Breeding red-fleshed apples with enhanced health benefits is a primary objective of modern apple improvement, yet high acidity and small fruit size limit their commercial potential. Resolving trade-offs among flesh color, flavor, and appearance and dissecting their underlying genetic relationships remain major challenges. Here, using the red-fleshed 'CSR6R6' (Malus sieversii) and the cultivated 'Royal Gala' (M. domestica) as parents, we developed an F1 population comprising 140 individuals and performed integrative large-scale multi-omics analyses, identifying 13,331,096 SNPs and 2,134 metabolites. Red flesh correlated positively with malic acid but negatively with fruit weight. A major QTL linked to red flesh was mapped and six genes regulating anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis were functionally validated, including MdUGT89A2.1, MdUGT89A2.2, MdALMT4, MdALMT4-like, MdTT1, and MdLAR1. Notably, MdALMT4 and MdALMT4-like encode malate transporters that coordinate malate accumulation and anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggesting a genetic link between acidity and pigmentation. Integrative multi-omics analysis enabled a large-scale regulatory network, revealing gene-metabolite-phenotype interactions and accurately predicting pathways involving anthocyanin regulator MdTT1 and fruit shape gene MdMADS13. Leveraging this network, we identified opposing effects of red-flesh QTL haplotypes across traits, defining the genetic basis of phenotypic antagonism, and resolved 11 positive and 13 negative haplotypes affecting red flesh, malic acid, and fruit weight. Pseudo-backcrossing further demonstrated that aggregating positive haplotypes substantially mitigate trade-offs among flesh color, flavor, and appearance, enabling their concurrent improvement. These findings advance omics-assisted apple breeding and offer broad applicability to the genetic improvement of perennial fruit trees.
This experiment used combination of electronic tongue, electronic nose, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods to analyze the impact of dietary isoleucine (Ile) on the flavor in grass carp muscle. Key findings include: Ile improved the sweetness and umami and reduced sourness and bitterness of the flesh. Ile inhibited sulfide and the relative content of volatile compounds like nonanal and hexanal in muscle. Second, Ile enhanced the content of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate, and decreased the content of hypoxanthine. Furthermore, Ile raised the content of fatty acid (FA) and the enzymes related to FA synthesis. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that dietary Ile improved flesh flavor by reducing the relative content of volatile compounds like 1-octen-3-ol and increasing the content of FA and nucleotides, providing valuable insights into improving flesh quality.
This research paper addresses the hypothesis that the incorporation of yellow-fleshed sweet potato powder (SPP) into yoghurt can enhance its physicochemical, microbial and textural properties while improving storage stability. This study aimed to develop a yoghurt product incorporating yellow-fleshed SPP and to evaluate its effects on physicochemical, microbial and textural properties during fermentation and a 28-day storage period. SPP was added at concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (w/v) to milk prior to fermentation. Parameters including pH, titratable acidity (TA), syneresis, viscosity, hardness, adhesiveness, colour attributes and microbial viability were measured. The addition of SPP positively influenced the fermentation process, significantly increasing total plate count, TA, viscosity and adhesiveness, while reducing pH, syneresis and hardness. Colour analysis showed that supplementation decreased L* values and whiteness index while increasing a*, b*, yellowness index and ΔE*, depending on the amount added. During storage, yoghurts with 5-10% SPP maintained superior textural stability, lower syneresis, minimal colour changes and preserved microbial viability compared to the control and higher concentration treatments. Otherwise, 15-20% additions resulted in reduced bacterial counts and destabilised gel structure. These results suggest that yellow-fleshed SPP acts as a natural stabiliser and prebiotic, enhancing yoghurt quality and storage stability. An optimal addition of 5-10% is recommended to maximise functional and sensory benefits without compromising product integrity, offering promising potential for the development of value-added, health-oriented dairy products targeting modern consumers.
