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Climate change has affected the cultivation in all countries with extreme drought, flooding, higher temperature, and changes in the season thus leaving behind the uncontrolled production. Consequently, the smart farm has become part of the crucial trend that is needed for application in certain farm areas. The aims of smart farm are to control and to enhance food production and productivity, and to increase farmers' profits. The advantages in applying smart farm will improve the quality of production, supporting the farm workers, and better utilization of resources. This study aims to explore the research trends and identify research clusters on smart farm using bibliometric analysis that has supported farming to improve the quality of farm production. The bibliometric analysis is the method to explore the relationship of the articles from a co-citation network of the articles and then science mapping is used to identify clusters in the relationship. This study examines the selected research articles in the smart farm field. The area of re search in smart farm is categorized into two clusters that are soil carbon e mission from farming activity, food security and farm management by

The wind farm control problem is challenging, since conventional model-based control strategies require tractable models of complex aerodynamical interactions between the turbines and suffer from the curse of dimension when the number of turbines increases. Recently, model-free and multi-agent reinforcement learning approaches have been used to address this challenge. In this article, we introduce WFCRL (Wind Farm Control with Reinforcement Learning), the first open suite of multi-agent reinforcement learning environments for the wind farm control problem. WFCRL frames a cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) problem: each turbine is an agent and can learn to adjust its yaw, pitch or torque to maximize the common objective (e.g. the total power production of the farm). WFCRL also offers turbine load observations that will allow to optimize the farm performance while limiting turbine structural damages. Interfaces with two state-of-the-art farm simulators are implemented in WFCRL: a static simulator (FLORIS) and a dynamic simulator (FAST.Farm). For each simulator, $10$ wind layouts are provided, including $5$ real wind farms. Two state-of-the-art online MARL algorithm

Power loss mechanisms in large wind farms are complex due to the multiscale nature of wind farm aerodynamics. Recent studies based on the two-scale momentum theory have brought new insights into this field; however, most of them have been limited to idealised wind farm scenarios. To better understand the power performance of real wind farms, in this study we extend the framework of the two-scale momentum theory to non-ideal turbine design and layout scenarios, and then introduce simple analytical sub-models to account for the associated power losses. These extensions provide a holistic view of how the turbine design, layout, operating conditions and atmospheric conditions collectively determine the amounts of different types of power losses in real wind farms, including the losses due to turbine-wake interference (i.e. `internal' power loss) and farm-atmosphere interaction (i.e. `external' power loss). We also present a simple iterative method for calculating the optimal farm induction factor that maximises the overall farm power for a given set of conditions, including the atmospheric boundary layer height. Analogously to the blade-element momentum theory playing a key role in win

To understand complex system dynamics in dairy farming, it is essential to use modeling tools that capture farm heterogeneity, social interactions, and cumulative environmental impacts. This study proposes an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework to simulate nitrogen management and the adoption of low-emission fertilizer across 295 Irish dairy farms over a 15-year period. Using empirical data, the model represents farm communication through a social network, capturing peer influence and discussion group dynamics, where adoption probabilities are driven by social contagion, farm-scale characteristics, and policy interventions such as subsidies and carbon taxes. The framework estimates sectoral greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative abatement, and private-social cost trade-offs, using Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis to quantify uncertainty. The model shows strong agreement with observed adoption trajectories ($R^2 = 0.979$, RMSE = 0.0274) and is validated against empirical data using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (D = 0.2407, p < 0.001), indicating its ability to reproduce structural patterns in adoption behavior. Adoption dynamics are further characterized using a logist

