced confidence and reduced pressure. Pedagogical competence in OR nursing is contextual and relational, developing through identity work and stewardship of the learning environment. Peer-assisted learning and near-peer teaching provide authentic opportunities to practise communication, feedback and supervisory judgement. Educational programmes should integrate theory-informed approaches, structured mentor preparation and systematic reflection.

HIV self-testing (HIVST) can help overcome barriers to clinic-based testing among men who have sex with men (MSM). Peer-led distribution through existing social networks may further extend reach and acceptability. Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), this study evaluated a social network-based HIVST intervention in Australia, in which "test promoters" distributed HIVST kits to friends and sexual partners, to identify facilitators and barriers to implementation. Online semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 MSM, including both test promoters and recipients involved in social network-based HIVST distribution trial. Interviews explored perceptions of acceptability, feasibility, and contextual appropriateness. Data were thematically analysed using the CFIR framework to identify multilevel implementation determinants. Participants' mean age was 33.3 years (SD = 8.2). Three interconnected enablers shaped successful implementation: (1) HIVST as an empowering, low-barrier testing option, enhancing privacy, convenience, and autonomy while mitigating stigma; (2) trust and peer credibility, which normalised test sharing and created culturally resonant pathways; and (3) collective responsibility for health, which sustained engagement and diffusion within MSM networks. HIVST's privacy, convenience, and autonomy enhanced motivation, while peer reassurance reduced procedural anxiety, particularly around finger-prick sampling among first-time or infrequent testers. However, participants also identified persistent barriers, including culturally rooted discomfort discussing HIV, fear of judgment, and the risk of excluding socially isolated or newly arrived individuals. Social network distribution reframed testing as an act of care and solidarity, mitigating stigma and fostering collective ownership. Participants recommended culturally tailored materials, non-invasive test options, and expanded digital platforms to strengthen inclusion and reach. Social network-based HIVST represents a feasible, acceptable, and culturally responsive strategy to expand testing among MSM in high-income settings. By leveraging relational trust and community solidarity rather than financial incentives, this model offers a scalable and equitable pathway to advance progress toward national and global HIV prevention targets.

While a growing body of research has examined the affordances and effects of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in language learning, less attention has been paid to how learners engage with these tools during the writing revision process across behavioural, cognitive, and affective dimensions. This qualitative multiple-case study investigates how eight English for Academic Purposes (EAP) learners engage with ChatGPT-4.0 while revising academic writing. Data included screen recordings of learner-AI interactions, interaction transcripts, stimulated recall sessions, and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that learner engagement is heterogeneous and multidimensional. Behavioural and cognitive engagement ranged from deliberate, evaluative processing to more mechanical uptake, including instances of overreliance on AI-generated feedback. Affective engagement was similarly mixed: while participants valued the immediacy and accessibility of feedback, some reported a lack of social and contextual support compared to teacher guidance. These findings highlight the importance of teacher mediation and critical AI literacy in supporting meaningful engagement with GenAI. The study contributes to emerging research on AI-assisted language learning by specifying the conditions under which GenAI feedback may foster, rather than undermine, reflective and critical engagement in EAP writing.

Over the past few decades, the University of Liberia College of Health Sciences (ULCHS) has faced increased challenges in providing high quality health education due to societal turmoil, disease outbreaks, and a critical lack of human resources. In 2018, ULCHS leadership identified the building of a faculty development program focused on pedagogy and teaching skills as a top priority to strengthen educational output. This paper describes the creation and implementation of a pedagogical training program within the Center for Teaching, Learning, and Innovation (CTLI) at the University of Liberia College of Health Sciences (ULCHS). Using an innovative South-South Training-of-Trainers (ToT) model which leveraged local trained educators within the same city and country, the program aimed to bridge teaching and learning gaps among ULCHS faculty members. Surveys administered across three iterations of the program indicated a substantial improvement in participants' perceived knowledge in 11 competency domains related to teaching, learning, and assessment. Results demonstrated (1) the effectiveness of the pedagogy training program in building perceived skills, and (2) usage of a South-South ToT model to foster a supportive learning environment and promote systemic change. This study highlights the potential of a three-phase ToT model for transforming pedagogical practices in low-resource settings and emphasizes the importance of peer instruction in creating effective, student-centered learning environments. Not applicable.

