Founded in 1985, Fayixue Zazhi is China's first publicly distributed academic journal in the field of forensic medicine. Over its 40-year history, the journal is consistently tracking and publishing research frontiers in forensic medicine. The journal has continuously improved its academic impact and disciplinary rankings and has been selected multiple times for the World Journal Clout Index (WJCI) Report and the BIBF "China Premium Periodicals Exhibition". It has also been honored as an Excellent Journal of East China and for its Outstanding Journal Sections, gradually becoming a core journal in forensic medicine and earning high recognition from peers in the field. This article systematically reviews the 40-year development history of Fayixue Zazhi, and summarizes its characteristics and academic achievements across four stages: initial establishment, exploratory development, steady transformation, and distinctive innovation. It also examines existing challenges and potential solutions in the journal's development under the strategic guidance of national judicial justice, legal construction, and high-quality development of scientific journals, and prospects future development directions from the perspectives of enhancing academic contents, optimizing publication processes, building distinctive branding, and strengthening team development. 《法医学杂志》创刊于1985年，是我国第一本公开发行的法医学领域学术期刊。创刊40年来，《法医学杂志》始终追踪法医学领域研究前沿，持续提增期刊影响力与排名，多次入选《世界期刊影响力指数（WJCI）报告》、BIFB“中国精品期刊展”，获评华东地区优秀期刊、优秀栏目等荣誉，已成为法医学领域的核心期刊，得到业内同行高度认可。本文通过系统回顾《法医学杂志》创刊40年的发展历程，从初创起源、探索发展、平稳转型及特色创新等四个阶段，总结期刊发展特点及学术成就，探索在国家司法公正与法治建设、科技期刊高质量发展等战略指引下，《法医学杂志》发展存在的问题及其解决途径，并从丰富学术内容、优化出版流程、打造品牌特色、强化团队建设等方面，展望期刊未来发展方向。.
Objective: To analyze the mutation characteristics of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) signaling pathway gene mutation. Methods: MPN patients with FA signaling pathway gene mutations (mutation group) diagnosed in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from September 2017 to October 2024 were retrospectively included. MPN patients without FA signaling pathway gene mutations (non-mutation group) were included by propensity score matching (1∶6 pairing). The patients were followed up to January 31, 2025. The clinical characteristics of the both groups were compared, and the influencing factors of survival time of MPN patients were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression model. Results: There were 22 patients in the mutation group, 8 males and 14 females, with an age [M (Q1, Q3)] of 65 (30, 81) years, including 6, 10 and 6 patients with polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), respectively; PV patients had the highest proportion of both BRCA2 and FANCD2 mutations (both are 2/6), ET patients had the highest proportion of BRCA2 mutations (3/10), and PMF patients had the highest proportion of FANCD2 mutations (4/6). There were 132 patients in the non-mutation group, 48 males and 84 females, aged 65 (32, 85) years. The proportions of splenomegaly [45.5% (10/22) vs 14.4% (19/132)], secondary myelofibrosis [27.3% (6/22) vs 9.8% (13/132)], secondary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) [4.5% (1/22) vs 0], and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients [4.5 (1/22) vs 0] in the mutation group were higher than those in the non-mutation group (all P<0.05); There were no statistica differences in age, sex, initial blood routine hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count, platelet count, chromosome karyotype abnormalities, thrombosis, secondary cancer, and the proportion of deceased patients between the two groups (all P>0.05). The median follow-up time was 4 (2, 9) years. The 10-year overall survival rate of the mutation group was lower than that of the non-mutation group (82.4% vs 96.2%, P=0.037). FA signaling pathway gene mutation (HR=2.646, 95%CI: 0.316-22.178, P=0.017) was the influencing factor of survival time of MPN patients. Conclusions: The common FA signaling pathway gene mutations in MPN patients are BRCA2, FANCD2; FA signaling pathway gene mutation is an influencing factor for survival of MPN patients. 目的： 分析伴范可尼贫血（FA）信号通路基因突变骨髓增殖性肿瘤（MPN）患者突变特征及预后的影响因素。 方法： 回顾性纳入2017年9月至2024年10月于天津医科大学第二医院诊断为伴FA信号通路基因突变的MPN患者（突变组），使用倾向性评分匹配（1∶6配对）纳入不伴FA信号通路基因突变的MPN患者（非突变组），随访至2025年1月31日，比较2组患者的临床特征，采用多因素Cox回归模型分析MPN患者生存时间的影响因素。 结果： 突变组22例，男8例，女14例，年龄［M（Q1，Q3）］为65（30，81）岁，其中真性红细胞增多症（PV）、原发性血小板增多症（ET）和原发性骨髓纤维化（PMF）患者分别有6、10和6例；PV患者BRCA2和FANCD2突变比例均最高（均为2/6），ET患者BRCA2突变比例最高（3/10），PMF患者FANCD2突变比例最高（4/6）。非突变组132例，男48例，女84例，年龄65（32，85）岁。突变组脾大［45.5%（10/22）比14.4%（19/132）］、继发骨髓纤维化［27.3%（6/22）比9.8%（13/132）］、继发骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）［4.5%（1/22）比0］、继发急性髓系白血病（AML）患者［4.5%（1/22）比0］的比例均高于非突变组（均P<0.05）；2组年龄、性别、初诊时血常规血红蛋白、红细胞压积、白细胞计数、血小板计数、染色体核型异常、血栓栓塞、继发第二肿瘤、死亡患者比例等差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。中位随访时间为4（2，9）年，突变组10年总生存率低于非突变组（82.4%比96.2%，P=0.037）。FA信号通路基因突变（HR=2.646，95%CI：0.316~22.178，P=0.017）是MPN患者生存时间的影响因素。 结论： MPN患者常见的FA信号通路基因突变为BRCA2、FANCD2；FA信号通路基因突变是MPN患者生存时间的影响因素。.
