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Obesity is considered a risk factor for pain, and comorbid obesity and pain have a cumulatively worse impact on function and quality of life than either condition alone. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of pain and describe the multidimensional biopsychosocial pain profiles of people with obesity (PwO). This pre-specified cross-sectional study reports the baseline data from a longitudinal cohort study. We recruited 519 PwO from three specialist obesity clinics in Ireland. Participants completed pain-, obesity- and health-related questionnaires to capture the multidimensional biopsychosocial characteristics of their pain experience. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pain prevalence was 77% (95% CI: 73.1%-80.6%) (70.7% female; mean age 46.6 ± 12.7 years). Participants' pain characteristics reflected heterogeneity in the pain experiences of PwO, including (mean; SD): pain intensity (0-10 numerical rating scale) (3.97 ± 2.9), number of pain locations (0-35) (5.06 ± 5.3), levels of pain-related disability and self-efficacy. The prevalence of nociplastic pain was 54% (95% CI: 49.3%-58.6%) and neuropathic pain was 30% (95% CI: 25.6%-34.8%). Clinically significant levels of pain-related worrying and kinesiophobia were reported by 20.9% (95% CI: 17.3%-24.8%) and 49.9% (95% CI: 45%-54.7%) of participants. The majority (77%) of PwO attending specialist obesity treatment services report experiencing pain. The intensity, nature, and impact of their pain vary. Over half reported nociplastic pain, one-third neuropathic pain, one-fifth significant pain-related worrying, and half kinesiophobia. These findings have implications for pain management in PwO. This is the first multicentre prospective cohort study to investigate the multidimensional pain profiles of PwO. Pain prevalence was 77%. This is the first study to estimate (i) baseline prevalence of nociplastic-dominant pain in PwO (54%); (ii) baseline prevalence of neuropathic pain in PwO (30%); (iii) clinically significant levels of pain-related fear (20.9%); and (iv) clinically significant levels of kinesiophobia (49.9%), in PwO attending specialist obesity treatment services. These findings have clinical implications for the treatment of pain in PwO.

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Taxonomies are widely used in sport science to classify disciplines according to structural, cognitive, and physiological demands, yet their robustness in differentiating athletes' cognitive performance remains uncertain. This study examined whether commonly applied sport classification frameworks-open versus closed skills, strategic-static-interceptive, participant classification, and multidimensional team/precision-skill/speed-strength-meaningfully represent cognitive differences within junior and senior national squad athletes. A total of 595 national squad athletes from eight sports (artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline, basketball, volleyball, ice hockey, table tennis, modern pentathlon) completed standardized measures of basic (processing speed, attention) and higher (working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility) cognitive functions. Using a model comparison approach, we show that the usefulness of taxonomic contrasts is limited because taxonomy-based models did not improve model fit relative to the null model or the model containing single sport disciplines. For processing speed, single disciplines provided the best fit. Supplementary analyses showed that processing-speed-based norm scores were above population means and moderately related to attention, but only weakly related to working memory and unrelated to executive control measures. Together, these findings suggest that conclusions about cognitive differences among high-performance athletes cannot be reliably made using taxonomic classifications as they lack robustness under realistic sampling conditions. The results underscore the importance of sport-specific and individual-level approaches when investigating cognitive functioning in high-performance sport contexts.

In previous research, physiological resilience has been measured as deterioration of the physiological profile during prolonged exercise. This study aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability of physiological resilience during prolonged moderate-intensity running. Physiological profile of 26 well-trained endurance runners (10 females) was tested in nonfatigued state as well as during and after two identical &#x223c;2.5-h long physiological resilience tests at &#x223c;89% of VT1 (ventilatory threshold 1) speed within an average period of 13 days. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficient of variations (CV%), and typical errors (TE and TE%). Change in maximal speed achieved in the incremental test (sPeak) was the most reliable metric and showed good reliability (ICC: 0.81 and TE: 1.8). The drifts in running economy (RE) and the heart rate (HR) had moderate to good reliability in the second half of the trial (ICC: 0.52-0.80 and TE 1.7-2.4). The changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory thresholds (VTs) had poor reliability (ICC: 0.07-0.36 and TE: 3.5-4.6). However, the absolute values of these variables demonstrated good to excellent reliability in fatigued state (ICC > 0.83, TE%&#xa0;<&#xa0;5.2%, and CV%&#xa0;<&#xa0;4.1%) even though they significantly deteriorated. Determining changes in sPeak and drifts in RE and HR appears to be the most reliable method to measure physiological resilience. In contrast, measurement of the physiological profile remains reliable in fatigued state for every variable. Longer or more demanding protocols may be required to obtain greater reliability for deterioration of the physiological profile.

