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Purpose: Reasoning language models (RLMs) have demonstrated significant advances in solving complex reasoning tasks. We examined their potential to assess parental cooperation during CPS interventions using case reports, a case factor characterized by ambiguous and conflicting information. Methods: A four stage workflow comprising (1) case reports collection, (2) reasoning-based assessment of parental cooperation, (3) automated category extraction, and (4) case labeling was developed. The performance of RLMs with different parameter sizes (255B, 32B, 4B) was compared against human validated data. Two expert human reviewers (EHRs) independently classified a weighted random sample of reports. Results: The largest RLM achieved the highest accuracy (89%), outperforming the initial approach (80%). Classification accuracy was higher for mothers (93%) than for fathers (85%), and EHRs exhibited similar differences. Conclusions: RLMs' reasoning can effectively assess complex case factors such as parental cooperation. Lower accuracy in assessing fathers' cooperation supports the argument of a stronger professional focus on mothers in CPS interventions.

Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives edited by Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda and Natasha Cabrera Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002, 658 pp, $150.00. This book is intended to whet the appetite for those who may have even a remote interest in father involvement. The book’s subtitle, “Multidisciplinary Perspectives,” holds true to form. It provides a necessary framework for understanding key theory concerning research and policy in various scientific disciplines from demography to public policy and everything in between. The book is divided into six sections: (1) The Demography of Fathers, (2) Father Involvement and Child Development, (3) Father Involvement: Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives, (4) Father Involvement: Evolutionary Perspectives, (5) Father Involvement: Economic Perspective, and (6) Father Involvement: Social Policy and Intervention. Each section contains several chapters that focus on a specific aspect of the overall section topic, which are written by experts in various disciplines. The book opens by discussing the methodological, measurement, and study design issues relevant to father involvement research. It provides an in-depth view of the critically important challenges facing researchers of all disciplines who are interested in this topic. First on the list is how father should be defined. Should the definition be restricted to biological fathers or broadened to include father figures and step-fathers? Other issues discussed are how father involvement should be measured, whether adoption of measures previously used in research regarding mothers is appropriate, and what analytical framework should be used in interpreting data. The first section focuses on providing a demographic profile of fathers and an analysis of the time that fathers spend with their children, based on United States national data. On average, fathers spend about 65% to 75% (3.9—4.5 hours per day) as much time with their children as mothers, who spend about 6 hours per day with their children. However, as the authors in the opening chapter point out, the quality of the time fathers (or mothers) spend with children may be just as important, but is quite challenging to measure. Contrary to past popular beliefs, infants and children do form attachments with their fathers and, thus, fathers do contribute to their children’s development. The central theme of the second section focuses on father involvement and its relationship with child development outcomes. Palkovitz informs the reader that many research studies have established that father involvement is associated with positive child development outcomes, but causality has been much more difficult to determine. Much debate exists regarding whether father involvement directly influences child development outcomes (e.g., academic achievement, language skills, etc.) or is mediated by other factors, such as a harmonious relationship among parents and family members that is facilitated by the father’s involvement. Palkovitz skillfully uses a quote by Parke and Brott (1996) that summarizes what most researchers agree upon: “Fathers matter. And they matter a lot.” Sections 3 and 4 wonderfully illustrate how the ways in which fathers “matter” to their children can differ among groups based on differing cultural values. Until this point, the book exclusively deals with father involvement within the United States and uses data collected in the United States. However, the authors of these sections demonstrate to the reader that various perspectives regarding father involvement exist within the United States, as well as in other countries. The authors introduce us to the cultures of the Tswana and Okavango Delta peoples of Botswana, English-speaking Caribbean fathers, and fathers in the “’hood,” the American inner city. Different cultural communities have different needs, and this may influence their views of important child outcomes and the roles that fathers have to play. Sections 5 and 6 address the economic issues that influence father involvement and the policy implications. Economic theory suggests that a poor economy and negative labor market forces can discourage father involvement. In addition, programs such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (AFDC/TANF) and court-ordered child support may also discourage father involvement. AFDC/TANF eligibility criteria require that families who receive assistance not have a man living in the household. Fathers who participate in court-ordered child support may be resentful of the process and may feel less inclined to be involved. In the last section, the authors provide a cogent argument regarding the need to intervene on behalf of fathers, children, and their families to create policies that promote father involvement, rather than maintaining those that discourage involvement. Not only do the authors call for changes in national policy, they offer suggestions for change. For example, fathers who are cohabitating with the child and the mother would not be required to enter into a court-ordered child-support agreement. Another example would be to raise the income test eligibility for AFDC/TANF to include two-parent families. This book was easy to read and was not peppered with a lot of specialized jargon. Although I enjoyed this book tremendously, there are two topics that received little, if any, attention: fathers who are single parents and religious influences on father involvement. Perhaps, this is because there is little research on these topics. I hope consideration will be given to including these topics in the next edition.

