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We present a new, to our knowledge, instrument for calibrated angular reflection measurements in water. The system measures the bidirectional reflectance of finite samples at various incident angles, both in water and in air. By submerging the instrument itself, the setup minimizes systematic uncertainties arising from reflection and absorption at the sample container interfaces. Total hemispherical reflectance factors, calculated by integrating measured bidirectional reflectance distributions, indicate a decrease in the reflectance of black Spectralon when immersed in water. These bidirectional measurements are further evaluated against theoretical models using parameterized fits.
Silver-containing glasses combine chemical versatility and optical functionality, making them attractive platforms for photonic applications where surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be exploited to manipulate local electromagnetic fields. When silver species coexist with rare-earth activators, plasmonic near-fields can markedly influence excitation and radiative processes, but the outcome depends sensitively on silver speciation, size distribution, and spatial relationships to the emitters. Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glasses are particularly well suited to such studies because their high polarizability and structural tolerance allow relatively large dopant loadings while maintaining glass stability. Most prior studies have predominantly focused on the low silver doping range (<5mol%), where silver nanoparticles can serve as plasmonic sensitization centers to enhance rare-earth luminescence. However, within the high silver doping range, Ag0 nanoparticles, Ag+ ions, and sub-nanoclusters may coexist simultaneously, and their influence on optical behavior has yet to be systematically elucidated. In this study, we define "anomalous luminescence" as the non-monotonic variation in Dy3+ luminescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime observed in Dy3+-doped Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glasses with AgCl concentrations as high as 9 mol%, relative to their low-concentration behavior. We focus on investigating the aforementioned anomalous luminescence behavior of Dy3+ under high Ag content conditions (AgCl up to 9 mol%), along with its correlation to microstructure, chemical state, and energy transfer mechanisms. This study elucidates the competitive mechanism between plasmon-enhanced luminescence and concentration quenching.
Influenza viruses cause hundreds of thousands of infections globally every year. In the past century, seasonal influenza viruses have included H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains. H2N2 influenza viruses circulated in the human population between 1957 and 1968. Previously, our group demonstrated a lack of H2N2 influenza virus immunity in individuals born after 1968, as well as the effectiveness of hemagglutinin (HA)-based vaccines for multiple influenza virus subtypes. In this study, H2 antigenic maps and radial graphs were generated using previously published data from H2 HA vaccinations of ferrets and seasonal influenza vaccinations of humans. The antigenic maps revealed a stark difference in the clustering of HA antigens between ferrets and humans, and the radial graphs showed that specific antigen recognition varies greatly among different influenza preimmune ferrets. These maps also revealed the significant impact that different pre-existing immunities have on antigenic recognition and clustering of antigens after vaccine boost. From these data, we predicted two possible antigenically significant sites containing various mutations that have not been previously reported, and showed that one of these sites is relevant using mouse antisera.IMPORTANCEH2N2 influenza viruses have caused at least one known pandemic in humans, and are poised to cause future pandemics. Investigating the antigenic diversity of H2 hemagglutinin (HA) proteins provides valuable data for designing and understanding the performance of current and future vaccines. Data evaluating the differences in antigen recognition across differing pre-existing immunity can be used to predict antigenically significant sites and evaluate the impact of H1 and H3 infection and immune imprinting on H2 vaccine immunogenicity. This information can direct future studies when both extrapolating animal data to human studies and creating next-generation vaccines. Contrasting the relationships among new, contemporary, and ancestral H2 HA antigens by antigenic cartography is imperative for identifying new variants of concern and updating vaccine formulations.
We report a feasibility study on surface hardness assessment of spatially inhomogeneous radioactive materials using fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FO-LIBS) with externally supplied nitrogen gas. Conventional LIBS-based hardness assessment relies on emission lines from material components, which may not be consistently available across heterogeneous samples such as nuclear fuel debris. To address this challenge, we propose the use of plasma temperature derived from atomic nitrogen emissions in the purge gas as a compositionally independent spectroscopic basis available at every measurement location, regardless of local elemental composition. The method was demonstrated using simulated fuel debris containing uranium, zirconium, and iron. Plasma temperatures derived from atomic nitrogen lines were higher for the harder zirconium-alloy phase than for the softer uranium-rich phase, in agreement with Vickers hardness measurements and with the conventional method using uranium emission lines. These results support the feasibility of the purge gas approach as an alternative indicator of relative hardness. Because the spectroscopic signal is supplied by the purge gas rather than by the sample itself, the approach is potentially useful for remote hardness discrimination in heterogeneous materials where suitable sample-derived emission lines are not consistently available.
