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Secretory carcinoma of the breast (SCB) is an extremely rare malignant neoplasm, accounting for less than 0.15% of all breast carcinomas. It is characterized by distinctive secretory activity, a frequently triple-negative immunophenotype, and recurrent ETV6-NTRK3 fusion (1-3). We report two Chinese women with SCB. Case 1 involved a 55-year-old woman with a 1.2-cm mass, and Case 2 involved a 43-year-old woman with a 3.8-cm mass. Both tumors showed characteristic morphology, including microcystic/tubulocystic, solid, tubular, and focally papillary growth patterns, abundant eosinophilic secretory material, granular eosinophilic or vacuolated cytoplasm, and minimal cytologic atypia. Immunohistochemistry revealed a triple-negative phenotype (ER-negative, PR-negative, and HER2-negative) with diffuse S-100 and CK5/6 positivity. Mammaglobin and MUC4 showed membranous positivity, whereas DOG1 was negative in tumor cells at ×100 magnification. These findings provided ancillary support for secretory differentiation and helped exclude acinic cell carcinoma. AB-PAS staining showed positive intracytoplasmic secretory material in tumor cells at ×200 magnification. ETV6-NTRK3 fusion was confirmed by FISH in both tumors (75% and 80% of tumor nuclei), supporting the diagnosis of SCB. Both patients underwent breast-conserving surgery. Case 1 had no nodal metastasis (0/2; T1cN0M0, AJCC 8th edition), whereas Case 2 had sentinel lymph node metastasis (1/3; T2N1aM0, AJCC 8th edition), followed by axillary lymph node dissection (0/23). Both patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. No locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis was observed during short-to-intermediate follow-up of 18 months in Case 1 and 30 months in Case 2. However, these observations reflect only the current clinical status of the two patients and are insufficient to support conclusions regarding long-term prognosis. These cases highlight the diagnostic challenges of SCB and underscore the importance of integrating morphology, immunohistochemistry, and FISH-based molecular confirmation. ETV6-NTRK3 fusion may represent a potential therapeutic option only in selected patients with advanced, unresectable, recurrent, or metastatic NTRK fusion-positive disease. Neither patient in the present report had advanced disease, received TRK inhibitor therapy, or underwent functional validation of the fusion. Therefore, no conclusion regarding therapeutic efficacy can be drawn from these two localized cases. Long-term follow-up remains necessary because late recurrence and distant metastasis have been reported in the literature, and the short-to-intermediate follow-up in the present cases does not allow definitive prognostic conclusions.

The global burden of obesity continues to rise, and metabolic and bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for durable weight loss and improvement of obesity-related diseases. The International Federation for the Surgery and Other Therapies for Obesity (IFSO) Global Registry was established in 2013 to provide standardised, multinational surveillance of MBS. No longitudinal synthesis of the successive IFSO Global Registry reports has been undertaken. We performed a retrospective secondary analysis of all nine IFSO Global Registry reports published from 2014 to 2024; all source reports were accessed on October 18, 2025. Following RECORD principles, we prespecified core domains, harmonised definitions across editions, and documented transformations in a reproducible extraction log. Report-level patterns were described for registry participation, procedure volumes and mix, operative approach, patient demographics, perioperative outcomes, and methodological evolution. A FAIR-informed appraisal of report-level transparency was conducted using a pragmatic, registry-oriented rubric. Because the registry underwent a structural transition from individual-level or mixed reporting to aggregated national reporting between the sixth and seventh editions, analyses were structured into two non-equivalent reporting eras: Reports 1-6 and Reports 7-9. Cross-era comparisons were therefore interpreted as descriptive contrasts shaped by reporting architecture, rather than as continuous epidemiological trends. Reported metabolic and bariatric surgery activity ranged from 100,092 operations across 18 countries in the First Report to 598,736 operations across 36 countries in the Ninth Report, with the highest submitted volume in the Fifth Report. These values reflect changing contributor networks and reporting frameworks and should not be interpreted as directly comparable estimates of global procedural incidence. Within submitted primary-procedure data, Sleeve gastrectomy increased from 22.0% in the First Report to 60.4% in the Ninth Report, while Roux-en-Y gastric bypass decreased from 66.0% in the First Report to 29.7% in the Ninth Report; adjustable gastric banding became uncommon, and one-anastomosis gastric bypass accounted for 4-7% where reported. Median age and body mass index were broadly stable, and Female patients represented 71.3-79.5% of patients in reports with comparable sex reporting. Revisional procedures showed higher rates of unplanned reoperation, intensive care unit admission, readmission, and mortality than primary procedures. Report-level Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable transparency scores improved modestly, mainly through gains in findability and accessibility, while interoperability and reusability remained limited. Across successive public reports, sleeve gastrectomy became the most frequently reported primary procedure within submitted registry data, with substantial regional heterogeneity and important limitations in cross-edition comparability. Further harmonisation of definitions, improved follow-up completeness, and privacy-preserving access to more granular data would enhance the registry's value for benchmarking, policy, and patient-level research. No specific funding was received for this study.