Objective: To identify potential clinical subgroups among parents who lost their only child and compare inter-subgroup differences in brain structure and function. Methods: Parents who lost their only child and participated in a psychological assistance program organized by the local civil affairs department in Southern Jiangsu, China, between April 2021 and June 2022 were retrospectively recruited. They were randomly divided into a discovery set and a validation set in a 1∶1 ratio using a random number table. Assessments included the Clinician Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS), the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Seven symptom dimension factors were extracted: re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, depressive mood, somatic/anxiety, psychic anxiety, and somatic anxiety. Hierarchical clustering was applied in the discovery set to identify clinical subgroups. The stability of this classification was verified in the validation set. Cranial MRI scans were conducted to compare differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging, as well as degree centrality (DC) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) from functional MRI among the different subgroups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlations between neuroimaging metrics and scale scores. Results: A total of 154 parents who lost their only child were enrolled, with an average age of (57.6±5.2) years, including 68 males (44.2%), and a mean trauma duration of (15.1±5.1) months. The discovery set and the validation set each comprised 77 participants. Hierarchical clustering and cross-validation consistently identified two stable subgroups. Subgroup A was characterized by core features of traumatic re-experiencing, cognitive avoidance, and depressive mood, while subgroup B was dominated by somatization symptoms and anxiety. Neuroimaging results showed that compared with subgroup B, subgroup A exhibited significantly higher FA values in multiple white matter tracts closely associated with emotion regulation and cognitive processing (P<0.05, corrected with threshold-free cluster enhancement). Compared with subgroup A, subgroup B demonstrated higher DC in the left precentral gyrus (t=-3.02, Gaussian random field-corrected P=0.003) and lower ReHo in the left middle frontal gyrus (t=3.90, Gaussian random field-corrected P=0.001). Correlation analyses indicated that FA values in white matter tracts were positively correlated with total CAPS score, total HAMD-24 score, and specific CAPS factors (avoidance, re-experiencing) (r=0.30-0.36, false discovery rate-corrected P<0.05). DC values in the left precentral gyrus were positively correlated with total HAMA score and the somatic anxiety factor (r=0.32-0.37, false discovery rate-corrected P<0.05). Conclusions: Parents who lost their only child can be categorized into two clinical subgroups: one dominated by emotional disturbances and the other by somatic anxiety. The observed differences in brain structure and function provide neurobiological evidence for this subgroup classification and may suggest potential targets for precise neuromodulation interventions. 目的： 识别失独人群的多维度症状亚群特征，并分析不同亚群在脑结构与功能上的差异。 方法： 回顾性纳入2021年4月至2022年6月参加中国江苏省苏南地区地方民政部门心理援助项目的失独父母，通过随机数字表按1∶1随机分为发现集与验证集。在受试者中评估临床用创伤后应激障碍诊断量表（CAPS）、24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-24）及汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA），提取重现、回避、警觉、抑郁情绪、躯体/焦虑、焦虑心理、焦虑躯体这7个症状维度因子，在发现集中采用层次聚类法识别症状亚群，并通过验证集重复聚类验证亚群划分的稳定性。进行头颅MRI检查，比较不同亚群的扩散张量成像的各向异性分数（FA）及功能MRI的度中心度（DC）与局部一致性（ReHo）差异。采用Pearson相关分析评估影像学指标与各量表评分的相关性。 结果： 共纳入失独父母154位，年龄（57.6±5.2）岁，男性68位（44.2%），创伤持续时间（15.1±5.1）个月。验证集和发现集各77位，层次聚类分析与跨组验证稳定识别出两类亚群，A类亚群以创伤重现、认知回避及抑郁情绪为核心特征，B类亚群以躯体化症状及焦虑为主。A类亚群与情绪调节及认知加工密切相关的白质纤维束FA值高于B类亚群（P<0.05，无阈值簇类增强法校正）；与A类亚群相比，B类亚群在左侧中央前回DC更高（t=-3.02，高斯随机场校正P=0.003），左侧额中回ReHo更低（t=3.90，高斯随机场校正P=0.001）。Pearson相关分析表明，白质纤维束FA值与CAPS总分、HAMD-24总分及部分CAPS因子（回避、重现）呈正相关（r=0.30~0.36，错误发现率校正P<0.05）；左侧中央前回DC与HAMA总分及焦虑躯体因子呈正相关（r=0.32~0.37，错误发现率校正P<0.05）。 结论： 失独人群存在以情绪障碍为主和以躯体化焦虑为主的两类临床亚群。其脑结构与功能差异为亚群划分提供了神经生物学证据，并可能为精准神经调控干预提供潜在靶点。.
To compare the technical performance indicators of six commonly used STR kits, and to evaluate their capabilities in forensic testing. The STR genotyping results of forensic DNA standard sample 9948 with different template quantities were analyzed using IdentifilerTM Plus, AGCU EX28CS, NHID® 25A, VerifilerTM Plus, VersaPlexTM 27PY, and FastDirectTM 25A. Differen-ces in detection sensitivity, allelic drop-out/in, allele peak height and heterozygote balance were eva-luated. Various PCR inhibitors, including humic acid, heme, indigo, calcium ions and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), were added to the multiplex amplification systems to compare the maximum tolerance levels of the six kits to PCR inhibitors. The detection sensitivity of IdentifilerTM Plus, AGCU EX28CS and VersaPlexTM 27PY was as low as 100 pg, whereas the sensitivity of FastDirectTM 25A, NHID® 