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This article provides a structured summary of "Leadership in Focus: Lessons Learned from Women Leaders," a conference panel organized by the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 40's Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (SCN)'s Women in Neuropsychology (WIN) committee at APA's annual conference in 2025. This panel brought together four prolific women leaders in neuropsychology and associated fields, Kim Gorgens, PhD, ABPP, Paula Shear, PhD, Chriscelyn Tussey, PsyD, ABPP, and Sara Weisenbach, PhD, ABPP, to discuss major themes related to women's leadership in neuropsychology, including: (1) a historical view of women in leadership positions, (2) systemic barriers faced by women in leadership, and (3) strategies used as a woman in leadership. Erin Sullivan-Baca, PhD, ABPP, and Rachael L. Ellison, PhD, co-moderated this panel discussion. The panel session and this resulting paper aim to disseminate the panelists' wisdom around best practices in knowledge and strategies for promoting gender equity and supporting the advancement of women in leadership within neuropsychology. Common themes across panelists and topics included celebrating and recognizing the strengths of women's unique leadership style, reflecting on personal strengths, seeking out mentorship and sponsorship, engaging in professional organizations, and not overplanning or waiting until conditions are perfect to volunteer for leadership opportunities. Panelists concluded by acknowledging continued barriers to women in leadership while also providing a vision of hope for the future of women leaders in neuropsychology.

Bats are major reservoirs of viruses that can be transmitted to humans in zoonotic outbreaks. Antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in shaping viral evolution and immune evasion but remains understudied in bats. All known mammals have a single immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene locus and up to two light chain loci. We have identified dual IgH loci on separate chromosomes in 26 bat species, highlighting extreme variation of immunogenetic architecture in order Chiroptera. In a model species, Eptesicus fuscus, we leveraged single-cell transcriptomes to confirm functional rearrangement and expression of both loci, but with different mechanisms for generating antibody diversity and function. These results provide a foundation for analysis of humoral immunity and pathogen response in bats.

Distinct molecular variants of the brain cancer ependymoma are distributed along the rostral-caudal extent of the central nervous system (CNS). Historically proposed to arise from ventricular ependyma, recent studies have suggested conflicting cellular origins, including the neural radial glia and the roof plate lineages. Using single-cell transcriptomics, immunohistochemistry, and lineage tracing, we demonstrate that ependymomas across all CNS compartments transcriptionally mirror MSX1 +ve pre-neural crest/roof plate (Pre-NC/RP) lineage derivatives. Ependymoma subgroups recapitulate the spatial and molecular diversity of regional Pre-NC/RP populations, while retaining conserved MSX1 expression. Expression of the oncogenic fusion ZFTA-RELA within the murine Pre-NC/RP lineage generated tumors that faithfully resembled human ependymoma. These findings identify a common embryonic cellular origin for ependymomas and reconcile previously conflicting models of tumorigenesis.

Despite prior success in classifying recurrent glioma noninvasively with multi-parametric MRI and AI, clinical applicability has yet to be demonstrated due to a lack of robust model evaluation and spatial preservation of tumor characteristics. This study develops, robustly evaluates, and clinically validates an interpretable model for predicting recurrent tumors from spatially varying, histopathologically-confirmed tissue samples. Machine learning models were developed using 254 pre-surgical multi-parametric MRI patches surrounding coordinates of tissue samples taken during recurrent surgery. A test AUROC of 0.74 ± 0.08 for distinguishing recurrent tumors, and 0.99 ± 0.01 for normal-appearing brain, demonstrated the feasibility of spatially mapping heterogeneity. Important features were consistent with current literature, and uncertainty was correlated with model failures (p ≤ 0.05). Volumetrics derived from prediction maps of recurrent tumors generated using a separate cohort of 56 patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas were significantly associated with survival. These results demonstrate a step towards clinical applicability of spatially mapping glioma recurrence.