Turbine-wake and farm-atmosphere interactions influence wind farm power production. For large offshore farms, the farm-atmosphere interaction is usually the more significant effect. This study proposes an analytical model of the `momentum availability factor' to predict the impact of farm-atmosphere interactions. It models the effects of net advection, pressure gradient forcing and turbulent entrainment, using steady quasi-1D flow assumptions. Turbulent entrainment is modelled by assuming self-similar vertical shear stress profiles. We used the model with the `two-scale momentum theory' to predict the power of large finite-sized farms. The model compared well with existing results of large-eddy simulations (LES) of finite wind farms in conventionally neutral boundary layers. The model captured most of the effects of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height on farm performance by considering the undisturbed vertical shear stress profile of the ABL as an input. In particular, the model predicted the power of staggered wind farms with a typical error of 5% or less. The developed model provides a novel way of instantly predicting the power of large wind farms, including the farm blockag

Precise aerial radio environment characterization is vital for low-altitude airspace planning. However, existing datasets and construction methods lack the high-resolution granularity required for complex aerial spaces, particularly failing to capture spatial variations across both horizontal and vertical dimensions. To address these gaps, this paper introduces FARM, a pioneering foundation model for unified aerial radio map (ARM) construction. FARM is supported by our newly curated, high-granularity full-domain ARM dataset, which features multi-band and multi-antenna configurations, effectively filling a critical void in comprehensive low-altitude radio data. Structurally, FARM leverages a masked autoencoder to extract deep latent representations of the aerial radio environment, which subsequently guide a diffusion-based decoder to synthesize high-fidelity signal distributions through only a few iterative refinement steps. Benefiting from this design, the architecture seamlessly accommodates both condition-based and condition-free ARM construction, providing robust support for diverse signal and environmental priors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FARM significantly outper

Traditional wind farm control operates each turbine independently to maximize individual power output. However, coordinated wake steering across the entire farm can substantially increase the combined wind farm energy production. Although dynamic closed-loop control has proven effective in flow control applications, wind farm optimization has relied primarily on static, low-fidelity simulators that ignore critical turbulent flow dynamics. In this work, we present the first reinforcement learning (RL) controller integrated directly with high-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES), enabling real-time response to atmospheric turbulence through collaborative, dynamic control strategies. Our RL controller achieves a 4.30% increase in wind farm power output compared to baseline operation, nearly doubling the 2.19% gain from static optimal yaw control obtained through Bayesian optimization. These results establish dynamic flow-responsive control as a transformative approach to wind farm optimization, with direct implications for accelerating renewable energy deployment to net-zero targets.

We present a novel approach to optimize wind farm layouts for maximum annual energy production (AEP). The optimization effort requires efficient wake models to predict the wake flow and, subsequently, the power generation of wind farms with reasonable accuracy and low computational cost. Wake flow predictions using large-eddy simulation (LES) ensure high fidelity, while reduced-order models, e.g., the Gaussian-curl hybrid (GCH), provide computational efficiency. We integrate LES results and the GCH model to develop a machine learning (ML) framework based on an autoencoder-based convolutional neural network, allowing for a reliable and cost-effective prediction of the wake flow field. We trained the ML model using high-fidelity LES results as the target vector, while low-fidelity data from the GCH model serve as the input vector. The efficiency of the ML model to predict the AEP of the South Fork wind farm, offshore Rhode Island, was illustrated. Then, we integrated the ML model into a greedy optimization algorithm to determine the optimal wind farm layout in terms of turbine positioning. The optimized wind farm layout is shown to achieve a 2. 05\% improvement in AEP over the existi

Turbine wake and farm blockage effects may significantly impact the power produced by large wind farms. In this study, we perform Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of 50 infinitely large offshore wind farms with different turbine layouts and wind directions. The LES results are combined with the two-scale momentum theory (Nishino & Dunstan 2020, J. Fluid Mech. 894, A2) to investigate the aerodynamic performance of large but finite-sized farms as well. The power of infinitely large farms is found to be a strong function of the array density, whereas the power of large finite-sized farms depends on both the array density and turbine layout. An analytical model derived from the two-scale momentum theory predicts the impact of array density very well for all 50 farms investigated and can therefore be used as an upper limit to farm performance. We also propose a new method to quantify turbine-scale losses (due to turbine-wake interactions) and farm-scale losses (due to the reduction of farm-average wind speed). They both depend on the strength of atmospheric response to the farm, and our results suggest that, for large offshore wind farms, the farm-scale losses are typically more than tw

Population-based Structural Health Monitoring (PBSHM) aims to share information between similar machines or structures. This paper takes a population-level perspective, exploring the use of additive Gaussian processes to reveal variations in turbine-specific and farm-level power models over a collected wind farm dataset. The predictions illustrate patterns in wind farm power generation, which follow intuition and should enable more informed control and decision-making.