25A and VerifilerTM Plus reached 50 pg. At different template quantities, the number of STR loci detected by the five kits was greater than that of IdentifierTM Plus. When detecting templates of 50 pg or less, the total number of allelic drop-out/in observed with the IdentifilerTM Plus was lower than that observed with the other five kits. The allele peak heights detected by AGCU EX28CS at 200 and 100 pg template quantities and by VersaPlexTM 27 PY at 50 pg were significantly lower than those detected by IdentifilerTM Plus (P<0.05). Regarding resistance to inhibitors, NHID® 25A showed stronger tolerance to humic acid (≤250 ng/μL), heme (≤0.6 mmol/L) and calcium ions (≤1.4 mmol/L) than other kits. It was found that VersaPlexTM 27PY showed the strongest tolerance to indigo (≤0.048 mol/L); and FastDirectTM 25A showed the strongest tolerance to EDTA (≤1.0 mmol/L). For heme, AGCU EX28CS and FastDirectTM 25A showed lower tolerance than IdentifilerTM Plus, whereas the other three kits exhibited higher tolerance. For other inhibitors, all five kits demonstrated tolerance comparable to or higher than that of IdentifilerTM Plus. Compared with IdentifilerTM Plus, AGCU EX28CS, FastDirectTM 25A, NHID® 25A, VersaPlexTM 27PY and VerifilerTM Plus show no obvious overall disadvantage in detection sensitivity, allelic drop-out/in, allele peak height, heterozygote balance and inhibitor resistance and even demonstrate superior performance in certain technical indicators. 目的: 比较6种常用STR试剂盒的技术性能指标，评估其法医学检验能力。方法: 分别采用AmpFℓSTRTM IdentifilerTM Plus PCR扩增试剂盒（简称IdentifilerTM Plus）、AGCU EX28CS荧光检测试剂盒（简称AGCU EX28CS）、NHID® 25A案件试剂盒（液体，简称NHID® 25A）、VerifilerTM Plus PCR扩增试剂盒（简称VerifilerTM Plus）、VersaPlexTM 27PY System （简称VersaPlexTM 27PY）和FastDirectTM DNA身份鉴定系统25A（简称FastDirectTM 25A）检测不同质量法医DNA标准品9948的STR基因座的分型情况，评估其在检测灵敏度、等位基因插入/缺失、等位基因峰高、杂合子均衡性上的差异。在复合扩增体系中分别加入不同浓度的腐殖酸、氯化血红素、靛蓝、无水氯化钙和乙二胺四乙酸（ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid，EDTA）等PCR抑制剂，比较6种试剂盒对PCR抑制剂的最大耐受浓度。结果: IdentifilerTM Plus、AGCU EX28CS和VersaPlexTM 27PY的灵敏度低至100 pg，FastDirectTM 25A、NHID® 25A和VerifilerTM Plus的灵敏度低至50 pg。不同模板质量下，5种试剂盒的STR基因座检出数均多于IdentifilerTM Plus。对50 pg及以下模板检测时，IdentifilerTM Plus的等位基因插入/缺失出现总次数低于其余5种试剂盒。AGCU EX28CS在200和100 pg模板质量下、VersaPlexTM 27PY在50 pg模板质量下检测出的等位基因峰高明显低于IdentifilerTM Plus（P<0.05）。在抗抑制性方面，NHID® 25A对腐殖酸（≤250 ng/μL）、氯化血红素（≤0.6 mmol/L）、无水氯化钙（≤1.4 mmol/L）的抗抑制性强于其他试剂盒，VersaPlexTM 27PY对靛蓝（≤0.048 mol/L）的抗抑制性最强，FastDirectTM 25A对EDTA（≤1.0 mmol/L）的抗抑制性最强。对于氯化血红素，AGCU EX28CS和FastDirectTM 25A的抗抑制性低于IdentifilerTM Plus，另3种试剂盒高于IdentifilerTM Plus;对于其他抑制剂，5种试剂盒的抗抑制性均达到甚至高于IdentifilerTM Plus。结论: 与IdentifilerTM Plus相比，AGCU EX28CS、FastDirectTM 25A、NHID® 25A、VersaPlexTM 27PY和VerifilerTM Plus在检测灵敏度、等位基因插入/缺失、等位基因峰高、杂合子均衡性和抗抑制性总体上无明显劣势，在部分技术指标上甚至更优。.
The mechanisms underlying the impact of metabolic syndrome on cognitive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia remain unclear. The present study employed a two-factor factorial design to investigate the effects of metabolic syndrome on white matter microstructure in schizophrenia and its association with cognitive function. A total of 187 participants were included and classified into four groups based on the diagnoses of schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome: schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome (SZ-wMS), schizophrenia patients without metabolic syndrome, healthy controls with metabolic syndrome, and healthy controls without metabolic syndrome. Diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired. Using diffusion tensor model, fractional anisotropy (FA) was calculated to characterize the microstructural integrity of white matter. Peripheral metabolic indices and multiple domains of cognitive function were also assessed. The SZ-wMS group showed further reduced FA in the right sagittal stratum. Within the two-factor analytical framework, an interaction effect between metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia on FA in the right sagittal stratum was identified. Correlation analyses revealed that reduced FA in the right sagittal stratum was associated with impaired language function in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, mediation analysis indicated that body mass index might indirectly affect language function by influencing FA in the right sagittal stratum. In summary, reduced integrity of white matter fibers in sagittal stratum may represent a potential neural mechanism underlying the comorbidity of schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome and may be associated with language dysfunction in schizophrenia. 代谢综合征（MS）对精神分裂症（SZ）认知功能的影响机制尚不明确。本研究采用双因素实验设计，探讨代谢综合征对精神分裂症白质微结构的影响及其与认知功能的关系。共纳入187名被试，根据精神分裂症与代谢综合征两个诊断因素分为四组：共患代谢综合征的精神分裂症患者（SZ-wMS），无代谢综合征的精神分裂症患者，伴代谢综合征的健康对照以及无代谢综合征的健康对照。采集弥散张量成像数据，基于弥散张量模型计算各向异性分数（FA）表征白质微结构，并评估外周代谢指标及认知功能。结果显示，SZ-wMS组右侧矢状层FA进一步降低，代谢综合征与精神分裂症在该区域FA存在交互效应。右侧矢状层FA降低与精神分裂症患者语言功能受损有关。中介分析发现，身体质量指数与语言能力之间存在通过右侧矢状层FA介导的间接效应。综上，右侧矢状层白质纤维束完整性降低可能构成精神分裂症与代谢综合征共病的潜在神经机制，并与精神分裂症患者的语言功能损伤有关。.
