Seven adults with displaced radial head fractures had concurrent dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. Because support of the radius was lost at both the elbow and wrist, proximal migration of the radius from 5 to 10 mm occurred. Different types of fractures were classified to designate the best method of restoring radial length to prevent chronic wrist pain and stiffness. Type I fractures had large displaced radial head fragments with minimal or no comminution and amenable to interfragmentary fixation. Type II fractures had severe comminution requiring radial head excision and prosthetic replacement. Type III were old injuries with irreducible proximal migration of the radius managed by ulnar shortening and radial head prosthetic replacement. There were three Type I, two Type II, and two Type III fractures. Results of treatment were graded as 3, excellent; 2, good; 1, fair; and 1, poor. The three excellent results were in patients in which restoration of radial length was achieved within one week of injury. Suboptimal results occurred in the remaining four patients when definitive surgery was delayed four to ten weeks. The poor result was in a patient treated only by radial head excision and who refused further surgery. Recommendations include meticulous clinical and roentgenographic examination of the distal radioulnar joint in all patients with displaced radial head fractures. Preservation of the radial head with anatomic reduction and rigid internal fixation is preferred, but radial head replacement may be necessary in cases with extensive comminution. Radial head excision alone, though contraindicated, may be restructured by ulnar shortening and radial head prosthetic replacement.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the reduction and outcome of selected intraarticular calcaneal fractures treated with percutaneous Essex-Lopresti reduction and fixation. DESIGN: Prospective consecutive series. SETTING: Level one trauma center and tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six consecutive patients with an Essex-Lopresti tongue-type, Sanders type 2C calcaneus fracture. INTERVENTION: Modified percutaneous Essex-Lopresti type spike reduction and fixation of the posterior facet. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Clinical and radiographic analysis. METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive patients with calcaneal fractures meeting the criteria had an attempted percutaneous reduction performed under fluoroscopic control with the patient in the lateral position. Twenty-three of the twenty-six feet had an acceptable reduction, and the remaining three were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). The first seventeen cases were stabilized by two Steinmann pins, which were removed at ten to twelve weeks. The last six cases were fixed with two cannulated 6.5-millimeter screws, which were left in place. Early motion was encouraged in all cases RESULTS: Of the twenty-three patients with an acceptable reduction, twenty had no angulation between the posterior facet of the talus and the calcaneus and three had <5 degrees. The tuberosity reduction was <5 degrees in seventeen cases and <10 degrees in all cases. The calcaneal height was restored to normal in twenty cases, and the width (axial view) averaged 119 percent of the contralateral side. Follow-up averaged 2.9 years. Using the Maryland foot score there were twelve (55 percent) excellent, seven (32 percent) good, and three (13 percent) fair results. CONCLUSIONS: The Essex-Lopresti spike reduction is a useful method for the treatment of tongue-type Sanders type 2C fractures of the calcaneus. Results are superior to those in previous series of intraarticular fractures treated with ORIF.
Introduction 1. The Essex Rising of 1601 2. Justifying War 3. 'Profane pollicy'? Religion, Toleration, and the Politics of Succession 4. Physician of the State: Essex and the Elizabethan Polity 5. The Popular Traitor: Responses to Essex 6. Scholars and Martialists: The Politics of History and Scholarship Conclusion Bibliography
Abstract This paper seeks to draw on the tools of Ernesto Laclau’s theory of discourse, hegemony and populism as well as recent Essex School work on populism to examine the discourse of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and, in the process, come closer to a more systematic understanding of nature and limits of right-wing populism as well as the interplay and distinction between populist and non-populist discursive logics more generally. The paper situates itself in the context of existing Essex School work that has distinguished populism from institutionalism—and, more recently, from nationalism —in terms of either the length of the equivalential chain or the centrality of “the people” as nodal point in addition to the degree of antagonistic division between “people” and “power.” Building on this latter strand in the recent work of Yannis Stavrakakis and others, this paper proposes a formal distinction between populism and reductionism as internal to Laclau’s theory of populism. Reductionism, it is argued, tends to reduce “the people” onto a differential particularity that sets a priori limits on the equivalential chain as opposed to constructing it as a tendentially empty signifier attached to an open-ended chain—producing a tendential closure of the equivalential chain and thus undercutting the primacy of the logic of equivalence that is fundamental to Laclau’s understanding of populism and subsequent Essex School applications of it. It is argued that predominantly ethno-, cultural- or nativist-reductionist discourses may nonetheless deploy a populist logic of partial openings in the equivalential chain, especially through the selective equivalential incorporation of sexual or ethno-linguistic minorities against a common (often “Islamic”) constitutive outside. This is demonstrated empirically in a discourse analysis of the AfD and its development from a “competition populism” into an ethno-culturally reductionist conception of “the people” coexisting with partial openings in relation to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and Russian-Germans in the Berlin context in particular.