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The quantity and bioavailability of iron (Fe) in commercial chicken eggs have been subject to ongoing debate. Understanding the chemical form of Fe in eggs, and how different laying conditions or cooking environments may alter chemical form is important to guide future studies of Fe bioavailability. To address these unanswered questions, this study aimed to accurately quantify and characterise Fe speciation (including haem and non-haem Fe) in egg yolk, albumen and whole eggs (mixed yolk and albumen), in both raw and cooked eggs. Eggs were obtained from four different hen housing systems: free-range, cage, barn and organic. Total Fe was measured using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy was used to quantify the relative proportions of different chemical forms of Fe (Fe speciation). These analyses were conducted on raw albumen, yolk, and whole egg samples (combined yolk and albumen) from eggs produced across all housing systems, as well as on baked and boiled albumen, yolk, and whole egg samples from free-range eggs. Haem Fe was not detected by the analytical methods used, confirming that eggs are not a nutritionally relevant source of haem Fe. Mixing yolk and albumen alters Fe speciation, decreasing relative phosphate coordination of Fe and increasing Fe associated with protein carboxylate and chloride groups. Subsequent baking causes a significant reduction in carboxylate- and chloride-bound Fe, accompanied by an increase in sulfur-bound Fe. Boiling eggs was found to have minimal effects on Fe speciation. Despite contributing little Fe, albumen plays an important role in modulating Fe speciation, which may subsequently impact bioavailability. Cooking eggs changes the Fe speciation, particularly increasing the amount of Fe-S coordination, which should be taken into consideration for future study design when assessing Fe bioavailability.

Declining nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) may elevate risk of Alzheimer's disease. We conducted a 12-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of the NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide riboside (NR), for enhancing cognitive function and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). 42 participants completed the study (NR = 22, placebo = 20). Adherence was similar between groups with no serious adverse effects. Blood NAD+ increased twofold in the NR group. There were no improvements in cognitive function (primary outcome), total CBF, or blood pressure (secondary outcomes). Exploratory analyses revealed potential increases in regional CBF, particularly in the hippocampus. NR effectively raises NAD+ in people with MCI but does not improve cognitive function, total CBF, or blood pressure over 12 weeks. Future studies should investigate regional effects on CBF over longer treatment durations.

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Total Knee Arthroplasty is a common treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis with excellent long-term survival. However, aseptic loosening of the tibial component remains a concern and may be influenced by cementing technique. Radiostereometric analysis studies indicate that early tibial migration increases the risk for later loosening. There is no consensus regarding how the tibial component should be cemented. To compare surface cementation (SC) and full cementation (FC) of the tibial component with respect to migration, micromotion, and bonding strength and to assess correlation between cement thickness and implant movement. Using a composite tibia model, we compared SC (n = 5) with FC (n = 5) of the NexGen Stemmed Option tibial baseplate. Groups underwent 20,000 loading cycles at a maximal axial load of 1780 N at a 1 Hz rate. Migration and micromotion were measured with Linear Variable Differential Transformers. Bonding strength was assessed in a push-out test. Parametric statistics were used for group comparisons. Mean anterior migration was 0.7 µm (SD ± 0.8) for FC and -1.3 µm (±1.5) for SC (p = 0.03). Mean anterior micromotion was 1.1 µm (± 0.8) for FC and 12.3 µm (±7.2) for SC (p = 0.03). Posterior implant movement were similar between groups. The FC-group demonstrated higher mean bonding strength (7655 N ± 1613) compared with SC (4541 N ± 1202) (p = 0.009). Greater anterior cement thickness correlated with reduced micromotion (r = -0.7, p = 0.02). Full cementation resulted in greater anterior stability and bonding strength compared with surface cementation. These findings suggest that full cementation reduces initial movement for NexGen Stemmed Option tibial baseplates.

State and local health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) routinely investigate multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with backyard poultry (BYP). Here, we describe antimicrobial resistance in multistate outbreaks of nontyphoidal salmonellosis associated with BYP from 2018 to 2023. We analyzed patient and outbreak data from CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System and System for Enteric Disease Response, Investigation, and Coordination databases. Isolate resistance was determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing or predicted by whole genome sequencing. We classified isolates as resistant, multi-drug resistant (MDR; resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes), or having clinically relevant resistance (CRR; resistant to ampicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; or nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin), and outbreaks as resistant, MDR, or CRR if ≥3 isolates and ≥10% of isolates met the corresponding resistance definitions. Statistical analyses comparing patient variables, outbreak size, and annual number of outbreaks with resistance status were performed. Among 78 multistate BYP-associated salmonellosis outbreaks, 36 (46%) exhibited resistance, 10 (13%) were classified as MDR, and 12 (15%) were classified as CRR. Enteritidis was the most frequent serotype, causing 22 (28%) outbreaks; three were resistant (two CRR only outbreaks, one CRR and MDR outbreak). Among the 6,262 patient isolates included in multistate BYP-associated salmonellosis outbreaks, 2,248 (36%) were resistant, 209 (3%) were MDR, and 395 (6%) were CRR. Although nearly half of BYP-associated salmonellosis outbreaks and one-third of outbreak isolates were resistant, CRR and MDR outbreaks and isolates were infrequent. Continued monitoring for antimicrobial resistance is warranted because of the persistence of BYP-associated salmonellosis and the potential for BYP to serve as a reservoir for resistant Salmonella that can spread to people.