To evaluate whether hypoglycemia in neonates born to mothers at risk for late preterm delivery was related to adverse effects on childhood neurodevelopment. This was a prospective follow-up study of children aged 6 years or older whose mothers were enrolled in the Antenatal Late Preterm Steroids multicenter randomized trial. The study was conducted at 13 centers that participated in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network cycle from 2011 to 2016. Follow-up was from 2017 to 2022. Adult consent and child assent were obtained. The primary exposure was hypoglycemia , defined as a blood glucose concentration less than 40 mg/dL within 24 hours of birth. The primary outcome, proportion of GCA (General Conceptual Ability) scores lower than 85 (-1 SD) from the DAS-II (Differential Ability Scales, 2nd Edition), was analyzed by the presence of hypoglycemia at birth, irrespective of initial trial treatment assignment (betamethasone or placebo). Secondary outcomes included GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System) level, SRS-2 (Social Responsiveness Scale, 2 nd Edition) scores, and CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist) scores. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed, the latter adjusted for prespecified variables known to be associated with the primary outcome. Of 1,026 children enrolled, 1,020 (99.4%) had blood glucose data and 944 had data for the primary outcome. Of these 944, 785 (83.2%) were delivered late preterm and 208 (22.0%) had hypoglycemia, of whom 84 (40.4%) were treated. Those with hypoglycemia were more likely to have private insurance, have older mothers, receive betamethasone, and identify as White. There were no differences in the primary outcome, GCA score lower than 85 (15.9% in those with hypoglycemia vs 18.5% in those without; adjusted relative risk 1.03; 95% CI, 0.74-1.45), and no difference in secondary outcomes. Severity of hypoglycemia also was not associated with any outcomes. In our cohort, hypoglycemia was not associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born predominantly late preterm.

Early childhood neuropsychological development exhibits substantial heterogeneity, yet the identification of distinct developmental profiles and their associated risk factors remains limited. This study aimed to delineate latent profiles of neuropsychological development in children aged 0-6 years and to identify factors influencing membership in these profiles. A total of 2,297 children (1,193 boys and 1,104 girls) were assessed using the Chinese Developmental Scale for Children - Second Edition (CDSC-II). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted based on age-standardized percentile scores across five developmental domains: gross motor, fine motor, language, adaptive behavior, and social behavior. A one-step regression mixture model, adjusting for child age and sex, was employed to examine associations between profile membership and perinatal and demographic factors. The LPA identified two distinct profiles: an Ordinary Development Group (28.6%, n = 656) and an Excellent Development Group (71.4%, n = 1,641), with good class separation (entropy = 0.818). In the regression mixture model, low birth weight (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.19-3.67), preterm birth (OR = 5.23, 95% CI: 3.14-8.71), maternal pregnancy complications (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.15-1.78), and older child age (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.007-1.027) were significantly associated with increased odds of belonging to the Ordinary Development Group. Conversely, female sex (vs. male) was associated with lower odds of membership in the Ordinary Development Group (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54-0.83). Parenting style (parental vs. non-parental care) and the timing of complementary food introduction were not independently associated with profile membership after adjustment (both p > 0.05). These findings indicate that specific maternal environmental exposures during pregnancy and the postnatal period, alongside child demographic characteristics, are significantly associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood. The results underscore the importance of early developmental screening and targeted intervention for high-risk children to optimize long-term neurodevelopmental trajectories.