This study investigated the optimal fat suppression technique for accurate in-stent plaque characterization after carotid artery stenting using three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. A carotid artery phantom containing a stent and a reference vessel was imaged with a 3.0-T system using a three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence combined with chemical shift selective, spectral attenuated inversion recovery, water excitation, and Dixon fat suppression techniques. Chemical shift selective and spectral attenuated inversion recovery showed increased signal intensity within the stent lumen and reduced contrast compared with the reference vessel, suggesting insufficient fat suppression likely related to radiofrequency shielding. In contrast, water excitation and Dixon provided more uniform fat suppression with comparable contrast ratios; however, Dixon imaging demonstrated susceptibility-related high signal along the stent contour that may compromise lumen assessment. Overall, water excitation combined with three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging achieved effective and uniform fat suppression without prominent susceptibility artifacts and appears to be the most suitable approach under phantom conditions for noninvasive in-stent plaque evaluation after carotid artery stenting.
Size is a fundamental property of cells that influences many aspects of their physiology. This is because cell size sets the scale for all subcellular components and drives changes in the composition of the proteome. Given that large and small cells differ in their biochemical composition, we hypothesized that they should also differ in how they respond to signals and make decisions. Here, we investigated how cell size affects the susceptibility of human cells to cell death. We found that large cells are more resistant to ferroptosis caused by system xc- inhibition. Ferroptosis is a type of cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides. This process is opposed by cysteine-dependent lipid peroxide detoxification mechanisms. We found that larger cells exhibit higher concentrations of the cysteine-containing metabolite glutathione and lower concentrations of membrane lipid peroxides. Mechanistically, this can be explained by the fact that larger cells had lower concentrations of an enzyme that enriches cellular membranes with peroxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acids, ACSL4, and increased concentrations of the glutathione-producing enzymes glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase, the iron-chelating protein ferritin, and the lysosomal protease cathepsin B, which can catabolize cysteine-rich extracellular proteins to produce additional cystine for fueling the synthesis of glutathione. Taken together, our results highlight the significant impact of cell size on cellular function and survival, revealing a size-dependent vulnerability to ferroptosis that could influence therapeutic strategies based on this cell death pathway.
This Phase 1 clinical trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of COVAC-2, a recombinant protein subunit vaccine as a heterologous booster in adults previously immunized with authorized COVID-19 vaccines (NCT05226702). COVAC-2 contains the SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein subunit adjuvanted with Sepivac SWE™, an open-access oil-in-water adjuvant. Sixty participants were randomized to receive a single intramuscular dose of COVAC-2 (10 µg or 25 µg) or placebo, with follow-up through Day 180. The vaccine was well tolerated, with most adverse events being mild or moderate; no serious adverse events were attributed to vaccination. Immunogenicity assessments included spike-binding antibody ELISA, pseudovirus neutralization assays (PNA), ELISpot, and flow cytometry. The 25 µg dose elicited the strongest humoral and cellular responses, with peak antibody titers observed 14 d after COVAC-2 vaccination. While titers waned, they were sustained above baseline through Day 180. ELISpot and flow cytometry revealed elevated IFN-γ and IL-2 responses indicating antigen-specific T-cell activation. Minimal IL-4 and IL-13 responses were demonstrated by flow cytometry. These findings support the safety and immunogenicity of COVAC-2 as a heterologous booster, particularly at the 25 µg dose level. The favorable safety profile, induction of immune responses, and thermal stability of the vaccine formulation suggest its potential utility in global vaccination strategies, especially in low- and middle-income countries. COVAC-2 may offer a scalable and accessible platform for enhancing protection against COVID-19.Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05226702 - Registered 22 Jul 2022.
