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The various slip behaviors of the subduction megathrust fault, including deadly megathrust earthquakes, are depth-dependent. Yet, we do not know what causes this depth dependence, in part due to variability between subduction zone thermal structures and lithological inputs. Here, we investigate controls on the nucleation depths of great earthquakes (Mw [Formula: see text] 8) and the deeper extent of seismogenesis. To do so, we create rheologic strength envelopes for six subduction zones using published constitutive relations for subducting lithologies and regional thermal models. We then compare the strength envelopes to local plate interface earthquake depths. Our synthesis shows that subducted sediments undergo a transition from frictional to predominantly viscous deformation near [Formula: see text]C a transition that correlates with the maximum nucleation depths of great earthquakes at 20 to 30 km. However, smaller plate interface earthquakes ([Formula: see text] Mw [Formula: see text] 8) continue to nucleate below this depth, and the maximum earthquake size decreases until the base of the seismogenic zone at 40 to 60 km depth and [Formula: see text]500 °C. We evaluate potential causes of seismicity below the onset of viscous deformation in these now metasediments, and conclude that the presence of lithologic heterogeneities that are loaded to frictional failure by viscously deforming metasediments is most plausible. Thus, we propose that great earthquakes can nucleate and grow into large events where all lithologies are frictional. However, the base of the seismogenic zone is deeper than the onset of viscous deformation in metasediments, which limits the growth of earthquakes into large events, and here seismicity reflects the existence and size of heterogeneity along the plate interface.

Earthquake preparedness in T&#xfc;rkiye is widely promoted through national awareness campaigns; however, household-level preparedness remains limited. Drawing on Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the Risk Perception Paradox, this study examines how socioeconomic inequalities are associated with earthquake preparedness self-efficacy, preparedness behaviors, and perceived barriers and motivations at the household level. The research universe was defined using the T&#xfc;rkiye Earthquake Hazard Map by identifying 325 districts located in high-hazard zones (&#x2265;&#x2009;0.4&#xa0;g at DD-2 design value, 475-year return period). A 19-item structured questionnaire was developed and administered online between May and September 2025, yielding responses from 1,193 households across high-risk districts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and chi-square tests (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The findings indicate high earthquake salience: 80.9% of respondents reported prior earthquake experience and 93.1% perceived local earthquake risk. However, only 19.3% considered themselves sufficiently prepared, while 47.9% reported being partially prepared. Perceived constraints were substantial: 89.7% reported insufficient financial resources, 83.8% insufficient time, and 69.2% concerns about sustaining daily life. Preparedness self-efficacy was significantly associated with gender, age, and monthly household income. Training participation was also significantly associated with higher self-perceived preparedness, while homeownership was associated with greater knowledge of building earthquake resistance. Household earthquake preparedness in T&#xfc;rkiye appears to be constrained not only by awareness deficits but also by socioeconomic inequalities related to time, financial resources, and housing security. These findings suggest that awareness campaigns should be complemented by targeted education, financial support mechanisms, tenant-inclusive housing safety measures, and community-based preparedness practices.

Considering Turkey's tectonic location, earthquakes are arguably the most common natural disasters that cause the greatest loss of life and property. During earthquakes, people experience high levels of uncertainty. Furthermore, the stress experienced by people during natural disasters like earthquakes is intense. Similarly, psychological well-being fluctuates under intense uncertainty and stress. Furthermore, significant changes occur in the work environment, and new developments emerge. This study investigates the moderating effect of damage level on the indirect impact of work stress on the impact of intolerance to uncertainty on psychological well-being during an earthquake. In this context, a 34-question survey measuring intolerance to uncertainty, perceived stress, and psychological well-being was administered to 1,041 individuals working in businesses operating in various sectors in the Gaziantep province in the period immediately following the earthquake disaster on 6 February 2023. Of the sample, 38.5% were female and 61.5% were male, with 43.2% between the ages of 25 and 34, and 24.8% between the ages of 35 and 44. Analyses revealed that earthquake damage moderated the indirect effect of intolerance to uncertainty on psychological well-being through job stress. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the impact of job stress on psychological well-being was lower for employees living in less damaged homes, demonstrating the importance of living in more resiliently constructed homes for working lives.