Heat-induced softening of apple fruit varies markedly among cultivars; however, the biochemical factors underlying these differences remain incompletely understood. This study investigated the relationship between cell wall modifications and thermal flesh breakdown in three apple cultivars ('Bramley's Seedling', 'Fuji', and 'Toki'). Fruit flesh samples were heated under controlled conditions and analyzed for changes in texture properties, cell structure, cell wall composition, and molar mass distribution. Heating increased water-soluble pectin in all cultivars, with a markedly greater increase in 'Bramley's Seedling', indicating pronounced pectin solubilization during thermal treatment. A pronounced shift from high- to low-molar-weight polymers in the Na2CO3-soluble fraction was also observed only in 'Bramley's Seedling', suggesting extensive depolymerization of the Na2CO3-soluble pectic polymers. A decrease in hemicellulose and cellulose content following heating was observed exclusively in 'Bramley's Seedling'. Consistently, this cultivar exhibited significantly lower gumminess and chewiness compared with the other cultivars. Beyond compositional changes, 'Bramley's Seedling' exhibited severe tissue disintegration and distinctive rheological behavior indicative of extensive cell rupture. In contrast, 'Fuji' and 'Toki' retained relatively stable cell wall structures and maintained tissue integrity after heating. These findings suggest that cultivar-dependent disassembly of cell wall polysaccharides, particularly pectin depolymerization and solubilization, is strongly associated with heat-induced tissue breakdown.
How dead bodies decay is useful forensically. Necrophagous astigmatan mites (Acari: Sarcoptiformes) commonly attacking cadavers change from protein-seeking Type 1 surface feeding omnivores to interstitial Type 2 fragmentary feeding obligate fungivore / microbiovores as human body decomposition progresses after death. An analytical occlusive method shows that at each forensic decay stage the chelae of the astigmatans are designed to bite foodstuff differently. Fixed chelal digits are more ‘toothy’ than moveable digits in such sarcoptiform mites. Variation in fixed digit design is all about the size and pattern of peaks (‘peakiness’) for biting, while astigmatan moveable digit variation is mainly about the size and pattern of valleys (’gullet-ness’) for the ‘scooping’ of decaying material. Foodstuff caught on the moveable digit is thus masticated against the fixed digit like an ‘excavation-bucket’ machine used for handling aggregates in building construction. Lardoglyphus zacheri has a distinct chela suitable to slice flesh and grip myofibrils. Acarus siro through Sancassania berlesei to Tyrophagus putrescentiae show a cline in digit design from a dry material ‘demolition crusher’ with rough surface digits, through a wet chunk and slice feeder, to a specialist multifunctional saprophage. Sancassania berlesei is unlikely to actively burrow into flesh. Trophic niche width increases from stage 2 (bloated putrefaction) as soft food specialist species invade. Niche width markedly widens at stage 5 (mummified dry desiccated bones and remains), as incorporation into a soil with diverse saprophagous mites is coming to completion.
As a precursor to creatine, guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is widely recognized to enhance growth performance and flesh quality of animals, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of dietary GAA supplementation on growth performance, textural properties, and flavor constituents in gibel carp CAS V (Carassius gibelio, CAS V). A total of 300 healthy gibel carp (5.01 ± 0.13 g) at 42 d of age were assigned randomly to 12 tanks (3 replicates per group, 25 fish per replicate). Fish were fed with a basal diet supplemented with graded levels of GAA (0.00, 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.12%) for 10 weeks. Results demonstrated that GAA supplementation significantly enhanced the specific growth rate (SGR) and crude protein content in gibel carp (P < 0.05). It also enhanced muscle physicochemical attributes by increasing water holding capacity and hardness, along with boosting glycogen content and free glutamate level (P < 0.05). Mechanistically, GAA promoted myofiber development by upregulating protein and gene expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), leading to increase myofiber density and a higher frequency of myofibers with diameters between 20 and 40 μm (P < 0.05). Furthermore, GAA facilitated collagen synthesis to improve muscle hardness by activating the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMADs) signaling pathway, upregulating transcript levels of tgf-β1, col1α1, col1α2, and smad3 (P < 0.05). Additionally, GAA increased inosine monophosphate (IMP) content in muscle (P = 0.015), which was associated with enhanced expression of AMPD1 protein and upregulation of the adsl, pkm, and ckm genes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary GAA supplementation enhanced flesh quality of gibel carp via improving growth performance, nutrient deposition, texture characteristics, and flavor components.