To evaluate the applicability of four commonly used RNA sequencing normalization methods in forensic age estimation, and to provide a reference for optimizing the accuracy and precision of age estimation models. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 147 unrelated Chinese Han individuals. After RNA sequencing, gene expression levels were normalized using four methods: counts per million (CPM), fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM), transcripts per million (TPM), and trimmed mean of M-values (TMM). Spearman correlation analysis was used to screen age-related mRNAs. Three age estimation models were constructed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), support vector machine (SVM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), respectively, to compare the performance of the four normalization methods. The four normalization methods screened different numbers of potential age-related markers. The TMM method screened the largest number of 2 912 markers. The number of potential markers screened was 2 897 and 1 481 for CPM and FPKM, respectively. The TPM method screened the fewest markers with the number of 338. Age estimation models constructed based on these markers exhibited mean absolute errors (MAE) ranging from 4.38 to 8.62 years in the training set and from 5.85 to 9.29 years in the test set. The TMM method performed the best among the three models, especially in the XGBoost model; it achieved an MAE of 4.38 years in the training set and 5.85 years in the test set for the XGBoost model. Different normalization methods have a large impact on the construction of forensic age estimation models. The TMM normalization method can effectively improve prediction accuracy and is recommended as the preferred method for forensic age estimation. 目的: 评估4种常用RNA测序归一化方法在法医学年龄推断中的适用性，为优化年龄推断模型的准确性并提升其精确度提供参考依据。方法: 采集147例中国汉族无关个体的外周血样本，经RNA测序后采用每百万计数（counts per million，CPM）、每千个碱基的转录每百万映射读取的片段数（fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads，FPKM）、每百万转录本（transcripts per million，TPM）以及M值的修剪均值（trimmed mean of M-values，TMM） 4种方法对表达量进行归一化。采用Spearman相关性分析筛选与年龄相关的mRNA，并构建最小绝对收缩和选择算子（least absolute shrinkage and selection operator，LASSO）、支持向量机（support vector machine，SVM）、极端梯度提升（extreme gradient boosting，XGBoost） 3种年龄推断模型，比较4种归一化方法在建模中的表现。结果: 4种归一化方法筛选出的潜在年龄相关性标记数量不同，其中TMM归一化方法筛选出的标记数量最多，为2 912个。CPM和FPKM次之，分别筛选出2 897和1 481个潜在标记。TPM筛选出的标记数量最少，为338个。基于这些标记构建的年龄推断模型，训练集中平均绝对误差（mean absolute error，MAE）范围为4.38~8.62岁，测试集中MAE范围为5.85~9.29岁。TMM归一化方法在3种模型中表现最佳，尤其在XGBoost模型中，其训练集MAE为4.38岁，测试集MAE为5.85岁。结论: 不同归一化方法对法医学年龄推断模型的构建具有较大影响。TMM归一化方法能够有效提高预测精度，是法医学年龄推断的优选方法。.
To establish a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for detecting chlormezanone in blood samples. Acetonitrile was added to the samples to precipitate proteins. After vortex and ultrasonication, the mixture was centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected. It was then filtered using a 0.22 μm polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. Separation was performed using an InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (100 mm×4.6 mm, 2.7 μm). The mobile phase consisted of phase A (0.1% formic acid) and phase B (acetonitrile), with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The mass spectrometer was operated with an electrospray ionization in positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring mode. Chlormezanone in blood samples showed good linearity within the tested range, with the correlation coefficients (r) all greater than 0.999. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation of chlormezanone were 22.83 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, respectively. The matrix effects were 2.1%-3.9% and recoveries were 88.8%-92.3%. Using this method, the mass concentration mass of chlormezanone detected in a positive sample was 1 217.23 ng/mL. This method requires simple sample preparation and a small sample volume, and offers a wide linear range, making it suitable for the detection of chlormezanone in blood. 目的: 建立血液中氯美扎酮的HPLC-MS/MS检测方法。方法: 在待测样品中加入乙腈沉淀蛋白，振荡、超声后离心取上清液，经0.22 μm聚四氟乙烯滤膜过滤后，采用InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18（100 mm×4.6 mm，2.7 μm）色谱柱分离，流动相A为0.1%甲酸水溶液，流动相B为乙腈，以流速0.4 mL/min梯度洗脱。质谱仪采用电喷雾离子源正离子模式、多反应监测模式。结果: 血液样品中氯美扎酮在相应范围内线性关系良好，相关系数（r）均大于0.999，检出限为22.83 ng/mL，定量限为100 ng/mL。基质效应为2.1%~3.9%，提取回收率为88.8%~92.3%。采用本方法从阳性检材中检出氯美扎酮的质量浓度为 1 217.23 ng/mL。结论: 本方法前处理简单、样品用量少、线性范围宽，可用于血液中氯美扎酮的检测。.
To observe stage-specific changes in the intestinal microbiota of nude mice after death and to develop a postmortem interval (PMI) estimation model based on "rupture points", thereby exploring a new model for PMI estimation. A total of 108 nude mice were sacrificed, and cecal contents were collected at 18 time points (0, 24, 41, 48, 55, 65, 72, 79, 89, 96, 103, 113, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, and 240 h postmortem). 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the changes in intestinal microbiota. Based on microbial abundance, a random forest model was employed for cross-validation to identify signature bacterial genera. A segmented regression model was then constructed to estimate PMI and compared with a direct regression model. Both α- diversity and β-diversity analyses indicated significant changes in the relative abundance of intestinal microbiota during the periods of 0-103 h and 113-240 h postmortem in nude mice. The segmented regression model built using the random forest algorithm achieved an R2 of 0.96 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.83 h for PMI estimation. In contrast, the direct regression model yielded an R2 of 0.81 and an MAE of 16.91 h. Microbial succession during cadaver decomposition exhibits clear temporal and stage-specific characteristics. A segmented regression model for PMI estimation using "rupture points" can improve the accuracy of PMI estimation in nude mice. 目的: 观察裸鼠死后肠道菌群的阶段性变化，并基于“破溃点”构建裸鼠死亡时间推断模型，探索死亡时间推断新模型。方法: 将108只裸鼠处死后，于18个时间点（死后0、24、41、48、55、65、72、79、89、96、103、113、120、144、168、192、216和240 h）采集盲肠内容物，通过16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术明确菌群变化。基于菌群丰度，采用随机森林模型进行交叉验证，筛选特征菌属，构建分段回归模型推断死亡时间，并与直接回归模型进行比较。结果: α多样性和β多样性分析均提示死后0~103 h和113~240 h的裸鼠肠道菌群相对丰度差异显著。基于随机森林算法构建的分段回归模型推断死亡时间的R2为0.96，平均绝对误差为9.83 h;而直接回归模型推断死亡时间的R2为0.81，平均绝对误差为16.91 h。结论: 尸体腐败过程中的微生物演替具有时序性和阶段性特征，以“破溃点”为界构建的裸鼠死亡时间分段回归模型可提升死亡时间推断的准确性。.