Earthquake is a traumatic event with significant physiological and psychological effects, profoundly altering individuals' lives. This study aimed to determine the relationship between death distress and fertility intentions among women who experienced the Kahramanmaras earthquake in T&#xfc;rkiye on February 6, 2023. This descriptive, correlational study included 294 married women residing in an earthquake-affected region of Turkey. We collected data using the Participant Information Form and the Brief Death Distress Scale. A total of 294 women participated in this study. The mean death distress score was 25.65 &#xb1; 7.46. The death depression dimension had the highest score among the subdimensions of the death distress scale (11.02 &#xb1; 3.61). Age, income level, pregnancy, number of children, extent of house damage during the earthquake, and experience of being trapped under debris were factors influencing death-related distress. Women who changed their fertility intentions had higher levels of death distress, anxiety, and obsession than those who did not change their fertility intentions. This study provides a new perspective for understanding post-earthquake changes in married women's mental health and fertility behavior. Death distress is a key factor that should be considered in planning post-disaster healthcare services for women.

In the aftermath of the 2023 Turkey earthquakes, severely damaged hospitals necessitated efficient patient transportation. This research aims to assess the applicability of trauma assessment tools (TRISS, ISS, RTS) in determining transportation methods for earthquake-affected patients when local hospitals are incapacitated, particularly for patients transported by air ambulance and those who self-arrive from a location 1,100 km away. This retrospective analysis involved 397 patients from a hospital 1,100 km away from the 2023 Turkey Earthquake. We assessed patients who arrived by air ambulance or self-transport following the earthquake, calculating TRISS, ISS, and RTS scores. We sought intergroup differences to establish transportation strategies. TRISS and ISS exhibited good predictive value (AUC 0.723 and 0.880, respectively), while RTS was less useful. The median RTS score was 8 for both the Air transfer and Walk-in patients' groups. The median RTS score was similar for air transfer and walk-in patients. For air transfer patients, most admissions occurred on the first day, while walk-in patients peaked on the eighth day. ISS and TRISS effectively identify patients requiring air transport post-earthquake. Distant hospitals should prepare to receive air transferred patients within the first five days, and self-admitted patients from the fourth day onward.

Background/Objectives: The Al Haouz earthquake that struck Morocco on 8 September 2023, resulted in substantial material, human, and psychological impacts. Children are at increased risk of psychological disorders, notably post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aims to assess probable PTSD and its associated factors among children exposed to the Al Haouz earthquake. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted between December 2024 and January 2025, included 536 children from the affected areas. Probable PTSD was assessed using the 20 item Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS). Sociodemographic and exposure-related data, including post-earthquake conditions, were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 25. Results: Analysis revealed that 47.6% of the children presented with probable PTSD. Multivariable analysis identified several factors independently associated with probable PTSD among children exposed to the earthquake, including age between 11 and 15 years (AOR = 2.02; p < 0.001), female gender (AOR = 1.82; p = 0.001), advanced level of education (AOR = 1.87; p = 0.006), housing damage (AOR = 2.08; p = 0.015), physical injury (AOR = 1.86; p = 0.012), proximity to the epicenter (AOR = 2.22; p = 0.006), temporary shelter in tents (AOR = 1.75; p = 0.02), difficulty of evacuation (OR = 1.97; p = 0.01), and loss of a family member (AOR = 1.98; p = 0.013). Conclusions: This study revealed a high frequency of probable PTSD in children exposed to the Al Haouz earthquake and identifies several associated factors, highlighting the need to targeted, multidimensional interventions.