Mood disorders and related suicidal ideation among adolescents are pressing global health concerns. Although negative life events (NLEs) are recognized risk factors, the psychological mechanisms underlying the transition from adversity to suicidal ideation (SI), particularly in clinically depressed adolescents, remain unclear. This study is grounded in the vulnerability‒stress framework and investigates the developmental and psychological pathways linking NLEs and suicidal ideation in a clinical sample of depressed adolescents. A total of 341 adolescents (aged 10-19) with clinically diagnosed depression were recruited from five psychiatric hospitals in China via a multicenter design. The participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing NLEs, resilience, and suicidal ideation. A moderated chain mediation model was used to test whether resilience and depressive symptoms sequentially mediate the relationship between NLEs and SI and whether age moderates this pathway. NLEs were associated with lower resilience, which predicted greater depressive symptoms and ultimately higher SI. Furthermore, age significantly moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and SI. Simple slope analysis confirmed that depressive symptoms had a stronger predictive effect on SI in younger adolescents. Our findings reveal a critical chain of vulnerability: negative life events were associated with lower resilience and higher depressive symptoms, which in turn predicted suicidal ideation. The significant moderating role of age suggests that this pathway is sensitive to development and is especially potent in younger adolescents. This multicenter study provides compelling evidence of the importance of fostering resilience and treating depressive symptoms as key targets in suicide prevention efforts, especially through interventions tailored to different age groups. Not applicable.

To explore the potential of virtual reality (VR) as a training tool for basic life support (BLS) and other emergency procedures to achieve higher levels of knowledge in the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains. Sixty trainees, divided into two groups of thirty each, were trained first using conventional methods, followed by VR devices, and then crossed over in this randomized crossover trial. Data indicators included a pre-validated set of thirty-one mixed response questions administered via Google Forms and a checklist of twelve parameters. Assessment was performed using "Direct observation of procedural skills" at four time periods, at T0 (before training), T1 (post-completion of training with the conventional or immersive technique), T2 (post-completion of training with the immersive or conventional technique), and T3 (post-three months of last training with either the conventional or immersive technique). Inferential statistics were performed using the Chi-square test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables. Intra-group comparison revealed a significant difference from T0 to T3 for all parameters in groups I and II, except for the "compression depth" parameter in group I. Inter-group comparison at T0 and T3 revealed no statistically significant difference between the two techniques. Overall satisfaction levels from T0 to T3 in both groups revealed an increasing learning preference for the VR method (46.6%-73.3% in group I and 50%-80% in group II). Immersive teaching-learning methods using VR provided a scalable and consistent learning experience, highlighting its utility for BLS training in remote or resource-constrained environments. Trainees' preferences and VR's ability to foster a desired teaching-learning environment are promising signs, warranting exploration of its long-term synergistic impact with other immersive teaching-learning methods.

Bats are a diverse order of mammals that play an important role in ecosystem services. Numerous recent studies have focused on bats' role in the emergence and transmission of zoonotic pathogens, particularly viruses, but relatively fewer studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance in bacteria harbored by bats. Here, we estimate the prevalence and antibiotic profiling of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus in oral and rectal samples from bats in Northern Pakistan and assess factors associated with carriage of these bacteria by bats. Two hundred individual bats of five species: Pipistrellus javanicus (n = 17), Pipistrellus pipistrellus (n = 10), Rhinopoma microphyllum (n = 48), Rousettus leschenaultii (n = 124), and Scotophilus kuhlii (n = 1) were captured for non-lethal collection of samples to isolate S. aureus. Bats sampled were collected from two different provinces of Pakistan, specifically Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, in August 2018 and from Sheikhupura Fort in October 2019. Bats were sampled from three sites: a natural cave, a man-made castle, and an animal shed, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces. Out of 400 samples, 58 swabs were positive for S. aureus, including 34 rectal and 24 oral swabs. Prevalence of S. aureus carriage varied significantly among species (0-100%), with Rousettus leschenaultii exhibiting the highest prevalence. In addition, prevalence varied significantly among habitats but not between sex, age class, or reproductive status. S. aureus isolates showed resistance to tetracycline, gentamicin, and erythromycin and carried resistant genes such as TetK, TetM, ermA, and aacA-D. In this context, it is imperative to prioritize initiatives aimed at educating local communities about reducing exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria disseminated by bats and concurrently fostering awareness regarding the critical role bats play in our ecosystem.

Vaccination reduces the burden of infection, severe illness, and mortality associated with many vaccine preventable diseases. Workplace vaccination programs are a highly effective strategy for promoting employee health, reducing absenteeism, and improving productivity while yielding significant cost savings to employers. Offering on-site vaccination clinics can further improve vaccine uptake and increase cost efficiency by making immunization more convenient and accessible. Workplace vaccination programs reflect an ethical commitment to public health by fostering a safer environment for employees, their families and their communities. Employers are uniquely positioned to lead these efforts, leveraging their health benefits programs and resources to ensure accessible and effective vaccination coverage.