Dairy farming can be an energy intensive form of farming. Understanding the factors affecting electricity consumption on dairy farms is crucial for farm owners and energy providers. In order to accurately estimate electricity demands in dairy farms, it is necessary to develop a model. In this research paper, an agent-based model is proposed to model the electricity consumption of Irish dairy farms. The model takes into account various factors that affect the energy consumption of dairy farms, including herd size, number of milking machines, and time of year. The outputs are validated using existing state-of-the-art dairy farm modelling frameworks. The proposed agent-based model is fully explainable, which is an advantage over other Artificial Intelligence techniques, e.g. deep learning.

Wake effects, i.e. the reduced momentum and increased turbulence caused by the upstream wind farm, have a significant adverse impact on downstream wind farms. However, due to the lack of ground truth for flow scenarios without wind farms in place (as the wind farm has already been constructed on site), it is extremely difficult to quantify the real impact caused by the presence of upstream wind farms for the downstream area. This paper seeks to develop a potential solution by taking advantage of both SAR and WRF. Specifically, the real-world wind speed with wind farms is retrieved from the SAR images using the C-band model, while the scenario without wind farms is simulated by the WRF model. By combining these two technologies, the potential impact of long-distance wind farm wakes is revealed and analysed.

This study investigates the influence of suspended kelp farms on ocean mixed layer hydrodynamics in the presence of currents and waves. We use the large eddy simulation method, where the wave effect is incorporated by solving the wave-averaged equations. Distinct Langmuir circulation patterns are generated within various suspended farm configurations, including horizontally uniform kelp blocks and spaced kelp rows. Intensified turbulence arises from the farm-generated Langmuir circulation, as opposed to the standard Langmuir turbulence observed without a farm. The creation of Langmuir circulation within the farm is attributed to two primary factors depending on farm configuration: (1) enhanced vertical shear due to kelp frond area density variability, and (2) enhanced lateral shear due to canopy discontinuity at lateral edges of spaced rows. Both enhanced vertical and lateral shear of streamwise velocity, representing the lateral and vertical vorticity components respectively, can be tilted into downstream vorticity to create Langmuir circulation. This vorticity tilting is driven by the Craik- Leibovich vortex force associated with the Stokes drift of surface gravity waves. In addi

Wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) seeks to alleviate the wake loss and maximize wind farm power output efficiency, and is a crucial process in the design of wind energy projects.Since the optimization algorithms typically require thousands of numerical evaluations of the wake effects, conventional WFLO studies are usually carried out with the low-fidelity analytical wake models.In this paper, we develop an optimization framework for wind farm layout design using CFD-based Kriging model to maximize the annual energy production (AEP) of wind farms. This surrogate-based optimization (SBO) framework uses latin hypercube sampling to generate a group of wind farm layout samples, based on which CFD simulations are carried out to obtain the corresponding AEPs.This wind farm layout dataset is used to train the Kriging model, which is then integrated with an optimizer based on genetic algorithm (GA). As the optimization progresses, the intermediate optimal layout designs are again fed into the dataset.Such adaptive update of wind farm layout dataset continues until the algorithm converges.To evaluate the performance of the proposed SBO framework, we apply it to three representative wind f