Little is known about factors driving rural providers-who face unique challenges-to participate and remain in accountable care organization models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific factors that rural hospitals evaluate when weighing both initial and continued participation in Medicare as well as commercial ACO models. Furthermore, we explored policy implications to improve ACO models' capacity to attract, retain, and promote success of rural providers. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with rural hospital executives with direct knowledge of ACO agreement terms and factors driving ACO participation. The interview guide contained seventeen open-ended questions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded using codebooks informed by the interview guide, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Interviewees identified five primary multi-faceted motivations for participation: (1) financial incentives-shared savings, upside-only risk initially, and upfront funding for some providers, (2) getting ahead of the curve of the move to value-based reimbursement, (3) importance placed on capacity to push toward improving population health or quality, (4) additional forms of resource gain, and (5) key outside factors. The specific ACO design affects rural providers' decision-making on timing and selection of particular models. Importantly for future policy development, multiple respondents raised concerns about moving to risk in ACO models, leading them to consider dropping out. Findings from this qualitative study provide an in-depth understanding that is vital to achieving CMS's goal of increasing participation in value-based care. In turn, this could further improve health care quality for countless lives.
Ruthenium functionalized organometallic nanoparticles (Hb@Ru NPs) ca. 10 nm in size, containing crystalline Ru phases were synthesized by a new, single-stage hydrothermal protocol using hemoglobin (Hb) as the skeleton. Compared to currently reported nanozymes, Ru@Hb NPs demonstrated enhanced catalase- and and peroxidase-mimicking activities, produced superoxide (O2•-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) radicals and showed significant glutathione depletion. The maximum substrate consumption rates of 107.5 mM mg-1s-1 and 6.94 µM mg-1s-1, were obtained for catalase-like and peroxidase-like activities, respectively. Hb@Ru NPs exhibited ruthenium induced nanomotor behavior which was utilized to enhance the interaction between tumor cells and nanozyme. Photothermal conversion behavior of Hb@Ru NPs was demonstrated with the temperature elevations of up to 29 °C under NIR laser irradiation. Therapeutic potential of Hb@Ru NPs was evaluated using T98G glioblastoma and HepG2 cells. In-vitro combinatorial photothermal/chemodynamic therapy (PTT&CDT) with T98G cells achieved up to 92.7% cell death, with effective intracellular ROS formation and yielded an apoptotic rate of 63.32%, as determined by flow cytometry. TUNEL staining demonstrated that Hb@Ru NPs significantly induced DNA fragmentation in T98G cells by combined PTT&CDT via producing the most pronounced apoptotic response. PTT&CDT with Hb@Ru NPs also suppressed the migration and proliferation of glioblastoma cells, significantly inhibiting the wound closure in stratch assay.
The rational design of heteroleptic metallacages from multiple ligands remains a significant challenge in supramolecular chemistry due to the tendency for thermodynamic mixtures and poorly defined assemblies. Herein, we demonstrate a snap-fit-inspired self-assembly strategy for the construction of heteroleptic platinum(II) cages containing three types of organic ligands. An asymmetric tetracarboxylate ligand acts as a multifaceted connector, guiding the two distinct tetrapyridyl panels to snap into place around the Pt(II) vertices, yielding a type of box-shaped metallacage with reduced constitutional symmetry. Spatial combination of electron-rich anthracene or dimethoxybenzene donors with electron-deficient perylene diimide acceptors within a single metallacage facilitates efficient through-space photoinduced electron transfer and charge separation. As a result, the metallacages promote the generation of superoxide radical anions and enable photocatalytic benzimidazole formation from o-phenylenediamine and aromatic aldehydes via a condensation-oxidative cyclization sequence. This snap-fit assembly concept provides a modular and programmable approach to multicomponent metallacages and enables deliberate control over intramolecular electronic communication for supramolecular photocatalysis.