Athlete-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are essential for evaluating shoulder function in sports contexts; however, their measurement properties, sport-specific applicability and responsiveness remain inconsistently established. This study aimed to critically appraise the development, psychometric properties and cross-cultural adaptations of athlete-specific shoulder PROMs, with a particular focus on reliability, validity and responsiveness. A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Scopus up to September 2025, complemented by manual reference screening. Studies were considered eligible if they evaluated at least one psychometric property of PROMs specifically developed to assess shoulder function in athletic populations. Methodological quality was appraised using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist, and overall study quality was rated using the Quality Appraisal for Clinical Measurement Studies tool. Meta-analysis was considered but not feasible due to substantial heterogeneity in study populations, PROMs and statistical indices. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria: six original PROMs and fourteen cross-cultural adaptations, mostly of the KJOC. Reliability was good-to-excellent (ICC&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.88-0.97) across PROMs. Construct validity was strongest for the KJOC and FAST, while single-item PROMs (SSV-Sport, SPORTS) showed feasibility but narrower construct coverage and ceiling effects. Responsiveness was best supported for the FAST and SSV-Sport, whereas longitudinal responsiveness was rarely examined in translations. The FAST and KJOC exhibit the most consistent and comparatively robust measurement evidence among athlete-specific shoulder PROMs. Single-item scores offer practicality but limited scope, and future validation studies should prioritise responsiveness, interpretability and anchor-based minimal clinically important differences to enhance clinical applicability.

Perioperative risk screening seeks to optimize medical decision-making by identifying cardiac risk in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The current guidelines of organizations such as the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC)incorporate assessments of subjective functional capacity, often using the threshold of 4 METs as a marker of low functional capacity. Despite recent updates to these guidelines, the literature remains conflicting, and the predictive power of subjective tools for perioperative outcomes is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, on the effectiveness of subjective functional capacity assessment tools regarding their predictive power for perioperative cardiac complications, including death. Four databases were searched: PUBMED, SCOPUS, WOS, and Science Direct. The results indicate that the self-reported ability to climb two flights of stairs, although demonstrating associative power, often did not improve the predictive power of risk models. In contrast, more comprehensive assessment tools with continuous data, such as the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) and weekly levels of physical activity, appear to be more promising. These results suggest that current perioperative risk stratification guidelines need to be critically re-evaluated with regard to the inclusion of subjective functional capacity. It is of paramount importance to effectively distinguish the associative power of the subjective assessment of functional capacity from its predictive power when compared with information already obtained from the patient.

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are transforming how scientists conduct and validate research, offering promise as tools to improve scientific reproducibility. However, computational reproducibility and error detection remain expensive and labor-intensive. We experimentally test how collaboration between researchers and LLM assistants influences the reproduction of quantitative social science findings across different levels of AI autonomy. We randomly assigned 288 researchers to 103 teams working under three conditions: human-only, AI-assisted (using ChatGPT as a collaborative tool), or AI-led (ChatGPT operating with minimal human oversight). Teams reproduced published results from leading social science journals, detected coding errors, and proposed robustness checks. Human-only and AI-assisted teams achieved comparable reproduction rates (94% vs. 91%) and performed similarly on most outcomes, except human-only teams identified significantly more major coding errors. Both substantially outperformed AI-led teams, which achieved only a 37% reproduction rate, detected fewer errors across all categories, proposed weaker robustness checks, and required more time. This autonomous approach, however, likely represents only a lower bound of AI capabilities. Despite rapid model advances, expert human judgment currently remains indispensable for reliable empirical verification. While AI assistance did not degrade most outcomes, it provided no measurable advantages and was associated with reduced detection of major errors. However, the 37% autonomous reproduction rate indicates that AI could provide value in settings where scale or cost constraints preclude human review of papers, even though general-purpose LLMs offer no immediate advantages for human-supervised verification.