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate psychological distress and subjective sleep-related outcomes among individuals exposed to the Kahramanmara&#x15f; earthquakes.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional observational study comparing 68 earthquake survivors with 66 non-exposed controls. Participants' levels of anxiety and depression, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, post-traumatic stress, and risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were assessed using validated Turkish versions of standardized questionnaires. Between-group comparisons were performed using nonparametric tests, followed by age-adjusted regression analyses.ResultsEarthquake survivors exhibited significantly higher anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, and poorer subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) compared with controls, and these associations remained significant after age adjustment (all p < 0.05). Daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) did not differ between groups. Although STOP-BANG scores differed in unadjusted analyses, this association was no longer significant after adjustment for age.ConclusionEarthquake exposure was associated with persistent psychological distress and impaired subjective sleep quality approximately one&#xa0;year after the disaster, independent of age differences. These findings underscore the importance of integrated mental health care and assessment of sleep complaints in disaster-affected populations, while highlighting the need for future studies incorporating objective sleep measures.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate burnout, psychological distress, and intention to quit among healthcare workers one year after the 6 February 2023 earthquakes, and to examine the relative contributions of disaster-related exposures and organizational factors using a hierarchical analytical approach. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 640 healthcare workers from a tertiary referral hospital in one of the provinces most severely affected by the earthquakes. Data were collected using validated instruments, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and Intention to Quit Scale. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with burnout dimensions, psychiatric symptoms, and intention to quit. Results: Clinically significant anxiety symptoms were observed in 32.5% of participants, depressive symptoms in 55.8%, and PTSD risk in 54.1%. Low personal accomplishment was the most prevalent burnout dimension (69.1%), while high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were observed in 43.0% and 18.9% of participants, respectively. Workplace climate variables accounted for the largest increment in explained variance across all seven models. Low job satisfaction was the strongest and most consistent factor associated with adverse outcomes, with standardized coefficients ranging from &#x3b2; = +0.27 to +0.61. Non-close colleague relations were independently associated with higher burnout, anxiety, depression, and intention to quit scores, as well as lower personal accomplishment. Despite the high prevalence of psychological symptoms, post-earthquake psychiatric help-seeking was reported by only 6.2% of participants. Conclusions: One year after the earthquakes, healthcare workers continued to experience a substantial psychological burden. Although disaster-related exposures were associated with several adverse outcomes, organizational factors appeared to demonstrate more consistent associations with mental health indicators. These findings highlight the potential importance of improving modifiable workplace conditions to support psychological well-being and workforce sustainability in post-disaster healthcare systems.

Earthquakes present significant threats to community mental health, yet post-disaster resource limitations and high demand restrict access to care. The 2023 T&#xfc;rkiye-Syria earthquakes affected millions, increasing psychological problems and highlighting the urgent need for scalable interventions. This study assessed (a) the feasibility of procedures prior to a fully powered randomised controlled trial (RCT) and (b) the potential effectiveness of Problem Management Plus (PM+), a scalable psychological intervention, in reducing common mental health problems among Turkish earthquake survivors. A two-arm, single-blind pilot RCT was conducted with survivors residing in temporary housing in T&#xfc;rkiye. Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) to PM+ (n = 38) or enhanced care-as-usual (E-CAU; n = 38) and assessed at baseline, 1 week post intervention and at the 1-month follow-up. The primary outcome was depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9); secondary outcomes were self-identified problems (Psychological Outcome Profiles, PSYCHLOPS), functional impairment (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, WHODAS 2.0), psychological distress (Kessler-10 Psychological Distress Scale, K-10), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale, GAD-7) and post-traumatic stress (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, PCL-5). The trial was prospectively registered (NCT06026306). Recruitment, retention (74%) and treatment adherence (79%) supported feasibility. At post-assessment, PM+ showed greater reductions than E-CAU across all outcomes: PHQ-9 (adjusted mean difference -5.91, 95% CI -8.23 to -3.58), PSYCHLOPS (-6.94, -8.88 to -5.01), WHODAS 2.0 (-8.77, -12.50 to -5.03), K-10 (-9.66, -13.35 to -5.97), GAD-7 (-4.31, -6.39 to -2.24) and PCL-5 (-18.72, -25.97 to -11.47). At follow-up, improvements remained significant for psychological distress and self-identified problems. Findings provide preliminary evidence that PM+ is a feasible and potentially effective intervention for alleviating common mental health problems among Turkish earthquake survivors.