1. This paper reviews the importance of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in poultry nutrition, with particular emphasis on its effects on hatchability, egg quality, fatty acid composition and immune function across different poultry species.2. Poultry meat and eggs naturally contain low concentrations of CLA compared with ruminant-derived meat. However, dietary supplementation effectively increases CLA, resulting in value-added functional products.3. Data from chickens, quail and pigeons consistently shows that high dietary inclusion of CLA in breeder diets can negatively affect hatchability, mainly through alterations in yolk fatty acid (FA) composition rather than through direct effects on fertility.4. Dietary CLA supplementation has been associated with an increase in saturated fatty acids, particularly palmitic (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) and a concomitant reduction in monounsaturated FA such as palmitoleic (C16:1, n-7) and oleic acid (C18:1, n-9). These changes are due to the inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, which disrupts yolk lipid homoeostasis and impairs embryonic lipid utilisation.5. Supplementation with CLA can reverse storage-related egg quality defects, including increased yolk firmness, discolouration of both yolk and albumen and reduced peelability following refrigeration. These effects are dose-dependent and may be partially mitigated by co-supplementation with unsaturated lipid sources that help restore yolk fatty acid balance. Beyond reproductive traits, dietary CLA has been shown to influence body fat deposition, carcase characteristics and immune responses in poultry.
Environmental enrichment (EE) is essential for promoting welfare and reducing atypical behaviors in captive research animals, but we know little about effective EE strategies for llamas (Lama glama). This study evaluated the behavioral responses to EE items provided to llamas housed in a biomedical research facility in Brazil, where they are maintained as biomodels for nanobody production. Eight EE items-including feeding, physical, and sensory stimuli-were tested through a longitudinal observational design supported by video analysis and ethograms. Descriptive statistics, repeated-measures ANOVA, and cluster analysis (K-means, hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis [PCA]) were used to characterize behavioral patterns. Llamas showed a marked most time spent with the PVC pipe filled with hay or elephant grass, averaging 3.9 daily interactions. ANOVA indicated significant differences among animals (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct behavioral profiles, confirming individual variation and identifying one llama with a unique interaction pattern. Sensory and recreational items (tire, grooming brush, and empty perforated ball) elicited low interaction, whereas forage-containing items consistently ranked highest. These findings highlight the importance of forage-based enrichment and demonstrate the value of behavioral analytics for designing dynamic EE programs that enhance welfare in llamas used in biomedical research.
The aggressive and diverse subtype of breast cancer known as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poor clinical outcomes and few specific therapeutic choices. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), T-cell receptor-engineered T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are examples of adoptive cell therapy (ACT), which has become a promising immunotherapeutic approach. Its clinical application in TNBC is still difficult, nevertheless. This study used bibliometric techniques to thoroughly assess growing hotspots, intellectual structure, and worldwide research trends pertaining to ACT in TNBC. The Scopus database was searched for publications related to ACT in TNBC from 2011 to 2025. There were only original articles and reviews written in English. VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) and Microsoft Excel 2021 were used to analyse bibliometric indicators, such as annual publication output, country and institutional contributions, authorship patterns, citation characteristics, and keyword co-occurrence. To investigate thematic evolution and collaboration patterns, network visualisation and clustering analysis were carried out. With a compound annual growth rate of more than 60%, a total of 8,496 publications were found, indicating an exponential rise in research output, especially beyond 2020. Together, China and the US accounted for over 60% of all publications, dominating the world's research output. The core research network was made up of a few institutions and very productive writers. CAR-T cell therapy, tumor microenvironment manipulation, immunological checkpoint inhibition, metabolic reprogramming, and biomarker-driven methods were among the clinically orientated themes that emerged from foundational and preclinical investigations, according to keyword analysis. The literature shows ongoing translational difficulties with regard to tumor heterogeneity, antigen instability, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and safety concerns in solid tumors, despite increased research activity. Over the past ten years, research on ACT in TNBC has grown significantly, reflecting both unmet clinical need and growing scientific interest. However, continuous efforts to overcome biological and translational constraints are highlighted by the concentration of scientific leadership and the conceptual move towards combination methods and next-generation engineering approaches. This bibliometric analysis offers a thorough picture of the state of the field and could direct future research, teamwork, and the creation of more potent ACT tactics for TNBC.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dual immunotherapy blocking T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein-3 (TIM-3) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) in recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The TP cohort enrolled patients with progression on prior PD-(L)1 blockade to receive intravenous TQB2618 plus penpulimab every 3 weeks. The TPGC cohort enrolled treatment-naïve patients to receive TQB2618, penpulimab, gemcitabine, and cisplatin every 3 weeks for 4-6 cycles, followed by maintenance dual immunotherapy. Primary endpoints were dose-limiting toxicity and objective response rate for the TP cohort, and progression-free survival for the TPGC cohort. This two-cohort trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05563480. Between November 2022 and October 2023, 17 patients were enrolled in the TP cohort and 30 in the TPGC cohort. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. In the TP cohort, disease control was achieved in ten (58.8%) of 17 patients, with no complete or partial responses; median progression-free survival was 1.6 months (95% CI, 0.0-3.2). In the TPGC cohort, objective response rate was 86.2%, including four (13.8%) complete responses. Median progression-free survival was 10.8 months (95% CI, 9.6-16.4), with a 12-month rate of 40.9%; median overall survival was unreached. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in two (11.8%) patients in the TP cohort and 25 (83.3%) in the TPGC cohort, predominantly hematological toxicities. TQB2618 plus penpulimab combined with gemcitabine-cisplatin demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile in treatment-naïve patients. However, the chemotherapy-free dual regimen showed limited efficacy in immunotherapy-refractory disease.