The relationship between serum copeptin (CPT) levels and the stage of hemorrhagic shock and the need for fluid/blood replacement in patients with gastrointestinal system (GIS) bleeding has not yet been clearly established. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate the relationship between serum CPT levels and the stage of hemorrhagic shock and the need for fluid/blood replacement in patients diagnosed with GIS bleeding. This prospective, single-center, observational study was conducted on a total of 90 patients; 43 of these were patients with GIS bleeding, and 47 were in the control group (peptic ulcer). Serum CPT levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Stages of hemorrhagic shock were determined according to the Advanced Trauma Life Support 11th edition. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, meancorpuscular volume, international normalized ratio, lactate, base deficit, and replacement needs were determined and recorded. While there was a statistically significant difference between serum CPT levels and the blood parameters studied in patients with GIS bleeding, only the stages of hemorrhagic shock did not statistically affect CPT levels. Increased fluid and blood product replacement was observed in advanced shock stages. Elevated serum CPT levels in patients with GIS bleeding may be a prognostic biomarker reflecting the severity of the disease. However, it is not sufficient on its own for determining hemorrhagic shock stages and predicting replacement needs. Cite this article as: Çalbay A, Çalbay MM, Akgöl Gür ST, Bayramoğlu A, Öztürk N, Albayrak B. Evaluation of the correlation of serum copeptin levels patients diagnosed with Gastrointestinal System bleeding with the stage of hemorrhagic shock. Eurasian J Med. 2026, 58(4), 1248, doi: 10.5152/ eurasianjmed.2026.251248.

Clinical documentation is central to evaluating medical students' clinical competence. However, traditional teacher feedback is often inefficient, inconsistent, or delayed. This study evaluates the effectiveness of an AI-augmented teacher feedback model in improving medical students' clinical documentation skills, in which AI-generated feedback was added to conventional teacher feedback. Fifty medical interns participated in this retrospective cohort study (25 each in the AI-assisted enhancement group and a traditional group). After completing their medical records, the AI-assisted group received structured feedback reports generated by AI (DeepSeek V3), including dimension-specific scores and improvement suggestions, as well as teacher feedback. The traditional group received teacher feedback only. Thus, the intervention evaluated represents a combined AI-plus-teacher model, not an isolated test of AI. Both groups completed and were assessed on another medical record before the end of their rotation. All records were scored by an AI system according to the Admission Record Writing Quality Evaluation Standard (2024 Edition) in three phases: Phase 1-assessment of AI scoring reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) based on 20 records blindly evaluated by two experts, Phase 2-analysis of the correlation between post-rotation AI scores and Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) scores, and Phase 3-ANCOVA for comparing post-rotation AI scores between groups, controlling for baseline AI scores and case complexity. AI scores demonstrated high consistency with expert ratings (ICC&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.893) and a significant correlation with Mini-CEX scores (r&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.579, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). After controlling for baseline differences, the AI-assisted group achieved significantly higher post-rotation AI scores (11.15 points) than the traditional group (9.09 points), with a mean difference of 2.058 points (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.041), representing a relative improvement of 22.6%. A subgroup analysis revealed a significant effect in low-complexity cases (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.007) but not in medium-high complexity cases (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.798). Sensitivity analyses showed that the main findings were not affected by covariate selection or sample exclusion. The generative AI scoring tool based on large language models was consistent with expert ratings. The combined AI-augmented teacher feedback model showed a preliminary association with higher post-rotation AI scores compared to traditional teacher feedback alone, particularly in low-complexity cases.