Sarcophaga africa, a member of the genus Sarcophaga within the family Sarcophagidae, is a flesh fly frequently associated with fecal matter and decaying organic substrates. This species is commonly observed in forensic casework and necrophagous insect succession studies involving cadavers, highlighting its forensic utility. However, systematic research on S. africa remains limited, posing challenges for its effective application in forensic contexts. This review synthesizes current findings on its nomenclature, geographical distribution, biological characteristics, forensic significance, and other research content. This work aims to provide a foundation for future research and to promote more targeted and standardized use of S. africa in forensic science.
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Self-inflicted cutting, a common form of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), has emerged as a significant clinical and pastoral concern in contemporary psychiatry. Clinically, cutting serves multiple psychological functions: regulation of intense affect, relief of overwhelming distress, externalization of emotional pain, self-punishment, indirect communication of suffering, induction of dissociative states, or generation of physiological arousal. These functions underscore the complexity of the behavior. From a Catholic theological perspective, these psychological mechanisms may be situated within a broader account of the human person. Catholic anthropology holds that the human being, created in the image of God (imago Dei), is ordered towards communion with God and others. Flowing from this orientation is a capacity for self-gift, by which suffering may be united to Christ's once-for-all redemptive sacrifice. Suffering is not salvific in itself; it becomes spiritually fruitful only insofar as it participates in Christ's redemptive act, sacramentally mediated through the Eucharist and the Sacrament of Reconciliation. Cutting can therefore be interpreted as a tragic misdirection of the human longing for communion and restoration. Pain, severed from relational participation in Christ's sacrifice, turns inward and becomes destructive rather than transformative. This essay examines cutting through an interdisciplinary lens integrating psychiatry, biblical theology, Catholic anthropology, and medical history to argue that authentic healing requires both rigorous psychiatric care and pastoral accompaniment that reorients suffering toward communion. Cutting is examined through psychiatry and Catholic theology as a misdirected attempt to relieve suffering.
We developed a new sweetpotato cultivar, 'Miyaakari', for confectionery processing. It was released in 2023. Herein we observed that Miyaakari shows a significantly higher yield compared to two major sweetpotato cultivars in Japan, 'Kokei No. 14' and 'Beniharuka'. Miyaakari has a higher carotenoid content than Kokei No. 14 and Beniharuka, and the flesh color of heat-cooked Miyaakari sweetpotato is bright yellow. The quality of heat-cooked Miyaakari sweetpotato (i.e., hardness and sweetness) is more stable during storage compared to Beniharuka. These characteristics are suitable for food processing. Indeed, a primary food manufacturer concluded that Miyaakari is suitable for ingredients of paste and diced food products. Miyaakari will thus both contribute to an increased production of ingredients for confectionery processing and improve the quality of sweetpotato sweets.
Fruit texture is a major component of plum quality, affecting both consumer acceptance and postharvest behavior. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) play important roles in cell-wall pectin modification and are therefore likely to contribute to plum fruit texture development and ripening-associated softening. However, the PME gene family has not yet been comprehensively investigated in plum (Prunus salicina L.). In the present study, a chromosome-level plum genome was used to survey this gene family at the whole-genome scale. Phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal positions, exon-intron organization, conserved motifs, domain architectures, gene duplication, and cis-elements were analyzed. Four flesh texture traits were measured in 55 plum accessions to characterize texture variation and select two representative cultivars with contrasting flesh textures for further molecular analysis. Based on the clustering results, 'WSCL' and 'FR' were selected for expression profiling during fruit development and subsequent correlation analysis with texture traits. A total of 46 PsPME genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into four major subgroups. Structural analyses indicated an overall conserved family framework, although noticeable variation was retained among individual members. Dispersed duplication made the largest contribution to family expansion, and most duplicated pairs appeared to have evolved under purifying selection. Correlation analysis showed that PsPME20, PsPME22, and PsPME25 were significantly negatively correlated with flesh firmness, while PsPME20 was additionally linked to flesh compactness and flesh fragility. Overall, this study clarifies the structural and evolutionary characteristics of the PsPME family and identifies candidate genes that may contribute to texture differences in plum, offering a basis for future functional studies and breeding programs.