Antibiotics are extensively utilized for treating bacterial infections for human and animals. Similarly, pesticides are widely applied in modern agriculture to enhance crop yield. However, their excessive and inappropriate use often leads to contamination of water bodies and soil with their residues causing environmental pollution. Therefore, efficient detection of these contaminants is important. Luminescent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been emerged as promising materials for sensing different types of organic pollutants through changes in fluorescence intensity and/or color. Herein, we report a novel luminescent organic linker, 5'-(bis(4-carboxybenzyl)amino)-[1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-dicarboxylic acid, which forms a 3D fluorescent Cd-MOF. The intense blue luminescence of the MOF was judiciously utilized in detection of different nitrofuran containing antibiotic molecules such as nitrofurazone (NFZ) and nitrofurantoin (NFT) with very low detection limits of ∼0.09 and ∼0.22 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the MOF demonstrates remarkable emission color change from blue to green for nitrophenolic pesticides 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Mechanistic investigation reveals that strong supramolecular interactions of nitrophenolic moiety with the MOF is responsible for the emission shift in case of DNOC and DNP. Notably, NFZ and DNOC could be selectively detected in presence of each other by judicious utilization of the dual sensing mode of the MOF.
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that regulate cell survival and death. Hyperglycemia modulates the functioning of the mitochondria in endothelial cells. We discovered that high-glucose (HG) treatment reduces FUN14 domain-containing 1 (FUNDC1) expression in endothelial cells. FUNDC1 expression in the mitochondria inhibits the proteasomal degradation of cytochrome C oxidase IV (COX-IV) and regulates mitochondrial complex I and IV activities as well as ATP synthesis under normal conditions. The FUNDC1 depletion in HG contexts affects mitochondrial complex I and IV activity as well as ATP synthesis and promotes mitochondrial damage through the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). BAM15 is a mitochondrial uncoupler that increases mitochondrial function and endothelial survival. Cotreatment with HG and BAM15 increased the FUNDC1 protein expression level and the mitochondrial translocation of FUNDC1 in HG-treated cells. The BAM15-induced upregulation of FUNDC1 expression increased the mitochondrial expression of COX-IV, complex I and IV activity, and ATP synthesis. Our findings suggest that FUNDC1 expression in endothelial cells under hyperglycemic stress plays a crucial role in limiting vascular damage and apoptotic cell death. We discovered a mechanism through which BAM15 protects endothelial cells through FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy and metabolic regulation. Targeting FUNDC1 via mitochondrial uncoupling is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating diabetic vascular diseases.
Ammonia-oxidizing nitrifiers (AON) are essential for nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). With increasing recognition of the diversity of AON, a reappraisal of the AON community and its relationship with environmental factors in CWs is needed. Here, we investigated the active AON community in inflow and outflow sediments of a landscape CW using amoA (encoding a subunit of ammonia monooxygenase) transcript analysis. Diverse amoA transcript phylotypes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), bacteria (AOB), and comammox bacteria (CMX) were identified. Quantitative analysis revealed shifts in the abundances of AOA, AOB, and CMX amoA transcripts between inflow and outflow sediments. AOA amoA transcripts were primarily affiliated with the Nitrosocosmicus, Nitrososphaera, Nitrosotalea, and Nitrosotenuis clusters; AOB amoA transcripts grouped within the Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas clusters; and CMX amoA transcripts fell into Nitrospira Clade A and B. The amoA transcript abundances of the three AON groups were differentially correlated with potential nitrification rates, ammonia, total nitrogen, pH, organic matter, and nitrate. Canonical correspondence analysis identified ammonia as a factor consistently associated with the community structures of all three AON groups, whereas pH was additionally associated with those of AOB and CMX. This study provides a snapshot of the active AON community in a CW, highlights spatial heterogeneity in abundance and composition, and serves as a reference for future hypothesis-driven investigations into nitrogen removal in wetland systems.