Abstract At Marks Tey, Essex, Pleistocene lacustrine sediments rest on chalky boulder clay and occupy a deep, narrow trough cut into the subglacial surface. The central deposits of the former lake basin consist of laminated clay muds, partly brecciated, overlain by laminated grey clay, which is at present exploited for brickmaking. Together these strata have a maximum proved thickness of at least 35 m. The marginal sediments of the basin are thinner and more organic, and indicate some fluctuation of water level during deposition. Palaeobotanical evidence suggests that the basin was formed during the Lowestoft glaciation, possibly by subglacial erosion, and was gradually infilled during the course of the entire Hoxnian interglacial and the earliest part of the ensuing Gipping glacial period. Pollen analysis of the lacustrine deposits yielded the first complete vegetational record throughout the Hoxnian interglacial from the Lowestoft Late-glacial to the Gipping Early-glacial periods. The vegetational and climatic development of the interglacial can be reconstructed from the palaeobotanical evidence. The grey clay of Gipping age contained a macroflora of ‘full-glacial’ aspect. Of particular note are (1) the closing zones of the interglacial (Ho III and Ho IV ), which have not been fully recorded before; (2) the occurrence during this period of such exotic plant types as Vitis, Pterocarya and Ericacf. terminalis; and (3) a high non-tree pollen phase during subzone H o l i e similar to that recorded by West (1956) from the same subzone at Hoxne. A preliminary investigation has been made of diatomaceous lamination structures in the interglacial clay mud. This lamination, which appears to be annual, suggests that the timespan of the interglacial period was of the order of 30000 to 50000 years. The interglacial deposits rest on chalky boulder clay, corresponding to the Springfield Till of Clayton (1957, 1960). There is no sign of till overlying the lacustrine deposits. Nearby, other Hoxnian deposits at Copford and Rivenhall End, Kelvedon, rest in a similar stratigraphic position. This fact implies that all the till deposits of south-east Essex belong to the Lowestoft glaciation, and that the Gipping ice advance did not extend as far south as commonly assumed.
Preface Introduction: 'A playboy of the western world'? Part I. Into the Fateful Circle: 1585-92: 1. 'My lord of Essex' 2. 'Yowr sonne most ready to doe yowr service' 3. 'To whom muche is geven ...' Part II. The Quest for Greatness: 1593-7: 4. 'One of her Majestie's privy councillors' 5. 'Matters of intelligence' 6. 'The shepheard of Albion's Arcadia' 7. 'My lord of Essex and his men' 8. 'Your Majestie's creture and vassall' 9. 'Yf we lyved not in a cunning world ...' Conclusion: 'A greater worke then ever any gentleman' Bibliography.