Bitter pit (BP), a physiological disorder, causes significant losses to the apple industry. The precise mechanisms underlying BP remain incompletely understood. Herein, transcriptomic analysis was carried out on healthy flesh (FH), flesh between healthy and disordered (FB), disordered flesh (FD), healthy pericarp (PH), and disordered pericarp (PD). Results demonstrated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in programmed cell death (PCD), calcium signaling and transport, cell wall degradation, respiration, and redox. The signal transduction pathways of gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, cytokinin, auxin, brassinosteroid, and ethylene were also implicated. Among these, DEGs enriched in auxin signaling were particularly up-regulated in FD. WRKY, MYB, bZIP, and NAC transcription factors may play significant regulatory roles in the BP formation. The different fold changes of DEGs in FD vs FB comparison and FD vs FH implied the coordination of local and long-distance responses during BP development. Results from fluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy and DNA ladder indicated that PCD may occur during BP development. PCD-related enzyme (responsive to desiccation-21) and genes (MdCEPI-1 and MdCEPI-2) were higher in FD and PD, whereas MdDAD1-1 and MdDAD-2 were significantly down-regulated in FD. Genes encoding cytochrome P450, squalene cyclase, and glutathione S-transferase, respectively, emerged as potential candidates linked to BP development, given their known roles in bitter compound biosynthesis and stress-related cell death pathways. Moreover, in both pericarp and flesh tissues, disordered samples exhibited increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species.
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a rich source of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and polyphenols, which contribute to fruit quality and nutritional value. However, their distribution across tissues (flesh and skin) and stability under different postharvest freezing treatments remain poorly understood. This study characterized the phenolic profiles of 14 sweet cherry genotypes in different tissues (whole fruit, flesh, and skin) and assessed the effects of freezing storage conditions on compound stability using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results revealed pronounced tissue-specific patterns: most phenolic compounds, particularly total anthocyanins, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, and chlorogenic acid, were more than twofold higher in the skin than in the flesh. Substantial genotype-dependent variability was observed, with certain cultivars exhibiting markedly higher phenolic concentrations. Immediate freezing in liquid nitrogen preserved significantly higher levels of phenolics compared to delayed freezing at -70 °C, where several compounds showed considerable degradation, especially in separated flesh samples. Anthocyanin content increased strongly with pigmentation intensity, with darker-coloured genotypes showing up to a 50-fold higher concentration than lighter-coloured types. Molecular analysis identified MYB-associated polymorphisms corresponding to differences in phenolic accumulation and fruit pigmentation. These findings demonstrate that genotype and tissue type are key determinants of phenolic composition, while immediate postharvest freezing is essential for preserving bioactive compounds. The combined biochemical and molecular approach provides novel insight into the regulation and stability of phenolic compounds in sweet cherry and supports the selection of cultivars with enhanced nutritional quality and improved postharvest performance.
Given the role of patient-reported outcome measures in evaluating pelvic floor symptoms, concerns have been raised regarding whether their required reading levels are appropriate for diverse patient populations. It is important to ensure patients of varying health literacy are able to read them to ensure accurate symptom reporting. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are invaluable in health care to guide clinical practice and measure outcomes in clinical trials. Studies of PROM readability have been limited by variability in readability formulas, calculators, and handling of PROM-specific syntax. Our objective was to assess the readability of validated PROMs for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and urinary incontinence (UI) using 3 validated formulas of readability utilizing a reproducible methodology for handling PROM syntax. Validated English-language PROMs assessing POP and UI were identified. Questionnaires were analyzed using the Readability Studio software using 3 formulas: (1) Flesh-Kincaid Grade Level, (2) FORCAST, and (3) Gunning-Fog Index. Forty-three PROMs were assessed. For the 6 PROMs assessing both POP and UI, average readability scores per the Flesh-Kincaid, FORCAST, and Gunning-Fog indices were 1.1, 11.0, and 14.1, respectively. For the 3 POP PROMs, average readability scores per the Flesh-Kincaid, FORCAST, and Gunning-Fog indices were 6.6, 9.8, and 9.4, respectively. Average readability scores for 34 UI PROMs were 9.8, 10.8, and 11.7, respectively. Seven of the PROMs for UI (21%) met the recommended sixth-grade reading level according to at least one of the 3 applied readability formulas. Overall, 81% (N=35) of all PROMs evaluated didn't meet the American Medical Association's (AMA) recommended reading level according to at least one of the 3 formulas. Most PROMs for UI and POP were not written at the AMA recommended reading level. The limitations of PROMs and their effect on clinical care and research among patients with limited health literacy should be considered. Future studies should focus on improving the accessibility of PROMs among educationally diverse populations.