To identify biomarkers for sudden death in leukemia through common genes across leukemia subtypes using bioinformatics technology, and to validate them in a specific case repository of sudden death in leukemia, thereby providing reference for cause of death determination in leukemia-related sudden death and cause of death analysis in medical malpractice cases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common across different types of leukemia were identified using the GEO database (GSE13159 dataset). Enrichment analyses were performed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and enriched pathways were mapped to routine clinical laboratory parameters. Case data from patients who died suddenly due to stroke, respiratory failure, sudden cardiac death, and infectious shock, were collected and divided into the case group(leukemia sudden death group) and the control group(non-leukemia sudden death group) for validation. The Wilcoxon rank sum test and univariate logistic regression were used to screen biomarkers. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed based on univariate logistic regression results to predict whether a sudden death patient had leukemia. Model performance was evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC). A total of 540 DEGs shared across four leukemia subtypes were significantly enriched in pathways related to cell cycle, inflammatory immunity, and coagulation. The pathway enrichment results showed clear correspondence with routine clinical laboratory parameters. Compared with the control group, the case group exhibited overall characteristics of low white blood cell counts (mean: 2.42×109/L), low platelet counts (mean: 23×109/L), and low interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (mean: 386.0 pg/mL). Based on the univariate logistic regression results, IL-6 and platelet count were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. The model yielded an AUC of 0.828. The enrichment pattern of DEGs in leukemia sudden death biomarkers is consistent with the shared molecular mechanisms of uncontrolled leukemia cell proliferation, immune evasion, and hypercoagulable state. The combination of blood routine test parameters and IL-6 can be used for the differential diagnosis of sudden death in leukemia, providing objective evidence for auxiliary determination of cause of death in leukemia sudden death cases and offering a quantitative reference for cause of death analysis in medical malpractice identification. 目的: 利用生物信息学技术从跨亚型共有基因筛选白血病猝死生物标志物，并在特定白血病猝死病例库中进行验证，为白血病猝死死因鉴定、医疗损害死因分析提供参考。方法: 基于GEO数据库（GSE13159数据集）筛选不同类型白血病共同的差异表达基因，使用基因本体论（Gene Ontology，GO）及京都基因和基因组数据库（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes，KEGG）进行富集分析，并将富集通路映射至临床常规检验指标。收集涵盖脑卒中、呼吸衰竭、心源性猝死、感染性休克等各类猝死患者的病例资料，分为病例组（白血病猝死者）与对照组（非白血病猝死者）进行验证。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验及单因素logistic回归筛选生物标志物，基于单因素logistic回归分析结果构建多因素logistic回归模型预测猝死患者是否为白血病患者，通过受试者操作特征（receiver operator characteristic，ROC）曲线及曲线下面积（area under the curve，AUC）评价模型效能。结果: 4种白血病亚型共有的540个差异表达基因显著富集于细胞周期、炎症免疫以及凝血等通路。通路富集结果与临床常规检验指标存在明确的映射关系，与对照组相比，病例组整体呈现低白细胞（均值为2.42×109/L）、低血小板（均值为23×109/L）、低白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6，IL-6;均值为386.0 pg/mL）的特征。基于单因素logistic回归分析结果，纳入IL-6和血小板建立多因素logistic回归模型，模型的AUC为0.828。结论: 白血病猝死生物标志物差异表达基因富集模式与白血病细胞增殖失控、免疫逃逸及高凝状态的共同分子机制相吻合，联合血常规及IL-6有助于白血病猝死的鉴别，可为法医学实践中白血病猝死死因的辅助判断提供客观依据，也为医疗损害鉴定死因分析提供了客观量化参考。.
To optimize and establish GC-MS, LC-MS, and infrared spectroscopy (IR) methods for analyzing 1-phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P) and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP-2-P) precursors. Eleven precursor substances of P-2-P and MDP-2-P were analyzed by GC-MS, LC-MS and IR methods, some key analytical parameters, such as solvent and injection temperature, were optimized. Substances such as 3-oxo-2-phenylbutyl methyl ester (MAPA) contain ester bonds in their structures were prone to ester exchange reactions. Therefore, alcohol solvent should be avoided to prevent the esterification. Instead, non-alcohol solvents, such as acetonitrile, were recommended. Substances such as MAPA that may undergo decomposition at the gas phase injection port temperature exceeded 170 ℃. It was recommended to lower the temperature of the injection port to 170 ℃. For substances that did not show peaks during GC-MS analysis, such as 2-methyl-3-phenylglycidic acid sodium salt (BMK sodium glycidylate) and 2-methyl-3-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]glycidic acid sodium salt(PMK sodium glycidylate), it was recommended for IR detection. This study established GC-MS, LC-MS and IR methods that can accurately qualitatively analyze eleven P-2-P and MDP-2-P precursors, which can provide technical support for the detection of such substances in related cases. 目的: 优化并建立分析1-苯基-2-丙酮（1-phenyl-2-propanone，P-2-P）和3，4-亚甲基二氧苯基-2-丙酮（3，4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone，MDP-2-P）前体物质的GC-MS、LC-MS和红外光谱法。方法: 采用GC-MS、LC-MS和红外光谱法对11种P-2-P、MDP-2-P前体物质进行分析，并对溶剂、进样口温度等关键技术参数进行优化。结果: 3-氧-2-苯基丁酸甲酯（3-oxo-2-phenylbutyl methyl ester，MAPA）等物质结构中含有酯键，易发生酯交换反应，溶剂应避免选用醇类试剂，建议选用乙腈等非醇类溶剂。GC进样口温度高于170 ℃时MAPA等物质会发生降解，建议降低进样口温度至170 ℃。2-甲基-3-苯基缩水甘油酸钠（BMK sodium glycidylate）和2-甲基-3-[3，4-（亚甲二氧基）苯基]缩水甘油酸钠（PMK sodium glycidylate）在GC-MS分析时不出峰，建议采用红外光谱法进行检测。结论: 本研究建立了可对11种P-2-P和MDP-2-P前体物质进行准确定性分析的GC-MS、LC-MS和红外光谱法，可为相关案件中该类物质的检测提供技术支撑。.
With advances in microbiome research and the continuous advancement of detection technologies, the application of microorganisms in forensic medicine has become increasingly widespread, covering areas such as individual identification, body fluid source inference, biogeographical analysis, postmortem interval estimation, and determination of the cause and location of death. However, due to the lack of a comprehensive standardized system, batch effects and inter-laboratory differences have led to low reproducibility of analysis results. This problem is particularly evident in low-quality forensic samples, which compromise the reliability and evidential value of forensic microbiological analyses. Therefore, based on domestic and international research progress and practical experience, this paper systematically summarizes and discusses the standardization of forensic microbiological analysis, aiming to improve the reliability of results and promote the standardization of forensic microbiological analysis. 随着微生物组学研究的深入和检测技术的不断进步，微生物在法医学领域的应用日益广泛，涵盖个体识别、体液来源推断、生物地理推断以及死亡时间、死亡原因和死亡地点推断等方面。由于缺乏完善的标准化体系，批次效应及实验室间差异致使分析结果的可重复性较低。尤其是面对法医学实践中的低质量样本时，这一问题更为突出，严重影响了法医微生物学分析结果作为证据的可靠性。本文基于国内外研究进展与实践经验，对法医微生物学分析技术的规范化进行系统归纳与探讨，旨在提升结果的可靠性，促进法医微生物分析的标准化发展。.