The Essex-Lopresti injury is rare. It consists of fracture of the head of the radius, rupture of the interosseous membrane and disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. The injury is often missed because attention is directed towards the fracture of the head of the radius. We present a series of 12 patients with a mean age of 44.9 years (26 to 54), 11 of whom were treated surgically at a mean of 4.6 months (1 to 16) after injury and the other after 18 years. They were followed up for a mean of 29.2 months (2 to 69). Ten patients had additional injuries to the forearm or wrist, which made diagnosis more difficult. Replacement of the head of the radius was carried out in ten patients and the Sauve-Kapandji procedure in three. Patients were assessed using standard outcome scores. The mean post-operative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 55 (37 to 83), the mean Morrey Elbow Performance score was 72.2 (39 to 92) and the mean Mayo wrist score was 61.3 (35 to 80). The mean grip strength was 68.5% (39.6% to 91.3%) of the unaffected wrist. Most of the patients (10 of 12) were satisfied with their operation and in 11 the pain was relieved. When treating the chronic Essex-Lopresti injury, we recommend accurate realignment of the radius and ulna and replacement of the head of the radius. If this fails a Sauve-Kapandji procedure to arthrodese the distal radioulnar joint should be undertaken to stabilise the forearm while maintaining mobility.
Abstract Brickearth occurs in south Essex where it overlies Quaternary terrace gravels and London Clay of Eocene age. In places it is as much as 8 m in thickness. Quartz is the most abundant mineral and feldspar occurred in most specimens examined. Of the clay type minerals, mica is generally more abundant than mont- morillonite which, in turn, is more abundant than kaolinite. Calcium carbonate occurs as grains, concretionary nodules and thin tube fillings. The moisture content normally varies between 12 and 25% and the soils are of low to high plasticity. Clayey, silty and sandy brickearths are recognized, with most belonging to the silty variety. They are uniform to well sorted with most samples having a positive skewness. The porosity of the brickearths is around 40% with a mean dry density of 1.68 Mg/m 3 . Brickearth can have a collapsible fabric. In the case of the brickearths from south Essex this was assessed in terms of collapse indices and the oedometer test. About half the samples tested in the oedometer were metastable. As would be expected, the degree of compressibility of these brickearths is high. The undrained shear strength of these brickearths showed that they ranged from very soft to very stiff. There is a general tendency for shear strength to decrease with depth as the soil near the ground surface has a ‘crust-like’ nature.
The coast of Essex is bordered by marshland and is subsiding. Under natural conditions sedimentation on the marshes keeps pace with subsidence, but where the land has been reclaimed and embanked, subsidence has continued with no compensating sedimentation. Material in suspension is flocculated and is mainly inorganic but may contain up to 25% organic material. Particle diameters of the flocculi range from less than 1 µ to about 80 µ with a mean at about 10–15 µ. The concentration varies with state of tide, depth, and location. There is more material near the bottom than at the surface, and greater concentrations occur near the mouth than near the head of the estuary. Bottom deposits are made up of two distinct particle populations. There is a fine sand fraction which is believed to be transported near the bottom, and a silt fraction derived from suspension. Offshore, in areas exposed to wave action, there arc fine sands with very little silt. The proportion of silt increases and the modal diameter of the fine sand fraction decreases towards the head of the estuary. The sediments may be derived from offshore deposits of boulder clay, and evidence was found to suggest that these deposits are being eroded by tidal currents. Material eroded from an unsorted boulder clay could produce the distribution of sedimentary properties found in the Essex estuaries.
The Essex-Lopresti lesion represents a severe injury of the forearm unit. In the 1940s, it's pathology and consequences have already been mentioned by several authors. Over the course of time, the pathophysiology of the lesion was displayed in more detail. Therefore, an intensive analysis of the involved anatomic structures was done. The interosseous membrane was shown to play a major role in stabilising the forearm unit, in the situation of a fractured radial head, which is the primary stabiliser of the longitudinal forearm stability. Moreover, biomechanical analyses showed a relevant attribution of the distal radio-ulnar joint to the forearm stability. If, in the case of a full-blown Essex-Lopresti lesion, the radial head, the interosseous membrane and the distal radio-ulnar joint are injured, proximalisation of the radius will take place and will come along with secondary symptoms at the elbow joint and the wrist. According to actual studies, the lesion seems to occur more often than realised up to now. Thus, to avoid missing the complex injury, subtle clinical diagnosis combined with adequate imaging has to be undertaken. If the lesion is confirmed, several operative treatment options are available, yet not proofed to be sufficient.