Small-scale turbulent mixing in the ocean interior is vital in governing ocean circulation and tracer distributions, and hence global climate. However, the planetary extent of this role and its dependence on the microphysics of mixing remain inadequately understood. Here, we emphasize the variety of spatio-temporal scales on which such interior turbulent mixing can shape the climate system. In addition to its well-established role in facilitating the equilibration of deep branches of ocean circulation on centennial-to-millennial timescales, interior turbulent mixing is a leading determinant of oceanic tracer budgets on timescales as short as sub-annual. We highlight the importance of the co-dependence of vertical (diapycnal) mixing and lateral (isopycnal) stirring in establishing the large-scale impacts of oceanic turbulence. We conclude with a summary of theoretical, observational and computational bottlenecks in the way of a sufficiently accurate representation of mixing in Earth System Models, and discuss emerging opportunities for making progress in these areas.

While sleep inequities exist worldwide, interventions to improve sleep and well-being have rarely been developed through an indigenous lens. This article outlines the development of a Māori-led (indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand) intervention aiming to improve sleep in families with pēpi (infants) aged 2-12 months and thus well-being in the wider whānau (family). Interviews were held with 20 experts in Māori tikanga (customs) and te reo (language) and 20 whānau regarding what helped ensure healthy sleep for their whānau. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Interviews yielded a number of themes including 1) that ritual plays a crucial role in fostering connection, cultural identity, and well-being in whānau; 2) that ritual assisted movement between transitions such as wake to sleep through the lens of whakanoa (a cleansing of restrictions as move from one state to another); 3) that water-based activities in particular facilitate the transition to sleep; 4) the importance of intergenerational knowledge as sources of support; and 5) that shared meals prior to sleep symbolize Manaaki (hospitality) and connectedness as well as nourishment. Our findings suggest that culturally grounded approaches that honor the lived realities of whānau may help foster healthy sleep patterns and enhance overall well-being. Prioritizing cultural relevance and intergenerational wisdom has the potential to lead to more effective and meaningful approaches to supporting the sleep and well-being of whānau. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (anzctr.org.au, AACTRN12622000921785, 28 June 2022).

As longevity increases and the population over age 65 expands, advancing age remains the most reliable predictor of cognitive decline, highlighting the need to identify biological mechanisms that support exceptional cognitive aging. We tested whether lower inherited risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia predicts SuperAger status (adults ≥ 80 years with episodic memory at least as good as middle-age adults) using prospectively enrolled SuperAgers and Cognitively Average Controls (Controls) from the multisite SuperAging Research Initiative. We studied 231 participants (SuperAgers n = 142; Controls n = 89). We confirmed that the genetic ancestry structure across groups was comparable. We evaluated whether APOE status (ε2, ε3, ε4) and three AD polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from large contemporary Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) (PRSLambert, PRSWightman, PRSBellenguez) predicted SuperAging status using logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and education, considering ancestry interactions. APOE allele and genotype distributions did not differ between groups, and neither APOE nor any of the three PRS predicted SuperAger status. Results were unchanged when accounting for global non-European or African ancestry or principal components. In this well-characterized cohort, neither APOE nor contemporary PRS explained SuperAger status. These findings suggest that the exceptional late-life memory phenotype that is characteristic of SuperAging is not explained by common-variant AD genetic risk captured by APOE or contemporary AD PRS, motivating a deeper investigation of potential rare genetic variations and experiential factors contributing to exceptional cognitive aging.