范某，男，60岁，3年前体检发现肺结节，伴咳嗽、咳痰、畏寒、发热、胸闷等症状。近期外院CT提示右下肺空洞性结节，于某年8月16日9:50在CT引导下行经皮穿刺Hookwire定位针定位（ 图1 ），手术历时1 h余。随后约12:30接台行胸腔镜手术，术中未探见定位针。考虑“穿刺定位针脱钩、移位至右下肺内可能性较大，术前所预计的肺叶楔形切除方案变更为右下肺叶切除术”，并告知家属变更方案，得到家属确认后予以右下肺叶切除。术毕反复检查，切开检验切除肺叶均未见定位针。经胸壁心脏彩超均未探及心脏内异物样回声。经X线检查，判断“定位针位于左侧胸腔内”。行左侧开胸探查术，反复探查左侧胸腔及左肺未探及“定位针”。行胸部CT提示左心室内线性高密度影（ 图2 ）。急诊心脏外科会诊行胸骨正中切口经体外循环下自左心房切开行心脏内异物取出术，手术操作、术中检查总历程3 h。术后出现心肺功能障碍，入重症监护室支持治疗，病程中发生感染，经抢救无效于 9月8日死亡。4次手术医方均履行告知义务。为处理该例医疗损害，委托进行死亡原因及医疗损害鉴定。.
To understand the current status and trends in forensic microbiology research using bibliometric analysis methods. A total of 533 papers related to forensic microbiology published in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2010 to 2022 were selected as research objects. Bibliometrix and VOSviewer were used to conduct a visual analysis of the annual publication volume, journals, countries (regions), institutions, authors, and keywords co-occurrence networks in this field. The annual publication volume showed an overall upward trend, reaching a peak of 72 publications in 2021. The literature primarily appeared in journals focusing on forensics, microbiology and comprehensive journals. The top high-yield countries were the United States (231 papers), China (47 papers), and Australia (32 papers). Michigan State University in the United States contributed the highest publication volume (25 papers), and the author with the highest publication volume was BENBOW ME from the university. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed that forensic microbiology was initially mainly applied in the field of biosafety. With the advancement of sequencing technologies, new application areas, such as postmortem interval estimation, have emerged. Current research hotspots in this field primarily focused on biosafety, postmortem interval estimation, and genetic sequencing analysis, demonstrating a trend of multi-institutional collaboration and interdisciplinary integration. In recent years, research in forensic microbiology has exhibited rapid growth. The cross-combination of high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics with forensic microbiology has driven the significant advancement of this field. 目的: 使用文献计量学方法，分析法医微生物学研究的现状和发展趋势。方法: 筛选2010—2022年Web of Science 数据库核心合集收录的法医微生物学相关文献（533篇）作为研究对象，采用Bibliometrix 和VOSviewer软件对该领域文献的年发文量、发文期刊、国家（地区）、机构、作者和关键词共现网络进行可视化分析。结果: 法医微生物研究领域相关文献的年发文量整体呈上升趋势，2021年发表篇数最多，为72篇。文献来源主要分布在法医学领域、微生物学领域以及综合性的期刊。高产国家主要为美国（231篇）、中国（47篇）和澳大利亚（32篇）。美国密歇根州立大学发文量最多（25篇），发文量最多的作者为该大学的BENBOW ME（19篇）。关键词共现网络显示，法医微生物学最早主要应用在生物安全领域，随着测序技术发展，出现了新的应用领域（如死亡时间推断）。该领域研究热点主要集中在生物安全、死亡时间推断、基因测序分析等方面，呈现了多机构合作和多学科交叉的趋势。结论: 近年来法医微生物学研究呈现出快速增长的态势。高通量测序技术和生物信息技术与法医微生物学的交叉结合，推动了该领域的快速发展。.
To investigate the abnormal genotyping and its causes at the Amelogenin locus in male samples. A total of 23 647 blood samples from unrelated male individuals were analyzed using the STRtyper-21G kit, and 38 samples with abnormal Amelogenin locus were identified. These samples were retested and classified using GlobalFilerTM and PowerPlex® 21 kits. Additional sex chromosome STR genotyping and Sanger sequencing were performed for samples with abnormal genotypes. Sequence-tagged site (STS) testing was conducted for samples suspected of Amel-Y microdeletions. Among above 38 samples, except for Amelogenin locus, all samples showed normal male sex chromosome STR typing. The detection rate of abnormal genotyping was 0.161% (38/23 647), which were categorized into three major types. Among them, 30 cases had Amel-X deletion: 5 cases had C→T mutation at position 372; 2 cases had G→A mutation at position 293; 23 cases had A→G mutation at position 304. There were 2 cases of Amel-Y deletion: 1 case of insertion mutation of TTAA at position 387, and 1 case of microdeletion of the short arm containing Amel-Y. Six cases of abnormal Amel-X/Y peak ratios were identified: using the STRtyper-21G kit, the abnormalities appeared as low Amel-X with absent Amel-Y, normal Amel-X with absent Amel-Y, normal Amel-X with low Amel-Y, respectively. However, retesting with GlobalFilerTM and PowerPlex® 21 kits consistently showed normal Amel-X with low Amel-Y. The GlobalFilerTM profiling showed that the peak heights of Amel-Y were comparable to those of the Y-InDel and DYS391 markers, and no abnormalities were detected by sequencing. Amelogenin genotyping abnormalities occur at a measurable frequency in the population and are mainly associated with mutations, which can be categorized as Amel-X deletion, Amel-Y deletion, and Amel-X/Y peak ratio abnormality. Regarding normal Amel-X peaks with lower Amel-Y peaks, the possibility of mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) in samples, which is commonly observed in elderly males, should be considered and given attention. 目的: 探讨男性样本Amelogenin基因座的异常分型及原因。方法: 用STRtyper-21G试剂盒对 23 647例男性无关个体血样进行检验，筛选出Amelogenin基因座分型异常的样本共38例。用GlobalFilerTM、PowerPlex® 21试剂盒复核并对结果分类;对分型异常样本，补充性染色体STR分型和Sanger测序;对疑似Amel-Y微缺失样本，进行序列标签位点检测。结果: 上述38例样本，除Amelogenin基因座外，其他性染色体STR分型结果均正常。Amelogenin基因座分型异常样本检出率为0.161%（38/23 647）。38例分型异常样本可分为3大类，其中，Amel-X缺失30例:5例在第372位发生了C→T突变，2例在第293位发生了G→A突变，23例在第304位发生了A→G突变;Amel-Y缺失2例:1例在第387位发生了TTAA的插入突变，1例包含Amel-Y的短臂微缺失;Amel-X/Y峰高比异常6例:STRtyper-21G试剂盒表现分别为Amel-X峰偏低、Amel-Y峰缺失，Amel-X峰正常、Amel-Y峰缺失，Amel-X峰正常、Amel-Y峰偏低，而GlobalFilerTM、PowerPlex® 21复核结果均表现为Amel-X峰正常、Amel-Y峰偏低，且GlobalFilerTM分型中Amel-Y峰高与Y-InDel、DYS391峰高相当，测序未发现异常。结论: Amelogenin基因座分型异常在人群中占有一定比例，多与突变有关，可分为Amel-X缺失、Amel-Y缺失、Amel-X/Y峰高比异常。对于Amel-X峰正常、Amel-Y峰偏低分型，应考虑样本存在Y染色体嵌合缺失（mosaic loss of chromosome Y，mLOY）的可能（多见于老年男性个体），应引起重视。.