Measurements in the estuary of the River Colne, Essex, UK, showed strong gradients of nitrate and ammonium concentrations, increasing upriver due to inputs from the nver and a large sewage treatment works. In the low salinity region (<l0 to 12 psu) nitrate concentrations in the water column were sometimes > l mM, but rapidly decreased within the top 1 cm of sediment. Concentrations of N 2 0 in the water column correlated with nitrate concentrations, due to denitnfication and N 2 0 formation in the surface sediment. There was no formation of N,O in the water column. N 2 0 in the estuary water was always supersaturated with respect to N 2 0 in air, and in the low salinity/high nitrate part of the estuary could be up to 50 times air equ.ilibration. Water-air N 2 0 fluxes, calculated from a thin film model, also showed marked gradients up the estuary. The emission fluxes of N,O from the surface of tidally exposed sediments decreased with time after exposure. This was the result of the fast turnover (c40 min) of the sedimentary nitrate pool, and its depletion when it was no longer recharged by transport of nitrate from the water column. The sedunents were, therefore, extremely important processors of nitrate from the water column, but only when covered by the tide. Water-air emission fluxes in each sector of the estuary were calculated and showed that maximum N 2 0 emission at high tide was from the sector below that where peak unit area emission fluxes were detected, because of the greater area of water surface in the sector.
A Rural Society after the Black Death is a study of rural social structure in the English county of Essex between 1350 and 1500. It seeks to understand how, in the population collapse after the Black Death (1348–1349), a particular economic environment affected ordinary people's lives in the areas of migration, marriage and employment, and also contributed to patterns of religious nonconformity, agrarian riots and unrest, and even rural housing. The period under scrutiny is often seen as a transitional era between 'medieval' and 'early-modern' England, but in the light of recent advances in English historical demography, this study suggests that there was more continuity than change in some critically important aspects of social structure in the region in question. Among the most important contributions of the book are its use of an unprecedentedly wide range of original manuscript records (estate and manorial records, taxation and criminal-court records, royal tenurial records, and the records of church courts, wills etc.) and its application of current quantitative and comparative demographic methods.
The English language a general framework verbs and auxiliaries the semantics of the verb phrase nouns and determiners pronouns adjectives and adverbs the semantics and grammar of adverbials prepositions and prepositional phrases the simple sentence sentence types and discourse functions pro-forms and ellipsis co-ordination the complex sentence syntactic and semantic functions of subordinate clauses complementation of verbs and adjectives the noun phrase theme, focus and information processing from sentences to text.
Two conflicting definitions of desistance exist in the criminology literature. The first definition is instantaneous desistance in which an offender simply chooses to end a criminal career instantaneously moving to a zero rate of offending ( ). The second definition views desistance as a process by which the offending rate declines steadily over time to zero or to a point close to zero ( ; ; ). In this article, we capitalize on the underlying assumptions of several parametric survival distributions to gain a better understanding of which of these models best describes actual patterns of desistance. All models are examined using 18 years of follow‐up data on a cohort of felony convicts in Essex County, NJ. Our analysis leads us to three conclusions. First, some people have already desisted at the beginning of the follow‐up period, which is consistent with the notion of “instantaneous desistance.” Second, a three‐parameter model that allows for a turning point in the risk of recidivism followed by a long period of decline fits the data best. This conclusion suggests that for those offenders active at the start of the study period, the risk of recidivism is declining over time. However, we also find that a simpler two‐group model fits the data almost as well and gains superiority in the later years of follow‐up. This last point is particularly relevant as it suggests that the observed gradual decline in the hazard over time is a result of a compositional effect rather than of a pattern of individually declining hazards.
The immensely rich archives emerging from the parochial administration of the English poor law before 1834 include letters to the overseers of the poor that came from the poor themselves. As personal testimonies of people claiming relief, which are often written in a stunningly 'private' tone, pauper letters allow deep insights into the living conditions, experiences and attitudes of the labouring poor in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Some 750 of these pauper letters, all those presently known to survive in the county of Essex, are contained in this volume. The historical apparatus draws on material from other sources (overseers' correspondence, overseers' accounts and vestry minutes), to put the letters in context. The documents reveal the strong belief of the poor in their right to relief, and their surprisingly powerful position in negotiating their case with the overseers. The Introduction demonstrates the immense importance of this largely neglected source - both for the social historian and for the comparative study of literacy.