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Epidemiological studies have reported a progressive decline in parameters of male reproductive health. Increasing evidence has linked this decline to environmental contaminants. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a major class of synthetic organic chemicals containing fully or partially fluorinated alkyl chains, are one of important environmental contaminants. In China, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (F-53B) are predominant PFAS. Reproductive toxicity of PFAS has been well-supported by evidence. However, evidence on male reproductive toxicity induced by GenX and F-53B remains limited. The present study aimed to explore the potential molecular targets and mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity induced by GenX and F-53B. Utilizing network toxicology, the intersection of targets between GenX and F-53B and male reproductive toxicity was identified. Their Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathways were further analyzed. Next, four core genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), MYC proto-oncogene (MYC), and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), were selected, and their relationships with the primary enrichment results were examined. Molecular docking and binding energy analysis were used to support strong interactions between the compounds and the core genes. The involvement of the core genes in toxic effects caused by GenX and F-53B was further supported by in vivo evidence. Overall, an integrated framework combining network toxicology, molecular docking, and in vivo validation was used to demonstrate male reproductive toxicity associated with GenX and F-53B. Mechanistic hypotheses were generated that may inform future investigations and clinical risk mitigation strategies.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental microorganisms for which large, systematic studies of niche diversity are lacking. We performed a semi-longitudinal state-wide sampling campaign (2015-2019) for environmental NTM across Hawai'i. A volunteer network collected 2,334 water biofilms, soil, and dust samples from built (n = 1,946) and natural (n = 388) sites. Of these, 541 contained culturable NTM (23%) and per island hotspots identified. Of 74 NTM species recovered, the most prevalent rapid growing mycobacteria (RGM) were Mycobacterium porcinum, Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium abscessus. Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. chimaera was the most frequently isolated slow growing mycobacteria (SGM). Our longitudinal analyses indicate widespread colonization of diverse niches by species less associated with lung infections such as M. chelonae. In contrast, household water biofilms tended to be reliable niches for M. abscessus and M. avium complex species colonization across the 5-year study. Analysis of 590 deidentified lung samples from Hawai'i and other Pacific Islands revealed M. chimaera as the most frequently isolated species (40%, 238/590). Phylogenetic analysis of environmental and lung M. abscessus suggests most cluster within dominant circulating clone 1 (DCC1). Contrastingly, most Hawai'i and other Pacific Island M. chimaera were distinct from previously studied European isolates, leading to the identification of two novel clusters of phylogenetically related strains we have termed Pacific Island Circulating Cluster 1 and 2 (PCC1, PCC2). PCC1 consists exclusively of Hawai'i/Pacific Island isolates, while PCC2 was enriched by lung samples and was mostly collected from Hawai'i/Pacific Islands. These data reveal the genetic diversity, ecological niches, and potential reservoirs of NTM in varied Hawai'i ecosystems.IMPORTANCENearly one in four environmental Hawai'i samples tested positive for any NTM species, with hotspots often overlapping population centers. Recovery of any NTM species occurred just as often from natural settings as homes and public buildings, highlighting exposures as a normal part of life. Soil was the most common reservoir for NTM colonization, but we distinguish NTM species pertinent to lung disease that were far more likely to be found in water biofilms, such as showerheads and kitchen sinks. No single species dominated the environment; yet, the type of NTM found in water systems closely mirrored those recovered from patients' lung samples. Genetic analyses revealed that Hawai'i harbors distinct, locally circulating strains, including lineages not linked to known hospital outbreaks. Together, these findings improve our understanding of where precarious exposures can occur and inform public health strategies to reduce exposures by highlighting niches that are common hotspots for NTM colonization.