Head and neck cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiation treatment (CCRT) lose a significant amount of lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) reducing muscle strength and performance. Progressive resistance training (PRT) may mitigate this loss and improve muscle strength and performance. The purpose was to investigate the effects of PRT initiated at CCRT onset on LSTM, muscle strength, and functional performance compared with usual care. Patients were randomized to 12 weeks of PRT (36 sessions) or usual care with no exercise (control group [CON]). At baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks, 6 and 12 months, Dual-Energy Absorptiometry evaluated total body mass (BM), LSTM, and fat mass (FM); 1 repetition maximum (1RM) chest press and leg press test assessed maximal muscle strength and functional performance (30 seconds chair-rise; 30 seconds arm curls; stair climb) was evaluated. Dietary intake was registered as were Quality of Life questionnaires European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ) C30 and QLQ H&N-35. A sample size of 72 patients (36 per group) was determined a priori with LSTM as the primary endpoint. Fifty patients were included (required sample size was not met), 25 in each group. From baseline to 12 weeks, patients in the PRT group lost 8.6 &#xb1; 1.0 kg BM (10%), 3.4 &#xb1; 0.6 kg LSTM (6%), and 5.2 &#xb1; 0.8 kg FM (21%). This was not significantly different from the CON group losing 7.4 &#xb1; 1.0 kg BM (9%), 3.4 &#xb1; 0.6 kg LSTM (6%), and 4.0 &#xb1; 0.8 FM (17%). Likewise, 1RM decreased equally in both groups. Chair rise and arm curl performance improved significantly more in PRT compared with in CON (p < 0.05). In this study PRT initiated at CCRT onset did not attenuate loss of LSTM or muscle strength. However, PRT did result in significantly increased functional performance.

Horizontal deceleration ability (HDA) is a critical component of multidirectional team sport performance. This study aimed to identify the interaction between external kinetic and kinematic determinants of HDA across multiple deceleration steps and approach speeds. Nineteen multidirectional team sport athletes completed five maximal horizontal decelerations at 100%, 85%, and 70% of maximal sprint velocity, while three-dimensional ground reaction forces (GRF) and kinematics were captured during the first three deceleration steps. HDA was quantified as the average rate of velocity reduction (i.e., deceleration) within each step and cumulatively across steps 1-3 (early HDA). Greater within-step deceleration significantly correlated with greater mean horizontal GRF (HGRF) and horizontal-to-vertical (H-V) force ratio across all steps and approach speeds (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.56-0.95, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.001-0.013). Mean HGRF in step 1 (&#x3b2;&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.58-0.83, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.01) and H-V force ratio in step 3 (&#x3b2;&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.50-0.68, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.01) were the strongest predictors of early HDA. Greater peak hip and knee flexion angles in step 1, and a lower centre-of-mass height, increased anterior foot placement and a more negative shank inclination at touchdown in steps 2 and 3 were associated with greater mean HGRF and H-V force ratio, with stronger associations observed at slower speeds (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.49-0.90, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.001-0.033). These findings indicate that early HDA is underpinned by step-specific kinetic and kinematic strategies. Practitioners should target the attenuation of horizontal force magnitude in step 1 via greater peak hip and knee flexion and enhance horizontal force orientation in later steps by optimising touchdown postures, such as centre-of-mass height, anterior foot placement and shank inclination.

This study explores how cultural logics, as articulated by system-level actors in the Northern Mediterranean region, may shape the acceptance, tolerance, and normalisation of interpersonal violence in sport, and constrain efforts to develop and implement safe sport initiatives. Using a cultural praxis heuristic, we conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with individuals responsible for coach education and recruitment in Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain, and Portugal. Analysis identified three themes: patriarchal structures reinforcing hierarchical power dynamics and gender norms; a win-focused culture prioritising competitive success over athlete well-being; and cultures of blindness and silence through which harmful practices are overlooked, minimised, or contained. Across contexts, safeguarding was described as less salient than adjacent institutional priorities (e.g.,&#xa0;doping and match-fixing), and participants highlighted a tension between expectations for top-down reform and mistrust toward institutional authorities, helping to explain why safeguarding remains weakly operationalised in everyday governance. Addressing IV therefore requires explicit attention to the cultural logics through which authority is exercised, success is evaluated, and concerns are handled within routine organisational practice. Implications include strengthening coach education and governance processes, supporting culture-change efforts that rebalance performance and welfare priorities, and engaging local actors to increase accountability and voice.