The edited book by Ilaria Boncori (University of Essex) gathers together a collection of subject narratives on gender and equality issues in organizations. The book addresses forms of gender inequa...
SUMMARY Laboratory and field observations were made on the food and feeding of the starfish in relation to its role as a predator on oyster beds in the rivers of Essex, particularly in the river Crouch. Asterias rubens was found most likely to be associated with large numbers of Crepidula , the most serious competitor of the oyster. Laboratory experiments showed that although Asterias occasionally ate spat and adult oysters, the greater part of its food was made up of organisms which are competitors of the oyster. The smaller sizes of Asterias ate large numbers of barnacles, with occasional spat of oysters and Crepidula . The larger occasionally ate oysters and oyster spat, but almost always exhibited a preference for mussels and, in the absence of these, for Crepidula , and sometimes even for Urosalpinx . Some observations were made on the method and rate of feeding and distribution of Asterias and Solaster papposus , and certain aspects of the feeding behaviour of the stone crab, Hyas araneus . It was concluded that Asterias is not such a serious enemy of the oyster as was previously supposed, and that under certain conditions, its presence may be beneficial to oyster culture.
In a previous paper (Hancock, 1955) an account was given of the feeding behaviour of the starfish Asterias rubens L. and the common sunstar Solaster papposus (L.) on Essex oyster beds. In discussion, it was stated that there was no evidence that, in the conditions described, a cultivated oyster ground provided a greater attraction than an uncultivated one. The present work was undertaken to provide information on this subject, and also on the movements, growth and ecological relationships of starfish. Further experiments were made on feeding behaviour, particularly of the young starfish.
A U–Th dating study was carried out on the authigenic carbonate component of interglacial lake sediments at Marks Tey, Essex, England. Isochron methods were necessary because of the presence of non-carbonate detritus. Calculated dates around the limit of the U–Th method were obtained for two horizons. Error limits were determined by Monte Carlo sampling from the normal distributions of errors in the isotope ratios. Comparison of the resulting empirical distribution functions with the marine oxygen isotope time-scale indicates with 87% confidence that the Marks Tey sediments correlate with OIS 11 or some older stage. As the Marks Tey deposits rest without stratigraphical break on Anglian till, and can be firmly correlated with the Hoxnian interglacial type site at Hoxne, Suffolk, England, this result implies that the Anglian glaciation took place in OIS 12 and the Hoxnian Stage of the British chronostratigraphy commenced in OIS 11. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract At Ilford, Essex, organic sediments have been found beneath the brickearth, long famous for its rich mammalian fauna. Pollen analysis shows that these organic sediments and the lower part of the overlying brickearth were deposited during the Ipswichian (Last) Interglacial. The pollen diagrams show the vegetational succession typical of the first half of the interglacial, with pollen zones b, c, d, e and f, which cover the early treeless part of the interglacial and the change to forested conditions with Pinus and Quercus. The rich flora of macroscopic plant remains indicates that a climate with summers warmer than now obtain in the area prevailed probably in zone c and more certainly in the later zones. Analyses of the macroscopic plant remains and the non-marine Mollusca demonstrate that the organic deposits were formed in a large pond or a small stream, tributary to the Thames at that time. A rising base level, probably resulting from the rise in sea-level known to occur in zone f of the interglacial, caused the Thames floodplain to extend over the organic deposits, and brickearth was deposited up to a height of 42 ft. O.D. at least. The surface of the brickearth was contorted by cryoturbation during the Weichselian (Last) Glaciation. The Ilford temperate deposits are correlated with temperate fossiliferous deposits at Little Thurrock (Grays), and more tentatively, with temperate fossiliferous deposits at Erith, Crayford and Ebbsfleet. The consequences of the dating of the Ilford brickearth to the Ipswichian Interglacial for the terrace succession of the lower Thames valley are considered.