Clinicians often struggle with asking patients with progressive, life-limiting illnesses about the point at which pursuing longevity no longer aligns with their values. While person-centered care encourages exploring patients' goals and fears, directly asking individuals to identify conditions "worse than death" can inadvertently reinforce ableist assumptions that disability diminishes quality of life. Yet avoiding these discussions risks neglecting patient autonomy and failing to align treatment decisions with what matters most. This Perspective examines the ethical tensions clinicians face when discussing life-prolonging treatments and perceived intolerable states. Through a clinical case and review of current frameworks, we highlight how traditional approaches, often focused on functional decline, may unintentionally pathologize disability. We argue for a strength-based, person-centered approach that shifts conversations from identifying feared states to understanding sources of meaning, identity, connection, and purpose. Asking patients what helps them feel like themselves, what they value most, and what sustains their sense of dignity can yield actionable clinical guidance without relying on assumptions about suffering or worth. This reframing supports care plans that balance the desire to avoid harm with the preservation of autonomy and personhood, fostering end-of-life care that honors everyone's values, experiences, and definition of living well.

Thermogenic fat plays a crucial role in regulating energy metabolism and improving obesity-related metabolic diseases. However, a systematic analysis of the research trends and hotspots in the field of thermogenic fat is lacking. This study aimed to fill this gap by employing bibliometric methods to analyze the global research landscape of thermogenic fat from 2000 to 2023. A systematic search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection to retrieve publications related to thermogenic fat. Various bibliometric tools (HistCite, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer) were used to analyze and visualize the data, including annual publication trends, geographical distribution, institutional and author contributions, citation analysis, and keyword analysis. A comprehensive search yielded a total of 5246 English-language articles, revealing a significant upward trend in the number of publications focused on thermogenic fat over the past 24 years. The United States stands out as the most productive country, with Harvard University emerging as the leading research institution in this field. Bruce M. Spiegelman was identified as a pivotal figure in advancing thermogenic fat research. The journals that have published the highest number of articles in this field include Molecular Metabolism, Journal of Biological Chemistry, and Scientific Reports, with Cell Metabolism receiving the highest number of citations. The primary research keywords cluster into 9 distinct categories, with the most frequently occurring terms being "obesity," "brown adipose tissue," "thermogenesis," "brown adipocytes," "energy expenditure," "browning," "UCP1," "beige fat," and "type 2 diabetes." Notably, white fat browning and beige fat have emerged as cutting-edge research trends. This investigation provides a comprehensive overview of the global research trends in thermogenic fat through bibliometric analysis. Enhanced insights into the historical development and evolutionary trajectory of this field offer a novel perspective on potential future research avenues. The findings of this study are poised to serve as an invaluable resource for researchers, thereby fostering continued advancement in the study of thermogenic fat.

Driven by energy demand and environmental safety, the ability to treat and dispose of nuclear waste is sought to fulfil the demand for sustainable nuclear power. Radioactive byproducts generated by nuclear fission, including cationic radionuclides (235UO22+, 137Cs+, 90Sr2+, noble metals and partial actinide elements), anionic radionuclides (99TcO4-, 129/131I3-, 129/131I-, etc.), gaseous effluents (129/131I2, 85Kr, 127Xe, 222Rn, etc.), and tritium, should be managed safely and efficiently, underscoring the need for robust scientific solutions to minimize environmental contamination and foster public confidence. For this purpose, framework materials like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), supramolecular assembly frameworks (SAFs) and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) have emerged as highly promising platforms for radionuclide extraction and removal relying on their unique properties of abundant structures, customizable functionality, tunable pore sizes, and high specific surface area. Thus far, there is a lack of a comprehensive review that systematically integrates materials design, research progress, and practical applications for achieving comprehensive radionuclide separation. This review begins with a comprehensive overview of the scientific significance and structural characteristics of framework materials, followed by a summary of their design principles, synthetic strategies, and functional versatility. It then presents a detailed examination of recent applications across various radionuclide classes, with an in-depth discussion of advanced design paradigms, performance across diverse scenarios, and mechanisms. Finally, future perspectives are outlined to address unresolved scientific and technical challenges and to accelerate the practical implementation of next-generation framework materials. This work provides a foundational platform for engineering innovation and the broader application of framework materials, which is crucial for the effective and sustainable management of nuclear waste.

This study aimed to examine the strengths and challenges of running a managed alcohol program for Indigenous adults in a non-Indigenous organization and posit areas to embed cultural practices as a necessary aspect for healing. Grounded in a Two-Eyed Seeing approach that weaved western and Indigenous ways of knowing and a community-based research design, this project included staff group and individual interviews followed by a Knowledge Keeper review. Cultural practices and ceremony guided the project from start to finish. Researchers used reflexive thematic analysis to co-create findings with Elders and community leaders. Three key themes emerged from the staff interviews (1) success and strengths (2) challenges hindering full potential, and (3) recommendations for enhancement. Following data collection, Knowledge Keepers engaged in follow-up discussions and reflections on the project results to suggest a strength-based approach to embed cultural practices and cultural safety throughout the organization hosting the program. This study advocates for a movement beyond cultural programming toward fully integrating Indigenous knowledges into policies and practices for non-Indigenous organizations working with Indigenous adults. Reconciliation requires acknowledgement that culture and ceremony are necessary for healing. It also necessitates that Indigenous and non-Indigenous staff can actively engage in Indigenous ways of knowing to foster a culturally safe environment.