Few studies have examined whether infant dietary diversity is prospectively associated with malnutrition risk in young children. We sought to assess whether dietary diversity and animal-source food consumption were associated with malnutrition and body composition among children younger than 2 years at high risk of malnutrition. Longitudinal cohort of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) or HIV-unexposed children with repeated measures of weight, length, circumferences, and skinfold thicknesses from age 9 to 23 months from which WHO z-scores were calculated. Food frequency questionnaire assessed infants' dietary diversity, flesh foods and egg intake. Cox proportional hazards were used to examine whether minimum dietary diversity (MDD, dietary diversity scores ≥5) and consumption of animal-source foods were associated with malnutrition, defined as z-score <-2. western Kenya. Infants (n=232; 48% female; 49% HEU; growth z-scores above -2 at 9 months). At 9 months, 42% of infants met MDD, and mean z-scores were above -1 SD. Meeting MDD at 9 months was associated with a lower risk of stunting from 9 to 23 months (HR 0.51; 95% CI:0.33,0.80) but not wasting or underweight. MDD at 9 months was associated with 86% (95%CI 0.11,0.51) lower risk of low subscapular skinfolds; similar trends were observed for flesh foods. In a cohort of Kenyan infants, MDD at 9 months was associated with reduced risk of stunting through the second year of life. Flesh food intake was associated with lower risk of low trunk adiposity. Improving dietary diversity during infancy may protect against early-life stunting.
The adoption of sweetpotatoes as a main staple food has been slow in Ghana. Finding a novel way of understanding consumer preferences is regarded as essential in driving sweetpotato adoption in the country, hence the need for this research. A multi-disciplinary approach involving social behaviour and food science was adopted to understand consumer choice. Consumer preference survey, cluster analysis and preference mapping tools were used to combine consumer perception and choices with characteristic traits of different sweetpotato varieties. The results showed a high overall preference (7.39 ± 1.83) for Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Crops Research Institute (CRI), Okumkom. However, some regions Upper East region and Volta regions generally preferred the orange-fleshed variety CSIR-SARI Nan to the overall acceptable cream-fleshed variety CSIR-Okumkom. Three consumer clusters (C1-C3) were also identified with the largest consumer group (C2 = 39.6%) preferring sweetpotatoes with a smooth texture, moist and sweet taste while the smallest sweetpotato consumer group preferred non-sweet sweetpotatoes like PGA14351-4. Different sensory traits abound in sweetpotatoes due to varietal differences and could affect preferences by different consumers. Therefore, target breeding and advocacy must be implemented to reach a wider consumer population which will intend to drive adoption.
This study evaluated the effects of trunk and root injections of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and calcium (Ca) on fruit characteristics and leaf mineral composition of "Mazafati" date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. "Mazafati") under orchard conditions in Kerman Province, Iran. A randomized complete block design with nine treatments was applied to 15-year-old palms: trunk injection of ferrous sulfate (25, 75, 150 g L-1), root injection of ferrous sulfate (75 g L-1), trunk injection of zinc aminochelate (2, 4 g L-1), trunk injection of calcium aminochelate (3, 5 mL L-1), and an untreated control (n = 3 replications). Fruit physical traits and leaf mineral concentrations were measured at the rutab stage and ~100 days post-injection, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise regression. Trunk injection of Fe at 150 g L-1 maximized flesh weight (16.38 g) and seed weight (1.31 g), while Zn at 4 g L-1 yielded the highest total fruit weight (17.59 g). Fe injection significantly increased leaf Fe, Mg, and Ca concentrations; Zn injection elevated leaf Zn and K but reduced Fe and Mg. Pearson correlations revealed positive Fe-Mg (r = 0.42) and Fe-Ca (r = 0.38) associations, and negative Zn-Mg (r = -0.41) and Zn-Fe (r = -0.30) interactions. Stepwise regression identified fruit flesh weight and leaf P as the strongest predictors of fruit weight (R 2 = 82.1%, p ≤ 0.01). Trunk injection of Fe (150 g L-1) and Zn (4 g L-1) at optimized dosages significantly improved key fruit traits and leaf mineral status in "Mazafati" date palm. However, observed nutrient antagonisms (e.g., Zn-Fe, Zn-Mg) underscore the need for balanced fertilization strategies. This approach shows promise for enhancing productivity in calcareous soils where conventional uptake is limited, though multi-season trials and economic analyses are recommended before wide-scale adoption.