Social contexts -- such as families, schools, and neighborhoods -- shape life outcomes. The key question is not simply whether they matter, but rather for whom and under what conditions. Here, we argue that prediction gaps -- differences in predictive performance between statistical models of varying complexity -- offer a pathway for identifying surprising empirical patterns (i.e., not captured by simpler models) which highlight where theories succeed or fall short. Using population-scale administrative data from the Netherlands, we compare logistic regression, gradient boosting, and graph neural networks to predict university completion using early-life social contexts. Overall, prediction gaps are small, suggesting that previously identified indicators, particularly parental status, capture most measurable variation in educational attainment. However, gaps are larger for girls growing up without fathers -- suggesting that the effects of social context for these groups go beyond simple models in line with sociological theory. Our paper shows the potential of prediction methods to support sociological explanation.

Scientific cosmology has now reached its period of maturity with the establishment of a standard model, which is the theory of an expanding universe. The question of whether this expansion resolves itself, in the past, into a singularity identifiable with an absolute beginning, or whether the universe in which we are is only one of the multiple possible universes existing either in space or in time, is still under debate. Moreover, the assimilation of the beginning of the universe to a "creation" has often been contested by theology, which, since Thomas Aquinas, if not since the Fathers of the Church, tends to carefully distinguish the two. In the following article, after briefly summarizing some points in the recent history of scientific cosmology, we will attempt to present in broad outline the standard model that scientists have arrived at. Then, we will undertake to study some of the problems it raises as well as the alternative theories that can be opposed to it. Finally, we will discuss the problematic links that scientific cosmology continues to maintain with philosophy and theology, notably the thorny question of creation from nothing ({\it creatio ex nihilo}).

The present study aimed to improve upon the existing correlational literature on the parenthood penalty in Russia. An instrumental variables approach based on sibling sex composition and multiple births was employed alongside difference-in-differences designs to analyze rich census and longitudinal datasets. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to provide causal estimates of the effect of fertility decisions on subsequent labor market outcomes for mothers and fathers in contemporary Russia. The study's primary finding is that, in contrast to the approximately 10 percent long-term motherhood penalty observed in developed countries, the causal impact of childbearing on women's employment in Russia is most significant in the first year after birth, reducing employment by around 15 percent. This penalty then rapidly declines to a modest 3 percent once children reach school age. The analysis indicates an absence of a systematic fatherhood penalty in terms of employment, although a modest increase in labor supply is observed.

2025 marks the 300th birthday of Father Eliseo della Concezione, professor of Experimental Physics at the Royal Academy of Studies of Palermo. To celebrate this anniversary, the Physics and Chemistry Library of the University Library System and the Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segre' have organized several cultural activities. In the article, after a brief biographical description of Father Eliseo della Concezione, we will present the activities carried out and discuss the historical and educational aspects of Father Eliseo's work carried out during his stay at the Royal Academy of Palermo at the end of 18th century.

Grandparents were anticipated to participated in grand-rearing. The COVID-19 pandemic had detached grandparents from rearing grandchildren. The research questions of this study were as follows: How does the change in family relations impact the well-being (SWB) of grandparents and parents? We examined how family structure influenced subjective SWB before and after COVID-19. We focused on the effects of children, grandchildren, and their gender on grandparents and parents. We found that compared with the happiness level before COVID-19, (1) granddaughters increased their grandmothers SWB after COVID-19, (2) both daughters and sons reduced their fathers SWB after COVID-19, whereas neither daughters nor sons changed their mothers SWB, and (3) the negative effect of sons reduced substantially if their fathers had younger brothers. Learning from interactions with younger brothers in childhood, fathers could avoid the deterioration of relationships with their sons, even when unexpected events possibly changed the lifestyle of the family and their relationship.

The age gap in kinship verification addresses the time difference between the photos of the parent and the child. Moreover, their same-age photos are often unavailable, and face aging models are racially biased, which impacts the likeness of photos. Therefore, we propose a face aging GAN model, RA-GAN, consisting of two new modules, RACEpSp and a feature mixer, to produce racially unbiased images. The unbiased synthesized photos are used in kinship verification to investigate the results of verifying same-age parent-child images. The experiments demonstrate that our RA-GAN outperforms SAM-GAN on an average of 13.14\% across all age groups, and CUSP-GAN in the 60+ age group by 9.1\% in terms of racial accuracy. Moreover, RA-GAN can preserve subjects' identities better than SAM-GAN and CUSP-GAN across all age groups. Additionally, we demonstrate that transforming parent and child images from the KinFaceW-I and KinFaceW-II datasets to the same age can enhance the verification accuracy across all age groups. The accuracy increases with our RA-GAN for the kinship relationships of father-son and father-daughter, mother-son, and mother-daughter, which are 5.22, 5.12, 1.63, and 0.41, respe