We report the unique properties of cosmic phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), argon (Ar), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) fluxes in the GV to TV rigidity range collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station. With a total of one million events collected over 13.5 years, we observed that the rigidity dependencies of the five fluxes are well described by the sums of a primary cosmic ray component and a secondary cosmic ray component. The abundance ratios of all five elements to Si at the source are accurately determined independent of cosmic ray propagation. The source abundance of Ar and Ca (even-Z elements) is larger than P, Cl, and K (odd-Z elements). The secondary components of the P and the Cl fluxes are each ∼1/3 of the F flux, and the secondary components of the Ar, K, and Ca fluxes are each ∼1/2 of the F flux. The twenty elements measured by AMS, from He to Ca and Fe, can be categorized into four classes, two primary and two secondary, based on their rigidity dependence.

Emerging evidence suggests presence of novel or unclassified taxa within the Anopheles gambiae s.l. species complex, the principal vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. The response of these new lineages to standard vector control tools and/or adaptation to selection pressure is currently unknown, underscoring the need for further characterization. We performed a genome-wide selective scan (GWSS) analysis to gain genomic insights into the local adaptation of An. gambiae Bissau molecular form (hereafter "Bissau"), a recently described taxon from The Gambia. Genomic regions under selection in Bissau primarily code for clusters of gene families associated with metabolic resistance mechanisms against insecticides, specifically Cyp6aa/Cyp6p, Cyp9K, and Gste. Notably, a distinct signal of selection for the Choline acetyltransferase gene (ChAT) was detected in the chromosome arm 2R of Bissau. In the sibling taxa An. coluzzii, two distinctive signals of selection overlapping E-ubiquitin protein and N-acetyltransferase genes were evident. These unique genes warrant further functional validation and monitoring to confirm their potential role as molecular markers for target site resistance. A selective sweep spanning clusters of odorant receptor (OR) genes, usually associated with chemosensory, was also unique to Bissau. Diplotype clustering of OR regions revealed six groups with low heterozygosity and non-synonymous mutations, suggesting local adaptation to fundamental biological traits such as host seeking and habitat selection. Haplotype clustering analysis ruled out adaptive sharing of OR alleles, depicting ongoing independent evolution of chemosensory perception in Bissau population. Contrastingly, the sharing of adaptive alleles was evident between An. gambiae s.s and Bissau in regions coding metabolic resistance genes, potentially facilitating the spread of insecticide resistance across taxa. Common and taxon-specific signatures of selection are evolving in An. gambiae s.l. needing further studies and monitoring to guide targeted vector control efforts.

AbstractThe energy needed for insect flight varies with the size and body proportions of different species or individuals. Wingbeat frequency during flight usually decreases as size increases, though these changes depend on the proportions of the wings and flight muscles. Metabolic rate during flight often changes with wingbeat frequency. Nutrition during development plays a key role in determining an individual's size and body proportions. We used an intermittent feeding regime during the fifth larval instar of the hawk moth (Manduca sexta) to investigate how nutrition-induced size variation affects flight capacity and energetics. Adult body mass decreased with more severe intermittent feeding, widening the range of body mass variation to nearly fivefold. Changes in body mass influenced body proportions through allometric effects, with wing area and thorax mass scaling hypoallometrically, while abdomen mass scaled hyperallometrically. Sex and nutritional treatment further influenced these relationships. The flight wingbeat frequency increased in smaller-sized individuals, and the thorax mass-specific metabolic rate was higher. Smaller individuals from the intermittent feeding treatment also showed a lower flight success, apparently due to a lower thorax-to-abdomen mass ratio. Flight muscle metabolic enzyme activities did not differ with size or nutritional treatment. Overall, changes in body mass and proportions resulting from developmental plasticity influence flight energetics, leading to compromises in flight energy demands and success without notably altering flight muscle metabolic phenotypes, which could restrict muscle power during flight.

We explore the design and performance of a "Health of Nations Fund," a proposed securitization of a biomedical "megafund" that pools capital to invest in a diversified set of global drug development projects. Incorporating assets from four stages of the drug development process as well as royalties from approved therapeutics across eight therapeutic areas, our Monte Carlo simulations show that such a megafund can deliver an annual expected return of 12.0% with a Sharpe ratio of 1.37, indicating a favorable balance between risk and return. At the same time, it finances an average of 25 approved drugs that potentially benefit approximately 44 million patients worldwide over a 14.5-year horizon. To enhance the fund's financial and therapeutic value, we integrate an optimization framework into our design that accounts for global disease prevalence and severity, allowing investors to adjust the allocation of capital according to their preferences for financial performance and healthcare impact. Sensitivity analyses indicate that this megafund typically generates double-digit annual returns across most scenarios.