The impact of natural disasters on the professional development of teacher candidates has, to date, primarily been investigated in relation to psychological well-being and trauma. Nevertheless, the association between these extreme events and teacher candidates' personal and professional competencies, as well as their critical thinking skills, remains insufficiently addressed in the literature. In particular, for teacher candidates who directly experienced the 2023 earthquakes in T&#xfc;rkiye, there exists a distinct need for comprehensive research that integrates both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. This study employed a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. In the quantitative phase, the Personal-Professional Competencies Perception Scale (PPCPS) and the Critical Thinking Standards Scale (CTSS) were administered to 304 teacher candidates at &#x130;n&#xf6;n&#xfc; University who directly experienced the 2023 earthquakes. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 37 purposively selected participants to contextualize and deepen the quantitative findings. A positive, significant, and strong correlation was found between critical thinking skills and personal and professional competency (r&#x2009;=&#x2009;.657, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.01). Qualitative findings revealed that in the post-earthquake period, teacher candidates developed positive perceptions of critical thinking, particularly under the themes of developing different perspectives, empathy, and increased awareness; however, the inefficiency of distance education, communication problems, and psychological difficulties negatively affected their perceptions of professional competence. Research findings indicate that the earthquakes had a bidirectional impact on teacher candidates' perceptions of competence and critical thinking. Among these &#x130;n&#xf6;n&#xfc; University teacher candidates, traumatic experiences appeared to enhance cognitive and critical awareness consistent with Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) theory, while simultaneously weakening teacher candidates' perceptions of professional competence, owing to distance learning disruptions and psychological challenges. These findings highlight that post-disaster teacher education processes should focus not only on academic sustainability but also on structural arrangements that support critical thinking, psychological resilience, and professional competencies.

Earthquakes are among the most devastating disasters, profoundly affecting children's physical, psychological, and social well-being. Preschool children aged 3-6 are particularly vulnerable due to their developmental characteristics. This study aimed to explore the life and health experiences of children aged 3-6 years following the 2023 Kahramanmara&#x15f; earthquakes. A qualitative descriptive exploratory study was conducted with 21 mothers who had personally experienced the earthquakes, were still residing in the affected region, and were recruited through snowball sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using an inductive thematic approach supported by MAXQDA software. Three main themes emerged: (1) disruptions in daily life and behaviors (sleep, nutrition, traumatic play, social withdrawal, increased maternal dependency), (2) health needs and barriers to accessing services (acute illnesses, hygiene problems, difficulties in accessing medicines and routine vaccinations), and (3) mothers' cultural and religious frameworks, including faith-based coping, family/community support, and traditional coping practices. From the mothers' perspectives, children experienced multidimensional impacts in the aftermath of the earthquake, while mothers relied on faith-based interpretations, traditional coping practices, and family/community support as important coping resources during this process. The findings highlight the need to develop child-centered disaster protocols, strengthen culturally sensitive psychosocial support, and integrate culture-based nursing approaches into disaster care.

The 2023 ML 4.4 Umbertide extensional earthquake in Central Italy provides a valuable opportunity to test the capability of Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) to detect surface deformation associated with small earthquakes (M < 5). In this work, we invert Sentinel-1 displacement maps from the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) platform to investigate the possible source. We perform a linear Bayesian static slip inversion of DInSAR line-of-sight data, constraining the fault geometry using the nodal planes and the new relocated mainshock. The results suggest the activation of the NE-dipping splay of the Alto Tiberina Fault, consistent with the relocated aftershock distribution. The deformation component, obtained by combining multiple line-of-sight displacement maps, corresponds to 2 cm of vertical and 1.5 cm of eastward horizontal deformation and further supports the NE-dipping solution. This work demonstrates the capability of an integrated InSAR-based approach to detect weak deformation and model frequent small-magnitude earthquakes in high seismogenic potential areas.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of healthcare service delay behavior among earthquake survivors living in temporary accommodation centers during the long-term recovery period (between the 26th and 30th months) following the 2023 Kahramanmara&#x15f; earthquake, and to assess the impact of post-disaster living conditions on this behavior. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 596 adults living in temporary accommodation centers in Hatay between May 1 and August 30, 2025. The study identified factors affecting healthcare utilization using Andersen's Behavioral Model. Data were collected using an Information Form and the Healthcare Demand Procrastination Scale. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multivariate linear regression. The study found that the prevalence of healthcare delay behavior was 48.83%. In the regression analysis, healthcare service delay behavior was found to be influenced by predisposing factors, enabling factors, and need factors (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). The established model accounted for 27.3% of the variance in healthcare delay behavior (R&#xb2; = 0.273). The findings indicate that nearly two years after the 2023 T&#xfc;rkiye earthquake, healthcare delay behavior remains highly prevalent among survivors living in temporary accommodation centers. This persistent delay reflects ongoing structural and access-related inequalities in post-disaster healthcare delivery. The results underscore the importance of strengthening accessible, continuous, and trauma-informed healthcare services, particularly in vulnerable and displaced populations, to reduce long-term disparities in healthcare utilization.