Football coaches commonly provide verbal encouragement and exercise end-point feedback to sustain players' effort by enhancing motivation during fitness training such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT). However, the influence of such cues on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region involved in exercise cessation decisions, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of motivational cues on PFC activation during HIIT using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, alongside physiological and perceptual responses. Twenty-two male elite footballers completed two randomised crossover HIIT sessions on a cycle ergometer, with and without motivational cues. Each session consisted of 12 repetitions of 30-s high-intensity bouts, each interspersed with a 30-s active recovery bout. Heart rate, lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), motivation-related questionnaires and oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2) concentration in the PFC were measured throughout HIIT. Although physiological responses were similar between conditions, perceived difficulty, assessed every three HIIT bouts, was significantly lower under the motivational condition, with lower RPE (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.038) and higher motivation (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.049), engagement (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.038) and mood (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.009) scores, particularly after the 9th repetition. From the 10th to 12th repetition of HIIT, the HbO2 concentrations of the orbitofrontal cortex and frontopolar PFC were significantly lower under the motivational condition (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.040 and p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.036, respectively), whereas the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC showed no significant difference between conditions. In conclusion, motivational cues reduce central PFC activity during the most fatiguing phases of HIIT, reflecting enhanced neural efficiency under motivation despite equivalent physical workloads.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of progressive resistance IMT on diaphragm muscle thickness, inspiratory muscle strength, balance, and isometric endurance of the hip-back extensor muscles in professional dancers. Thirty-six professional dancers (15 male, 21 female) aged 16-47&#xa0;years were randomly assigned to either a training group (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;18; 7 males, 11 females) or a control group (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;18; 8 males, 10 females). Both groups performed IMT for 8&#xa0;weeks, with the training group using progressive resistance (60% of maximum inspiratory pressure [MIP]) and the control group using minimal resistance (10% of MIP). Diaphragm thickness, respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP), balance (Y-balance test), hip and back extensor muscle endurance (Biering-Sorenson test), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were assessed before and after the intervention. At baseline, there were no significant differences between groups in demographic characteristics, dance experience, or training regimen (p&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05). After 8&#xa0;weeks of IMT, the training group showed significant improvements in MIP, MEP, diaphragm thickness at total lung capacity (TLC), hip-back extensor muscle endurance, balance, and ODI scores (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.01). The improvements in the training group were significantly higher than those in the control group for MIP, MEP, TLC, diaphragm thickness ratio (DTR), hip-back extensor muscle endurance, balance, and ODI scores (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.01). Progressive resistance IMT effectively improves respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness, balance, hip-back extensor muscle endurance, and reduces disability scores in professional dancers. IMT may be a valuable addition to training programs for dancers to enhance performance.

We examined the association of physical fitness (PF) and accelerometer-based moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) with long-term sickness absence (LTSA) incidence over an 8-year of follow-up in Finnish working-age population. Study data was based on Finnish population-based cross-sectional Health 2011 health examination survey's Physical Activity and Fitness sub-sample. Sample included 4821 over 18&#xa0;years old adults, of whom 48% participated. Baseline MVPA was assessed using a hip-worn accelerometer over at least four consecutive days, while PF included assessments of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and balance. MVPA and PF were categorized according to tertile cut points. Information of LTSA, covering all-cause, musculoskeletal, and mental health-related absences lasting more than 10 workdays, were derived from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution's register data. After excluding participants not at risk for LTSA due to old age or retirement, the analytical sample included 1464 participants. Associations were examined with negative binomial regression. After adjusting for key covariates and preceding LTSA, lower LTSA rates were observed among those with highest PF compared to lowest PF (IRR&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.39; 95% CI 0.18-0.85) and with highest MVPA compared to lowest MVPA (IRR&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.35; 95% CI 0.19-0.66). The associations were mainly similar regardless of chronic diseases or whether the cause of LTSA was a musculoskeletal or mental health condition. The associations became inconsistent over time, especially regarding physical activity. These results emphasize the important role of MVPA and PF as factors supporting work ability and preventing LTSA in general working-age population.