The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum ($T = 2π\sqrt{l/g}$) is a familiar formula to the average first-year physics student. However, deriving this expression from first principles involves solving a non-linear differential equation using the small angle approximation, which may appear obscure to a student in the early stages of learning calculus. Therefore, we propose an alternative approach to the derivation of this formula employing geometry, algebra, and physical intuition. Our method follows the ideas of the fathers of calculus, replacing the circular path of the pendulum with a successive collection of infinitesimal inclined planes and summing the travel times of each plane in the limit as the number of planes becomes very large. Notably, the evaluation of this limit relies solely on geometry, making it accessible to any student, even those not yet familiar with calculus techniques.

We examine the gender gap in income in Poland in relation to parenthood status, employing the placebo event history method adapted to low-resolution data (Polish Generations and Gender Survey). Our analysis reveals anticipatory behavior in both women and men who expect to become parents. We observe a decrease of approximately 20 percent in mothers' income post-birth. In contrast, the income of fathers surpasses that of non-fathers both pre- and post-birth, suggesting that the fatherhood child premium may be primarily driven by selection. We note an increase (decrease) in hours worked for fathers (mothers). Finally, we compare the gender gaps in income and wages between women and men in the sample with those in a counterfactual scenario where the entire population is childless. Our findings indicate no statistically significant gender gaps in the counterfactual scenario, leading us to conclude that parenthood drives the gender gaps in income and wages in Poland.

Rank-rank regression is commonly employed in economic research as a way of capturing the relationship between two economic variables. The slope of this regression is the Spearman rank correlation, a classical measure of association. However, in many applications it is common practice to include covariates to account for differences in association levels between groups as defined by the values of these covariates. This is either done by including the covariates or by modeling the residuals obtained after partialing out the impact of the covariates. In each of these instances the resulting rank-rank regression coefficients can be difficult to interpret. We propose the conditional rank-rank regression, which uses conditional ranks instead of unconditional ranks, to measure average within-group persistence. The coefficient of this new regression corresponds to the average Spearman rank correlation conditional on the covariates, a natural summary measure of within-group association. We develop a flexible estimation approach using distribution regression and establish a theoretical framework for large sample inference. An empirical study on intergenerational income mobility in Switzerlan

Human beings adapt their language to the audience they interact with. To study the impact of audience and gender in a natural setting, we choose a domain where gender plays a particularly salient role: parenting. We collect posts from the three popular parenting Subreddits (i.e., topical communities on Reddit) r/Daddit, r/Mommit, and r/Parenting. These three Subreddits gather different audiences, respectively, self-identifying as fathers and mothers (ostensibly single-gender), and parents (explicitly mixed-gender). By selecting a sample of users who have published on both a single-gender and a mixed-gender Subreddit, we are able to explore both audience and gender effects. We analyse posts with word embeddings by adding the username as a token in the corpus. This way, we are able to compare user-tokens to word-tokens and measure their similarity. We also investigate individual differences in this context by comparing users who exhibit significant changes in their behaviour (high self-monitors) with those who show less variation (low self-monitors). Results show that r/Parenting users generally discuss a great diversity of topics while fathers focus more on advising others on educat

The proliferation of discussion about fatherhood in Singapore attests to its significance, indicating the need for an exploration of how fatherhood is framed, aiding policy-making around fatherhood in Singapore. Sound and holistic policy around fatherhood in Singapore may reduce stigma and apprehension around being a parent, critical to improving the nations flagging birth rate. We analyzed 15,705 articles and 56,221 posts to study how fatherhood is framed in Singapore across a range of online platforms (news outlets, parenting forums, Twitter). We used NLP techniques to understand these differences. While fatherhood was framed in a range of ways on the Singaporean online environment, it did not seem that fathers were framed as central to the Singaporean family unit. A strength of our work is how the different techniques we have applied validate each other.

This paper testifies to the fact that the independence of the Central Banks, as stated by its founding fathers, is nothing more than a chimera. We demonstrate that the hypothesis inflation is a purely monetary phenomenon does not support the plea for independence. Moreover, we show that the conservative central banker, the imaginary Principal-Agent contract, the alleged financial autonomy, just like the ban on budgetary financing, are all arguments that lack logic. We equally show that the idea of independence is not convincing because its operational toolbox, as well as the system of rules it relies on, lack well-defined outlines.