Exercise is known to support physical and psychological health following traumatic events; however, qualitative evidence on its role in post-disaster recovery remains limited. This study aimed to explore the effects of a group aerobic exercise program on health and social adaptation among earthquake survivors and to understand participants' lived experiences. This qualitative study employed a descriptive phenomenological design. Participants were survivors of the 2023 Kahramanmara&#x15f; earthquakes recruited using purposive sampling among individuals who had participated in a group aerobic exercise program for at least 6 weeks. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis following the Braun and Clarke approach. A total of 17 participants (15 women and 2 men), aged between 21 and 31 years (mean&#x2005;&#xb1;&#x2005;standard deviation&#x2005;=&#x2005;23.88&#x2005;&#xb1;&#x2005;2.34), were included in the study. The findings indicated that participation in the exercise program was associated with perceived improvements in biological/physiological, physical, and psychological well-being, as well as enhanced social adaptation and intellectual development. Participants reported reduced stress, improved sleep quality, increased emotional regulation, and strengthened interpersonal relationships. Group aerobic exercise may contribute to perceived improvements in physical, psychological, and social well-being among earthquake survivors. These findings suggest that structured exercise programs could be considered as supportive components of post-disaster rehabilitation strategies.

Major earthquakes place a substantial and evolving burden on emergency departments, yet data on temporal changes in patient profiles, resource utilization, and outcomes remain limited. To evaluate temporal changes in patient characteristics, diagnostic resource utilization, treatment approaches, and clinical outcomes among patients hospitalized after the February 6, 2023, earthquakes. This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in the disaster region. Adult patients hospitalized via the emergency department within 7 days were included. Demographics, diagnostic resource use, treatments, early warning scores (modified early warning score [MEWS] and rapid emergency medicine score [REMS]), and mortality were analyzed. A total of 1050 hospitalized patients were analyzed. Trauma-related admissions accounted for 80.8%, while medical conditions comprised 19.2%. Trauma admissions were concentrated in the first 3 days (71.4%), whereas medical admissions predominated later (52.4%, p < 0.001). Medical patients were older and had higher intensive care unit admission rates (61.9%) and mortality (16.8%). Laboratory testing was performed in 98.1% of patients, x-ray in 68.1%, computed tomography in 59.0%, and magnetic resonance imaging in 2.3%. Diagnostic turnaround times were longer in trauma patients (p < 0.05). Surgical intervention was required in 55.4%, mostly within the first 3 days. Both MEWS and REMS were associated with mortality and demonstrated good discriminatory performance (area under the curve 0.87 and 0.82). Patient characteristics, resource use, and outcomes vary over time after a major earthquake. Early phases are dominated by trauma and surgical demand, whereas later phases involve medically complex patients with higher mortality risk. Early warning scores may support risk stratification; however, their role in real-time triage requires prospective validation.

Earthquakes represent cataclysmic stressors threatening long-term mental health, yet delayed clinical prevalence remains underinvestigated. This study aims to delineate the weighted 12-month and lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders and associated risk factors among Ya'an adults (&#x2265;&#x2009;15 years) five years post-Lushan earthquake. In 2019, a two-phase cross-sectional epidemiological survey of 8,876 individuals utilized a multistage stratified random sampling method. Phase 1 used screening questionnaires; Phase 2 involved formal SCID-5-RV diagnostic interviews. We applied inverse probability weighting, FDR-adjusted Rao-Scott chi-square tests, and weighted multivariate logistic regression. Sensitivity analyses additionally incorporated PTSD and social support to evaluate potential residual confounding. Weighted 12-month and lifetime anxiety prevalence rates were 4.52% and 5.14%. For depression, rates were 3.55% and 4.28%. Adjusted logistic regression identified female gender (adjusted OR [AOR]&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.52), middle-aged status (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.25), and chronic illnesses (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.95) as significant anxiety risk factors. For depression, risk factors included female gender (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.92), elderly status (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.45), chronic illness (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;4.15), and residence in severely (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.95) or extremely affected areas (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.82). Crucially, severe earthquake exposure remained a robust, independent predictor of depression even after sensitivity adjustment for PTSD and social support (AOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.62). Five years post-disaster, regional prevalence rates have stabilized near national averages. However, women, elderly individuals, and those with chronic illnesses remain highly vulnerable. The persistent elevation of depression in severely affected zones, independent of individual trauma symptoms, underscores the profound long-term impact of seismic disasters, necessitating targeted, sustainable mental health interventions.