To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of dose-escalated hypofractionated adaptive radiation therapy with atezolizumab in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) in a phase 1 trial. Dose-escalated hypofractionated adaptive radiation therapy was a single-center phase 1 trial. Eligible patients were aged &#x2265;18 years with de novo metastatic HNSCC or localized American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition T3-T4 N0-N3, T0-T4 N1-N3 HNSCC meeting one of the following criteria: (1) not candidates for concurrent cisplatin mirroring eligibility for NRG HN-004; (2) refused concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation; (3) had unresectable oral cavity cancer; or (4) had recurrent disease after definitive surgical resection alone. Patients received 15 fractions of radiation to escalating total doses of 50, 55, or 60 Gy to gross disease based on a time-to-event continual reassessment methodology. Atezolizumab (1680 mg) was delivered every 4 weeks for up to 1 year after treatment. The primary endpoint of the study was to determine the MTD of radiation. Eighteen patients were enrolled (11 men and 7 women, median age of 74 years [range, 52-89 years]). Five patients were enrolled in radiation dose level 1 (50 Gy in 15 fractions) and received atezolizumab on the first day of radiation. Three of these patients developed Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 reactivation with excess toxicity. As such, the study was amended to remove the concurrent atezolizumab dose. Thirteen additional patients enrolled and began receiving atezolizumab after radiation. No dose-limiting toxicities were seen after the amendment, and the MTD of radiation was 60 Gy. No loco-regional failures were seen among 7 patients treated to 60 Gy with a 1-year progression-free survival of 71.4%. Radiation dose may be safely escalated to 60 Gy in 15 fractions with adjuvant atezolizumab with no new safety signals. However, concurrent atezolizumab with hypofractionated radiation promoted Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 reactivation in a previously unreported manner, resulting in excess dose-limiting toxicities.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects up to 25% of trauma-exposed adolescents; yet, access to evidence-based treatment remains limited in rural regions. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is the first-line intervention, but structural barriers such as long travel distances and therapist shortages hinder implementation. Digital and blended formats may improve accessibility, but evidence for adolescents with PTSD is limited. Shame and self-criticism are common following interpersonal trauma and can reduce engagement; compassion-focused strategies target these mechanisms and aim to enhance emotional safety. This protocol outlines a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the feasibility of delivering blended trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with compassion (bTF-CBT-C) for adolescents with PTSD in routine clinical care. A secondary aim is to assess the acceptability of the intervention among adolescents and caregivers. In addition, the study explores patterns and variability in clinical outcomes to inform the design of a future noninferiority trial. A 2-arm parallel-group pilot RCT will randomize 40 adolescents (12-17 years) with DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition]) PTSD to bTF-CBT-C or standard TF-CBT in routine child and adolescent psychiatric services. The intervention includes an approximately 5-week web-based stabilization phase, followed by 7-14 therapist-led sessions delivered primarily via videoconference, with some in-person sessions. Primary outcomes will assess feasibility (recruitment, retention, adherence, data completeness, and adverse events) and acceptability (satisfaction, alliance, and qualitative interviews). Exploratory outcomes include PTSD symptoms, self-compassion, emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, suicidality, and dissociation. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, poststabilization, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Feasibility and acceptability will be summarized descriptively. Exploratory analyses using analysis of covariance and mixed effects models will estimate variance parameters, confidence intervals, and descriptive change trajectories without hypothesis testing. Qualitative data will be analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Recruitment started in February 2026, and data collection is projected to be completed by December 2028. Feasibility and acceptability outcomes, along with exploratory clinical patterns, will be reported in accordance with the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) extension for pilot and feasibility trials. Findings will inform the refinement of the intervention, the assessment of trial feasibility, and the selection of outcomes for a fully powered noninferiority RCT. The study will also contribute to understanding how compassion-focused strategies may support emotional safety and engagement in trauma-focused treatment for adolescents.