The twenty-seven identical peach trees were exposed to different levels of a Nano Chelated fertilizer contain 12% Zn and Spirulina platensis liquid extract in a factorial experiment based on RCD, in order to enhance fruit yield and quality. The maximum values of leaf area (35.9 cm2), SPAD (51.2 value), fruit set (28.2%), fruit firmness (26.3 lb. inch-2), fruit diameter (137 mm), individual fruit weight (116.3 g), flesh weight of fruit (106.7 g), seed weight (9.6 g), fruit number per tree (534.7 n), fruit yield per tree (62.2 kg), fruit yield (31.5-ton ha-1), TSS (13.15°Brix), and vitamin C content (12.90 mg/100 mg FW) were obtained under application of Spirulina platensis at 2500 ppm plus Zn NPs at 6 mL L-1. Furthermore, the lowest fruit decay (33.33%) was observed under this combined treatment. Application of this treatment significantly improved leaf area (8.2%), SPAD (58.3%), fruit set (32.8%), fruit number (46.5%), fruit diameter (30.5%), fruit weight (41.7%), flesh weight (42.0), seed weight (37.9%), fruit yield per tree (107.5%), fruit yield ha-1 (107.5%), fruit firmness (62.9%), fruit decay (-44.5%), TSS (83.7%), and total phenol (6.6%ns) compared to control. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed results of means comparison and recognized 2500 ppm Spirulina platensis extract +6 mL L-1 Zn NPs as the optimal treatment to maximize yield and growth traits while maintaining low decay and high biochemical quality. Furthermore, Pearson's correlations and regression analysis revealed the strong positive relations between physical, morpho-physiological, and yield variables. Based on the results of univariate analysis and confirmation with multivariate analysis, Foliar application of 2500 ppm seaweed in combination with 6 mL L-1 Zn NPs has been recommended for the improvement of fruit quantity and quality in peach trees.
This study utilized 210 Malus sieversii germplasm fruit samples collected from seven natural populations, which exhibit rich genetic diversity in their hereditary traits. The research findings systematically evaluated and identified the genetic diversity of 31 fruit phenotypic traits using five statistical analysis methods: frequency analysis, quantitative trait statistical analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis, thereby enabling the screening of distinctive germplasm resources. Frequency distribution analysis revealed that a high proportion of the samples had fruit weight ranging from 10-20 g, fruit longitudinal diameters from 25-31 mm, fruit transverse diameters from 30-39 mm, pedicel length from 10-20 mm, and soluble solids content (SSC) from 11.4%-13.75%. The fruit shape of M. sieversii is predominantly "oblate" or "oblique", with the ground color mostly "green-yellow", flesh color mostly "green-white", and flavor predominantly "sour". Statistical analysis of quantitative traits revealed that the coefficient of variation for eight quantitative traits ranged from 7.02%-38.24%. Among these, fruit weight and pedicel length exhibited relatively high coefficients of variation, indicating rich genetic diversity. Correlation analysis showed that fruit weight was significantly positively correlated with fruit longitudinal diameters, fruit transverse diameters and pedicel diameter, while pedicel length was significantly negatively correlated with pedicel diameter. Fruit ground color showed significant negative correlations with flesh color and juiciness. PCA extracted 12 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 68.43%. Among these, the first four principal components - fruit size, flavor quality, basin morphology, and pedicel characteristics - were identified as the main dimensions constituting the phenotypic diversity of M. sieversii fruits. The 210 germplasm resources were classified into four clusters: Cluster I comprised small-fruit, high-acidity resources; Cluster II, resources with long pedicel traits; Cluster III, oblate-shaped, short-pedicel resources; and Cluster IV, specific resources characterized by large fruit size and favorable flavor quality. The results provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of M. sieversii germplasm resources and offer references for the selection and breeding of specific resources.