This study examined the effects of caffeine consumption on endurance exercise performance, and the influence of CYP1A2 gene polymorphisms in caffeine pharmacokinetics and exercise performance. The data sets of two randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover study design experiments have been merged. Thirty-eight recreationally active male participants provided saliva samples for CYP1A2 genotyping (AA homozygotes n&#xa0;=&#xa0;19; AC heterozygotes n&#xa0;=&#xa0;19) and completed either a 10-km run or 40-km cycling time trial of 60-min following a single dose of 6&#xa0;mg&#xb7;kg-1 caffeine (CAF) or placebo (maltodextrin; PLA) throughout which heart rate (HR) and time to completion (TTC) were measured. Caffeine ingestion improved TTC by 1.8% (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.05; &#x3b7;p 2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.12). HR was higher in CAF trials compared to PLA (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.02; &#x3b7;p 2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.15). Plasma caffeine concentrations were higher in AA allele carriers compared with AC allele carriers (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.04; &#x3b7;p 2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.139). No caffeine-gene interaction effects were observed in TTC, HR or plasma concentrations of paraxanthine and theophylline. Total caffeine plasma concentrations in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were significantly higher in AA allele carriers compared with AC allele carriers (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.01). Ingesting a dose of 6&#xa0;mg&#xb7;kg-1 caffeine 60-min prior to exercise is likely to improve performance in endurance activities in recreationally trained males. Plasma caffeine concentrations were significantly higher in AA allele carriers compared to AC allele carriers, though no gene-caffeine interaction main effects were observed in TTC; so, the role of CYP1A2 gene polymorphisms in determining enhancements in exercise performance remains unclear.

In competition, swimmers alternate between swimming on the surface and underwater; they therefore train in apnea to improve their tolerance to lack of oxygen during exercise, even though research in this area remains limited. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of underwater swimming on physiological and perceptual responses of competitive swimmers. Eighteen national level swimmers (700.25&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;53.42 AQUA points) performed 6&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;25m maximal swimming efforts from a push start with 3&#xa0;minutes rest in three different conditions: underwater (without breathing), surface (with normal breathing pattern) and competitive (composed of an underwater plus a surface swimming segment) swimming. Swimming performance (T25), gases exchange, heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood parameters, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and subjective feeling (FS) were measured. The underwater condition produced a greater increase in blood lactate (Lac) (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05; &#x3b7;2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.67) and potassium (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05; &#x3b7;2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.35) than the surface and competitive conditions. No significant differences (p&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05) were observed in HR, SpO2 or RPE, whereas FS values were lower (more unpleasant) in the underwater swimming condition. However, oxygen uptake (VO2) was significantly lower (p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.003; &#x3b7;2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.09)) in underwater than in competitive swimming. This study shows that a set of 25m underwater swimming efforts at maximum intensity generates an intense muscular, perceptive and metabolic demand in competitive swimmers, well tolerated by young trained competitive swimmers.

Levodopa did not enhance early motor recovery at 3&#xa0;months after stroke in the Enhancement of Stroke Rehabilitation with Levodopa (ESTREL) trial. However, whether levodopa modifies the time course of recovery, leading to a delayed benefit remains unclear. Here, we examined levodopa's effects on the trajectories of motor recovery up to 6&#xa0;months after stroke. The ESTREL trial, a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial, compared a 39-day regimen of levodopa/carbidopa (100&#xa0;mg/25&#xa0;mg, 3&#xd7;/day) to placebo alongside standardised task-oriented training. We longitudinally analysed Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA) total scores (primary outcome), mRS and NIHSS (secondary outcomes) at baseline (0-7&#xa0;days post stroke), 5&#xa0;weeks, 3 and 6&#xa0;months using linear mixed-effects models including timepoint, treatment allocation and their interaction. In total, 576 of 610 (94%) participants (median age 73 years; 40% female) were analysed. FMA scores improved over time in both groups (P&#xa0;<&#xa0;.001), with no overall levodopa effect across visits (estimate 0.65 points, 95% CI, -3.3 to 4.6; P&#xa0;=&#xa0;.75). There was no indication that levodopa modified the recovery trajectory (&#x3c7;2&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.52, df&#xa0;=&#xa0;3, P&#xa0;=&#xa0;.91), and estimated levodopa-placebo differences in FMA changes across visit intervals were small, ranging from -0.7 to +0.8 points, with confidence intervals crossing zero. Secondary outcomes showed similar longitudinal improvement, without evidence of a treatment effect. In this post hoc analysis of ESTREL participants with repeated FMA assessments, motor impairment improved from the first days after stroke up to 6&#xa0;months. Levodopa added to task-oriented inpatient rehabilitation did not improve motor recovery or alter its trajectory over this period. NCT03735901, available at ClinicalTrials.gov: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03735901?cond=NCT03735901&rank=1.