Farm records hold the static, temporal, and longitudinal details of the farms. For small-scale farming, the ability to accurately capture these records plays a critical role in formalizing and digitizing the agriculture industry. Reliable exchange of these record through a trusted platform could unlock critical and valuable insights to different stakeholders across the value chain in agriculture eco-system. Lately, there has been increasing attention on digitization of small scale farming with the objective of providing farm-level transparency, accountability, visibility, access to farm loans, etc. using these farm records. However, most solutions proposed so far have the shortcoming of providing detailed, reliable and trusted small-scale farm digitization information in real time. To address these challenges, we present a system, called Agribusiness Digital Wallet (ADW), which leverages blockchain to formalize the interactions and enable seamless data flow in small-scale farming ecosystem. Utilizing instrumentation of farm tractors, we demonstrate the ability to utilize farm activities to create trusted electronic field records (EFR) with automated valuable insights. Using ADW, we

Downstream wind turbines operating behind upstream turbines face significant performance challenges due to reduced wind speeds and increased turbulence. This leads to decreased wind energy production and higher dynamic loads on downwind turbines. Consequently, real-time monitoring and control have become crucial for improving wind farm performance. One promising solution involves optimizing wind farm layouts in real-time, taking advantage of the added flexibility offered by floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). This study explores a dynamic layout optimization strategy to minimize wake effects in wind farms while meeting power requirements. Two scenarios are considered: power maximization and power set-point tracking. The methodology involves a centralized wind farm controller optimizing the layout, followed by wind turbine controllers to meet the prescribed targets. Each FOWT employs model predictive control to adjust aerodynamic thrust force. The control strategy integrates a dynamic wind farm model that considers floating platform motion and wake transport in changing wind conditions. In a case study with a 1x3 wind farm layout of 5 MW FOWTs, the results show a 25% increase i

The purpose of this research was to identify commonly adopted SAPs and their adoption among Kentucky farmers. The specific objectives were to explore farmers' Perceptions about farm and farming practice sustainability, to identify predictors of SAPs adoption using farm attributes, farmers' attitudes and behaviors, socioeconomic and demographic factors, and knowledge, and to evaluate adoption barriers of SAPs among Kentucky Farmers. Farmers generally perceive that their farm and farming activities attain the objectives of sustainable agriculture. Inadequate knowledge, perceived difficulty of implementation, lack of market, negative attitude about technologies, and lack of technologies were major adoption barriers of SAPs in Kentucky.

This paper presents a new generation of fast-running physics-based models to predict the wake of a semi-infinite wind farm, extending infinitely in the lateral direction but with finite size in the streamwise direction. The assumption of a semi-infinite wind farm enables concurrent solving of the laterally-averaged momentum equations in both streamwise and spanwise directions. The developed model captures important physical phenomena such as vertical top-down transport of energy into the farm, variable wake recovery rate due to the farm-generated turbulence, and also wake deflection due to turbine yaw misalignment and Coriolis force. Of special note is the model's capability to predict and shed light on the counteracting effect of Coriolis force causing wake deflections in both positive and negative directions. Moreover, the impact of wind-farm layout configuration on the flow distribution is modelled through a parameter called the local deficit coefficient. Model predictions were validated against large-eddy simulations extending up to 45 kilometres downstream of wind farms. Detailed analyses were performed to study the impacts of various factors such as incoming turbulence, wind-

Emerging autonomous farming techniques rely on smart devices such as multi-spectral cameras, collecting fine-grained data, and robots performing tasks such as de-weeding, berry-picking, etc. These techniques require a high throughput network, supporting 10s of Mbps per device at the scale of tens to hundreds of devices in a large farm. We conduct a survey across 12 agronomists to understand these networking requirements of farm workloads and perform extensive measurements of WiFi 6 performance in a farm to identify the challenges in meeting them. Our measurements reveal how network capacity is fundamentally limited in such a setting, with severe degradation in network performance due to crop canopy, and spotlight farm networks as an emerging new problem domain that can benefit from smarter network resource management decisions. To that end, we design Cornet, a network for supporting on-farm applications that comprises: (i) a multi-hop mesh of WiFi routers that uses a strategic combination of 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands as informed by our measurements, and (ii) a centralized traffic engineering (TE) system that uses a novel abstraction of resource units to reason about wireless network ca