To use finite element methods to conduct a digital simulation of a craniocerebral injury death case in which the manner of injury was questionable. Based on biomechanical data, the injury mechanism of the deceased's brain injury was quantitatively analyzed to provide a quantitative and visual objective basis for determining the manner of injury. The THUMS 4.02 human finite element model was used to simulate the process of skull and brain tissue injury when the occipital region fell and struck flat ground, with impact velocities of 4.18, 5.00, 5.50 and 6.00 m/s. Combined with the actual autopsy results, the injury mechanism was analyzed based on injury patterns and tissue stress characteristics. When the human body fell freely without external force (4.18 m/s) and landed on the occipital region, it caused minor fractures of the occipital bone and mild brain tissue injury; when the body was pushed to the ground by external forces (5.00, 5.50 and 6.00 m/s), the fracture range of the skull extended to the skull base, causing moderate brain tissue injury. Based on the actual injury findings, the possibility that the deceased fell freely can be ruled out. Reconstructing the process of traumatic brain injury using the finite element method can provide new ideas for determining the mechanism of injury in complex forensic cases through biomechanical indicators. 目的: 利用有限元方法对1例致伤方式存疑的颅脑损伤死亡案例进行数字化仿真试验，基于生物力学数据量化分析死者颅脑损伤的成伤机制，为致伤方式鉴定提供量化、可视的客观依据。方法: 利用THUMS 4.02人体有限元模型模拟人体枕部摔跌至平地的颅骨和脑组织损伤过程，着地速度分别为4.18、5.00、5.50和6.00 m/s，结合实际尸体检验结果，从损伤特征及组织应力特征分析颅脑损伤的成伤机制。结果: 当人体不受外力自由摔跌（4.18 m/s）以枕部着地后，可造成枕骨轻微骨折、脑组织轻度损伤;当人体遭外力推击，以（5.00、5.50和6.00 m/s）枕部着地后，颅骨的骨折范围可累及颅底，造成中度脑组织损伤，结合实际损伤结果，可排除案例自由摔跌的可能。结论: 利用有限元法重建颅脑损伤过程，通过损伤生物力学指标可为疑难案件致伤方式的鉴定提供新思路。.
开棺验尸工作是由法医主导、多警种多部门参与、极具挑战性的特殊法医检验鉴定工作，其意义在于为侦查提供线索、为审判提供科学依据。但这项工作对于死者的近亲属及主导检验的公安机关而言，都是一项“重大事件”:其一，亲属阻力大。需要开棺验尸的案（事）件中大部分死者近亲属的动机和思想认识复杂，工作中常涉及风俗习惯、伦常亲情等问题，易引发矛盾。其二，检验难度大。因尸体掩埋时间长，影响尸体检验的客观因素较多，导致证据不易提取，阳性检出率低，得出鉴定意见的难度较大[ 1]。.
To extract structured injury features of knee trauma from forensic case files, and to assess knee functional impairment using a machine learning model combined with the voting method. A total of 490 forensic cases involving knee trauma were retrospectively collected and randomly divided into training and testing sets at an 8:2 ratio. Structured injury features were extracted and systematically organized and stored using a MySQL database. Six machine learning models, including support vector classification, random forest, logistic regression, gradient boosting, k-nearest neighbor, and extreme gradient boosting, were applied to select the optimal models. Using a 25% loss of joint range of motion as the threshold, a model for classifying the severity of knee functional impairment was established by combining the selected models with a voting method. The best models were first selected based on their average AUC values, and further validated using 5-fold cross-validation. The SHAP method was used to analyze and interpret the prediction results of the optimal model. In addition, 57 similar cases were collected as an external validation to evaluate the model's generalization ability. The average AUC values for support vector machine, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting all exceeded 0.9. In 5-fold cross-validation, each of the three individual models achieved an average AUC value of 0.89. After integrating these three models using the voting method, the average AUC of 5-fold cross-validation increased to 0.91. The model's performance, and the evaluation metrics on the external validation set were comparable to those from internal validation. The developed machine learning model based on structured injury features demonstrates good performance in classifying the severity of motor dysfunction following knee trauma, with high model interpretability and strong generalization capability. 目的: 基于鉴定案例档案提取结构化的膝关节外伤损伤特征，利用机器学习模型结合投票法，推断膝关节功能障碍。方法: 回顾性收集膝关节外伤行法医学鉴定案例490例，按照8∶2比例划分为训练集和测试集;提取结构化损伤特征并利用MySQL数据库进行数据的系统化组织与储存，采用支持向量分类、随机森林、逻辑回归、梯度提升、k-近邻法、极限梯度提升共6种机器学习模型筛选出的最佳模型，结合投票法，以关节活动度损失25％为界，建立膝关节功能障碍程度判别模型。根据初步筛选的平均AUC值挑选最佳模型，再采用5-折交叉验证进一步验证。采用SHAP方法分析并解释最佳模型的预测结果。另外收集57例同类案例作为外部验证集检验模型的泛化能力。结果: 支持向量分类、随机森林、极限梯度提升3种模型的平均AUC值较高，均超过0.9。在5-折交叉验证中，三个模型的平均AUC值均为0.89。使用投票法集成这3种模型后，5-折交叉验证平均AUC值提升至0.91。模型的外部验证集各项评估指标与内部测试结果相近。结论: 建立的基于结构化膝关节外伤损伤特征机器学习模型，在膝关节外伤后运动功能障碍程度判别任务中效果较好，具有良好的可解释性与较高的泛化能力。.