Inadequate physical activity (PA) and increased sedentary time are key drivers of cardiometabolic disorders related to being overweight, and metabolomics offers a promising novel approach to study their associations. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence on metabolites associated with PA and/or sedentary time among children and adolescents in different weight groups, integrating both intervention and observational studies to provide a comprehensive and broad synthesis of existing evidence. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were systematically searched for studies published from inception to December 2023 conducted in children and adolescents aged &#x2264; 18&#xa0;years including metabolomics analyses focusing on PA, sedentary time, or cardiorespiratory fitness. Fifteen studies were included, and half of the studies were conducted in overweight individuals. Notable PA-induced or PA-associated alterations were seen in lipid, branched-chain amino acid and ammonia metabolism, and the citric acid and glucose-alanine cycles. The directions of the alterations seemed consistent across children and adolescents with normal body weight and overweight, but not in trained peers. Several metabolites and metabolite groups were identified as markers of higher PA and better cardiorespiratory fitness, reflecting favorable metabolic states in children and adolescents. However, there is still a great need for more in-depth metabolomics studies using state-of-the-art techniques in the fields of pediatric exercise science and public health. Training status, exercise modalities, and pubertal development are important covariates to consider in future studies.

Athletes continuously face stressful situations while pursuing their athletic goals. Thus, stress management plays a pivotal role in their athletic endeavor. While the subjective belief about stress (stress mindset) has substantial effects on their mental health, the understanding of stress mindset is limited in sports psychology, and further, the understanding of stress in sports settings is incomplete, with a lack of consideration that effective stress coping is exercised by "correctly" responding to the demands of the situations. To fill in these gaps, we conducted two studies. In a pilot study, we collected stressful situations for varsity athletes through situation sampling methods. As a result, 17 stressful situations were identified. By utilizing these 17 stressful situations, we conducted multilevel mediation analysis to examine the relationship between stress mindset, perception of coping effectiveness, and distress levels. Also, to examine whether and how the degree to which athletes utilize stress coping they ideally want to utilize contributes to the perception of coping effectiveness, we conducted multilevel response surface analysis. The results showed that the perception of coping effectiveness partially mediated the relationship between stress mindset and distress level. Furthermore, the results in response surface analysis showed that the degree of matching between ideal and actual stress coping contributes to the perception of coping effectiveness. The current study demonstrated the protective factor of positive stress belief on distress levels. Also, we revealed that athletes feel that they are effectively managing stress when there is minimal discrepancy between ideal and actual stress coping strategies.

Isometric resistance training (IRT) can reduce resting and ambulatory blood pressure (AmBP) yet established exercise methods lack versatility and may present with participation barriers. An isometric training band (ITB) has been identified as an alternative modality; however, its long-term effects on resting and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) remains unknown. This study assessed the effects of the ITB on resting BP and AmBP following 4&#xa0;weeks of IRT. Forty-two normotensive adults (22 male, 20 female; mean&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;SD, age 31&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;14&#xa0;years, systolic [sBP], 120&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;5 mmHg, diastolic [dBP], 72&#xa0;&#xb1;&#xa0;7 mmHg), were randomised to a control (CON), isometric handgrip (IHG) or ITB group. Resting (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial BP and heart rate [HR]) and AmBP (24-h, daytime and night-time) were measured pre- and post-4&#xa0;weeks of supervised IRT (4 x 2-min contractions at 30% MVC [IHG] or 4 x 2-min contractions at CR-10 values equivalent to 30% MVC [ITB]). Resting sBP was reduced for IHG (-4.6 mmHg, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) and ITB (-4.5 mmHg, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.05) following 4&#xa0;weeks of IRT, alongside significant within-group differences in night-time sBP for both training groups (ITB -4 mmHg, IHG, -4.7 mmHg). No differences were seen within or between groups for resting dBP, mBP, HR and 24-h and daytime AmBP (p&#xa0;>&#xa0;0.05 across all measures). These findings suggest 4&#xa0;weeks of IRT using the ITB can elicit reductions in resting BP and night-time AmBP in normotensives comparable to IHG, indicating the ITB may offer a practical and cost-effective alternative to established interventions.