Crush syndrome is a life-threatening condition in disasters, particularly earthquakes. Early fluid therapy is critical to reduce morbidity and mortality, yet disaster settings often hinder timely intervention. This qualitative phenomenological study explored the experiences of 20 emergency medical service personnel involved during the acute phase of the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmara&#x15f; earthquakes. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using MAXQDA 2020. Three primary treatment initiation points were identified: during extrication, after rescue at the scene, and inside the ambulance. Five key barriers to timely crush syndrome intervention emerged: (1) crowd density, (2) media interference, (3) inadequate search and rescue training, (4) lack of scene safety, and (5) resource shortages. These factors significantly delayed early fluid therapy for high-risk patients. Although emergency medical service personnel recognize the urgency of early crush syndrome treatment, operational barriers impede timely care. Integrating health-care professionals into search and rescue teams, improving -inter-agency coordination, and ensuring scene safety are essential strategies for enabling earlier intervention. These findings highlight the need for targeted disaster preparedness policies addressing crush syndrome-specific response requirements.

Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures are subjected to both earthquakes and wind during their service life. However, existing studies rarely address low&#x2011;rise RC frames under combined wind-seismic excitations. To fill this gap, we analyze a six&#x2011;story RC frame under 100 randomly combined scenarios (10 ground motions &#xd7; 10 wind speeds) using nonlinear time&#x2011;history analysis, comparing uncontrolled and viscous&#x2011;damper&#x2011;retrofitted configurations. Results show that combined excitation substantially amplifies displacement compared to isolated loads. Under a PGA of 0.159&#xa0;g and a 16&#xa0;m/s wind, the top&#x2011;story displacement increases by 9.8% relative to the earthquake alone and by 364% relative to wind alone. The proposed damper scheme reduces structural response across all scenarios (9.5-26.9% reduction) and lowers the exceedance probability at the severe damage limit state by up to 42.4% points. After retrofitting, the structure's sensitivity to seismic intensity decreases by 27.4%. These findings demonstrate that single&#x2011;hazard assessments underestimate actual risks for low&#x2011;rise RC frames in windy regions. The proposed damping strategy offers a practical pathway to enhance multi&#x2011;hazard resilience.

During the modernization of railway infrastructure, key structural components such as rails, ballast, and concrete sleepers particularly those used in heavy freight transportation often reach the end of their service life or suffer severe damage due to natural disasters. This process results in the generation of substantial amounts of construction and demolition waste along railway corridors, making effective waste management and recycling increasingly critical from both environmental sustainability and economic efficiency perspectives. The 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that struck Kahramanmara&#x15f; in 2023 caused extensive damage across a wide geographical region, including significant destruction to railway infrastructure. In this context, the mechanisms of damage to railway lines and the recycling potential of the resulting waste materials were systematically investigated. This study aims to assess the feasibility of recycling seismically damaged and end-of-service-life reinforced concrete railway sleepers as raw materials for the production of green high-strength concrete in the construction sector. B58 and B70 type concrete sleepers, obtained as waste from the TCDD 5th Regional Directorate railway lines in T&#xfc;rkiye, were processed using environmentally friendly techniques to regenerate recycled aggregates and produce sector-applicable high-strength green concrete. The findings of this study demonstrate that the recycling of earthquake-damaged railway sleepers into green concrete plays a significant role in reducing environmental impacts and contributes effectively to sustainability goals in the built environment.