Accurate classification of postmortem decomposition stages is a critical step in estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) and tracing the initial decomposition environment. Research on the decomposition staging methodological system is gradually shifting from empirical observation to the establishment of systems based on multidimensional quantitative indicators. This paper focuses on two key pathways, "macroscopic morphological evolution" and "microscopic molecular succession", and systema-tically reviews the evolutionary patterns and applicability of the decomposition staging system in three typical environmental media: surface exposure, burial, and aquatic systems. It also summarizes research progress in constructing stage classification models utilizing microbiome and metabolomic features. Furthermore, it highlights the integrated application of decomposition characteristic quantification techniques, multi-omics data integration, and machine learning algorithms in decomposition analysis systems. It analyzes the prospects and challenges of applying these approaches to build a standardized and practical decomposition staging system, aiming to provide theoretical support for establishing a decomposition staging system with high accuracy and strong adaptability to different environments. 准确划分尸体腐败阶段有利于死亡时间推断与初始腐败环境的溯源。尸体腐败阶段分期方法体系的研究正逐步从经验判断转向基于多维量化指标的建立。本文聚焦于“宏观形态演变”与“微观分子演替”两条路径，系统综述地表暴露、埋葬与水体三类典型环境介质中尸体腐败分期体系的演化规律与适用特征，梳理总结利用微生物组学与代谢组学特征构建分期判别模型的研究进展，重点探讨腐败特征量化技术、多组学数据整合以及机器学习算法在腐败分析体系中的融合应用，并分析其在构建标准化、可实战化腐败分期体系中的应用前景与挑战，以期为建立精度高、环境适应性强的尸体腐败分期体系提供理论支撑。.
To construct a multimodal forensic pathology database based on artificial intelligence (AI) technology and explore methods for integrating pre-trained models into multimodal databases. A hybrid storage architecture consisting of MySQL, Redis and OSS was employed to manage desensitized multimodal data. Data entry was optimized using optical character recognition (OCR) and natural language processing (NLP) technologies. OCR performance was evaluated and optimized using cosine distance, character error rate (CER), and word error rate (WER) to meet practical operational requirements. An intelligent retrieval model was developed using the ChatGLM3-6B model and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technology. Model performance was evaluated using ranking metrics including Precision@K, Recall@K, discounted cumulative gain (DCG), and normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG). The database demonstrated satisfactory baseline performance. The response times were maintained within 150 ms for single-query condition and within 2 s for multiple-query conditions. The average disk read throughput reached 950 MB/s. In concurrent performance tests, the database achieved a maximum throughput of 1 200 queries per second (QPS), meeting multimodal data management demands. OCR evaluation showed high recognition accuracy; for high-quality documents, the cosine distance, CER, and WER achieved 0.02, 1.5%, and 3.2%, respectively. Intelligent retrieval results indicated that Precision@K remained consistently high (0.69-1.00), while NDCG values remained above 0.87 for all evaluations. When K=100, the NDCG surpassed 0.95 for all queries, meeting expected performance requirements. The multimodal forensic pathology database constructed in this study demonstrates good stability and operational efficiency and can meet the requirements of routine forensic practice for multimodal data storage, management, and analysis. The intelligent retrieval capabilities, based on pre-trained large language models (LLMs), can be applied to conversational information retrieval from forensic reports and related documents, providing a novel approach to the management and analysis of multimodal databases. 目的: 基于人工智能技术构建法医病理多模态数据库系统，并探索预训练模型在多模态数据库中集成的应用方法。方法: 系统采用MySQL、Redis和OSS的混合式存储架构管理经脱敏处理后的多模态数据。通过光学字符识别（optical character recognition，OCR）和自然语言处理（natural language processing，NLP）技术对数据录入过程进行优化，根据余弦距离、字符错误率和词错误率评估并优化OCR性能以满足实际业务需求。基于ChatGLM3-6B模型和检索增强生成（retrieval-augmented generation，RAG）技术构建智能检索模型，并采用精确率（Precision@K）、召回率（Recall@K）、折损累积增益（discounted cumulative gain，DCG）和归一化折损累积增益（normalized discounted cumulative gain，NDCG）等排名指标评估模型性能。结果: 数据库基准性能良好，单个查询条件的响应时间控制在150 ms内，多个查询条件在2 s内，平均磁盘读取吞吐量为950 MB/s，并发性能测试中数据库吞吐量最高可达1 200每秒查询率（queries per second，QPS），能够承担多模态数据管理的需求。OCR结果显示，系统识别精度较高;在文档质量较高时，余弦距离、字符错误率和词错误率分别达到0.02、1.5%、3.2%。智能检索结果显示，Precision@K维持在较高水平（0.69~1.00），NDCG值均保持在0.87以上;K=100时，所有查询的NDCG均超过0.95，达到预期要求。结论: 所构建的法医病理多模态数据库具有较好的稳定性和运行效率，能够满足法医日常工作中对多模态数据存储和管理分析的需求。基于预训练的大语言模型的智能检索功能可用于鉴定文书的对话式信息检索，为多模态数据库的管理分析提供新的途径。.
Drowning is a significant cause of accidental death worldwide, and forensic investigation plays an important role in determining the circumstances and causes of these deaths. Despite its importance, research in forensic investigations related to drowning remains fragmented and insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to examine trends and patterns in publications on forensic examinations related to drowning deaths. Specifically, it sought to identify research gaps, highlight key contributions, and determine major thematic areas in the field. A total of 116 articles published between 2014 and 2023 were retrieved from the PubMed database using search terms related to forensic science and drowning deaths. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) to identify research clusters, patterns of author collaboration, and keyword co-occurrence. Filtered data were exported in .txt format to facilitate analysis and visualization. Visualization analysis identified seven thematic clusters. China had the highest number of publications on this topic. The Academy of Forensic Science in Shanghai was the most productive institution, while Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi had the highest number of publications. Lippmann J. was the most prolific author. The most frequently cited source received 180 citations. The three most commonly discussed topics were drowning, forensic pathology, and autopsy, while the most frequent terms overall were forensic pathology, autopsy, and people. The findings indicate substantial initial research interest in forensic investigations of drowning. However, publication output during the study period showed a downward trend, with a decrease of 16.4%. This decline suggests a notable gap in the literature and highlights the need for further research in this field.