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are rare lung neuroendocrine neoplasms in which the adequacy of lymph node evaluation remains debated, and real-world station-level staging patterns are incompletely described. We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent surgical management for pulmonary carcinoid tumors or related neuroendocrine proliferation-spectrum lesions at a single institution between 2004 and 2024 (n=71). Primary analyses focused on pulmonary carcinoid tumors (n=66; typical n=53, atypical n=11, unclassified n=2). Pathologic extent was harmonized to the current ninth-edition staging framework. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates generated in Numiqo were cross-checked in SPSS. Median age was 55 years, and 55/71 patients (77.5%) were female. Among 70 lung resections, anatomic resection was performed in 55/70 (78.6%) and sublobar resection in 15/70 (21.4%). Earlier cases were predominantly thoracotomy-based, whereas later cases increasingly underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; systematic nodal evaluation remained integral regardless of access route. Lymph node dissection or sampling was performed in 58/71 patients (81.7%), identifying nodal metastasis in 5/71 (7.0%), including two typical carcinoids with N2 disease and three atypical carcinoids (two N1, one N2). Among cases with documented nodal stations (45/58), a median of 5 stations was assessed, most commonly stations 7, 10, and 11. Median follow-up was 64.8 months; estimated 5-year overall survival was 93.2% and 5-year recurrence-free survival was 84.6%. Systematic nodal evaluation disclosed clinically meaningful occult disease, including in typical carcinoid. These findings support routine hilar-mediastinal staging and risk-adapted surveillance after resection and reinforce that minimally invasive surgery should preserve the same oncologic nodal intent as open surgery.

Rs9939609 marker in FTO Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase (FTO) gene, rs7895307 in Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, and rs75493593 in Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 11 (SLC16A11) gene have been associated with anthropometric, metabolic, and clinical variables, but have not been concurrently studied in Mexican children and adolescents with adiposity or mental disorders. In this cross-sectional association study, we genotyped these markers by means of TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction in two at-risk pediatric cohorts recruited in Mexico City. Group 1 (n = 175) comprised children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. Group 2 (n = 296) consisted of non-medicated adolescents meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or a mood disorder. Anthropometric measurements (body mass index -BMI-, waist circumference, body fat percentage), metabolic indices (fasting glucose, lipid profile, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance), and psychiatric diagnoses were evaluated. In Group 1, the FTO A allele (genotypes AA/AT) was significantly associated with severe obesity according to BMI Z scores (p = 0.004, O.R. 3.33, 95% CI [1.42-7.77]), and it was a predictor of waist circumference (B = 6.16, 95% CI [1.78-10.55], p = 0.006) and muscle percentage (B = 4.21%, 95% CI [0.91-7.51%], p = 0.013) using linear regression models adjusted for age and sex. In Group 2, TCF7L2 AA genotype was associated with increased odds of depression (B = 0.83, p = 0.003, OR = 2.29, 95% CI [1.32-3.96]). While SLC16A11 G allele showed a possible association with insulin resistance or glucose levels, confirmation is needed. These exploratory results highlight the need for larger, well characterized cohort studies to confirm the associations.

This invited review for the special issue is a celebration of the continued growth of knowledge in the field of serous fluid cytopathology. The review begins by addressing the value of cytological examination of the fluid samples in conjunction with clinical, radiological and biochemical data interpreted by the treating physician. It then covers the advances in cytopreparatory techniques with special reference to existing and emerging ancillary techniques available to obtain maximal diagnostic, prognostic & therapeutic information for the practice of precision medicine. The concept of mesothelioma as a cytological diagnosis has been made possible in recent years through clinical research and advocacy by experts and this has added value to serous fluid samples especially when this is the only sampling method available for a patient. Advances in the recommended repertoire of immunostains and a standardised approach through the use of diagnostic categories has been made possible by the International system for reporting serous fluid cytopathology. The reporting system has found application to other types of fluid samples, most recently, cerebrospinal fluid cytology which will be included in the forthcoming edition of the terminology system and is introduced in this special issue. The review charts a journey commemorating important landmarks in our current understanding of serous fluids in diagnostic cytopathology.

Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (NHB) affects approximately 60% of term infants and is a recognised cause of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND); however, its subclinical neurodevelopmental sequelae have not been well characterised at the level of specific developmental domains. Objectives: We aimed to use the Griffiths Developmental Scales-Chinese Edition (GDS-C) to characterise the domain-specific neurodevelopmental profile of term infants with NHB and to identify clinical risk factors for adverse outcomes. Methods: We conducted a single-centre, retrospective cohort study of 123 term newborns delivered between September 2019 and August 2023 at a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China; 77 had NHB and 46 were healthy controls. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the GDS-C at a median age of 46.9 months (interquartile range [IQR], 36.4-59.7) by a single certified examiner who was blinded to bilirubin status. A developmental quotient (DQ) below 85 (>1 SD below the standardised mean of 100) or at or below the 10th percentile was classified as below cutoff; otherwise, performance was classified as within the normal range. To account for testing across six domains, a Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold of p < 0.0083 was applied. Results: Compared to the control group, the jaundice group had higher proportions of below-cutoff performance in the Locomotor (26.0% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.045), Personal-Social (28.6% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.022), Eye and Hand Coordination (29.9% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.015) and Performance (35.1% vs. 15.2%; p = 0.018) domains. Among infants with severe hyperbilirubinaemia (total serum bilirubin (TSB) &#x2265; 342 &#x3bc;mol/L; n = 19), the proportions of below-cutoff performance in the Locomotor (47.4% vs. 19.0%; p = 0.032), Personal-Social (57.9% vs. 19.0%; p = 0.003) and Performance (57.9% vs. 27.6%; p = 0.034) domains exceeded those in the non-severe subgroup. Jaundice lasting &#x2265; 14 days was associated with poorer personal-social outcomes (p = 0.007). In multivariable logistic regression, both a peak TSB &#x2265; 342 &#x3bc;mol/L (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-19.02; p = 0.006) and a jaundice duration &#x2265; 14 days (aOR, 5.68; 95% CI, 1.61-20.04; p = 0.007) were independently associated with below-cutoff personal-social performance. Conclusions: Among term infants, NHB was associated with an increased risk of below-cutoff performance across several GDS-C domains, particularly those reflecting gross motor, personal-social and visual-spatial functions. Severe hyperbilirubinaemia and prolonged jaundice were independent risk factors. The GDS-C may serve as a sensitive, domain-specific instrument for the early identification of infants at risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Background/Objectives: Perineural invasion (PNI) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) are adverse histopathological features in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Their relationship with clinical and pathological T categories remains clinically relevant, particularly in surgically treated cohorts. This exploratory retrospective study evaluated the frequency of PNI and LVI according to clinical and pathological T stage in primary HNSCC staged according to the AJCC/UICC 8th edition. Methods: We analyzed 170 consecutive surgically treated patients with primary HNSCC. PNI and LVI were recorded from histopathology reports of resection specimens. Results: PNI status was available in 124 cases and was positive in 61 (49.2%); LVI status was available in 126 cases and was positive in 62 (49.2%). PNI frequency increased with advancing clinical T stage (12.5% in cT1, 54.3% in cT2, 70.0% in cT3, and 69.2% in cT4) and pathological T stage (14.3% in pT1, 51.5% in pT2, 71.9% in pT3, and 66.7% in pT4). LVI also increased with higher clinical T stage (28.1%, 53.2%, 57.1%, and 61.5%) and pathological T stage (25.7%, 50.0%, 54.6%, and 75.0%). Tongue tumors showed descriptively high crude proportions of PNI and LVI, but these subgroup findings were based on small numbers and were not adjusted for T stage, depth of invasion, or other confounders. Conclusions: In this single-center cohort, PNI and LVI were more frequent in higher T categories. These findings should be interpreted as descriptive and hypothesis-generating, because no recurrence, survival, or treatment-outcome analyses were available and the adjusted models were exploratory.

While specific personality traits have been associated with disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), less is known about how combinations of these traits relate to disability. This study explored personality profiles in people living with MS (PwMS) and their associations with disability. Eighty-two PwMS (55 women, 27 men; mean age&#x2009;=&#x2009;45.7&#x2009;years) were assessed using the NEO-Personality Inventory-third edition, the Expanded Disability Status Scale, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Cluster analysis including 30 personality facets identified two profiles, labeled Resilient and Sensitive. People with the Resilient profile tend to be more optimistic, goal-directed, and proactive. Mean comparison analyses revealed that individuals with the Resilient profile showed lower observed and perceived disability, particularly in cognitive, social, and life activity domains. Our results highlight the importance of adopting a profile-based and facet-level perspective on personality, as relying solely on broad traits may be reductionist.