The Radiology Reimagined demonstration, formerly known as Imaging AI in Practice, is presented at the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Annual Meeting. It highlights how interoperability and semantic standards can facilitate the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into radiology workflows. This integration encompasses examination ordering, scheduling, protocoling, image acquisition, examination interpretation, reporting, results communication, follow-up, and billing. Since 2020, Radiology Reimagined has become a prominent feature of the RSNA Annual Meeting, showcasing AI's role in clinical imaging workflows. The demonstration fosters collaboration between radiology and industry vendor partners, promoting the adoption of standards such as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, Health Level 7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), and Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise profiles. Realistic clinical scenarios demonstrate the utility and challenges of integrating AI tools into point-of-care systems. The complexity of Radiology Reimagined scenarios has increased, from simple pulmonary nodule and intracranial hemorrhage detection in 2020 to prostate MRI interpretation and amyloid-related imaging abnormality detection in 2024. Each year, more than 20 unique vendor partners participate, progressively incorporating new standards such as Integrated Multimedia Reporting in 2023 and improved support for FHIRcast (which synchronizes health care applications in real time) in 2024. Participants learn how to facilitate interoperability and integrate software into their clinical workflows, with an emphasis on practical advice and key considerations. Future iterations of the demonstration will aim to expand attendee engagement, formalize quantitative feedback, and broaden the use of emerging standards. Videos of the annual demonstrations are available on the RSNA website.

Occupational therapy plays a crucial role in the rehabilitation and recovery of individuals facing acute psychiatric challenges. However, the practice within acute psychiatric inpatient settings is often fraught with unique challenges that can hinder effective intervention. This qualitative study is aimed at exploring the multifaceted obstacles and challenges that occupational therapists encounter in these environments. This study utilized a qualitative approach with conventional content analysis. A total of 14 participants were involved, comprising active and experienced therapists, individuals currently hospitalized in acute settings, and psychiatrists. After obtaining ethical approval and informed consent, in-depth, unstructured interviews were conducted in accordance with the research objectives. Purposeful sampling and maximum diversity strategies were employed to select and invite participants, who subsequently underwent in-depth, semistructured interviews. The interviews were meticulously recorded and subsequently transcribed. The transcribed texts were subjected to analysis through the inductive qualitative content analysis. The challenges associated with implementing occupational therapy interventions in acute psychiatric inpatient settings were categorized into five main areas: patient engagement, therapist safety concerns, burnout and high work pressure, lack of standard facilities and space, and unawareness of the need for such interventions. Considering the various challenges faced by occupational therapists in acute psychiatric inpatient settings, a comprehensive and coordinated approach is essential. Issues such as patient engagement, therapist safety concerns, burnout and high work pressure, lack of standard facilities, and unawareness of the need for such interventions all impact the effectiveness of therapy. Ongoing training and education, coupled with supervision and mentorship, can empower therapists and promote self-care practices to mitigate burnout. Fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, conducting regular meetings to discuss patient progress, and ensuring role clarity among team members are essential to facilitate comprehensive care. Providing adequate facilities and resources, ensuring safe working conditions, and raising awareness about the importance of occupational therapy are crucial.

The increasing demand for sustainable and nutrient-dense food sources has intensified interest in microalgae like Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). This review explores the therapeutic potentials of C. vulgaris, as well as related mechanisms, hurdles, and prospects, signifying its ability to improve nutritional enhancement and disease risk reduction. It was found that C. vulgaris comprises alkaline earth metals, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenolics, proteins, and pigments, and therefore is considered a functional food, a feed supplement for fish farming, and stock feed. C. vulgaris exhibits significant nutraceutical potential with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory properties. Current findings have supported the multifaceted nutritional and health benefits of C. vulgaris. Moreover, ongoing exploration is uncovering further therapeutic potential, fostering its incorporation into dietary strategies for disease prevention and vitality promotion. The high macronutrient and micronutrient value, as well as various therapeutic properties, make C. vulgaris a reliable ingredient in the human diet, ranging from confectionery to beverages. However, its large-scale application in functional foods and dietary supplements is constrained by challenges such as limited bioavailability, sensory acceptance issues, production scalability, and regulatory barriers. Addressing these limitations, multi-omics approaches, and harmonized regulatory frameworks are recommended for a comprehensive understanding of C. vulgaris's nutraceutical potential.