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The electromagnetic response of materials serves as the foundation for a broad range of vital applications, from imaging, to sensing, to classical and quantum communications. Here we demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, a fundamentally new regime of electromagnetic material response originating from inherent material nonlocality. We show that by structuring materials on the intrinsic scale of this nonlocal response, it becomes possible to alter the electromagnetics of the composite, revealing the inherent nonlocal behavior of the constituent components. These intrinsically nonlocal metamaterials exhibit strong intrinsic (as opposed to effective) nonlocality, easily detectable at room temperatures, in realistic (lossy), macroscopic materials. Intrinsically nonlocal metamaterials open a new design space for electromagnetic composites, beyond photonic crystals, metasurfaces, and effective medium composites. This allows the control of electromagnetic fields at a deep subwavelength scale, revealing a new dimension for control of light-matter interactions.
This study aims to enhance the hydration performance and mechanical strength of steel slag-based cementitious materials via the synergistic activation of Na2SiO3 and triethanolamine (TEA), solving the early-age hydration and low reactivity of steel slag. The mix is 32% steel slag (SS), 43% blast furnace slag (BFS), 12% desulfurized gypsum (DG), and 13% ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The full factorial design uses Na2SiO3 (4-6%) and TEA (0.03-0.08%) as composite activators. Mortar specimens were tested for compressive and flexural strengths at 3d, 7d, 10d, and 28d. XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TG revealed the hydration mechanism and microstructure evolution. The results show an optimal dosage of 5% Na2SiO3 and 0.05% TEA increasing compressive strengths at 3d and 28d by 43.10% and 22.09%, respectively, compared with the control group. This synergy improves matrix compactness, supporting the high-value utilization of steel slag and development of steel slag-based cementitious materials.
Prussian blue analogs (PBAs), known for their open three-dimensional framework and adjustable redox activity, have emerged as promising cathode materials for multivalent ion batteries. This study provides theoretical insights into CaxMFe(CN)6 (M = Mn, Fe, and Co) as cathode materials of calcium ion batteries (CIBs), elucidating the regulatory mechanism of the interstitial water through first-principles calculations. CaxMnFe(CN)6 and CaxFeFe(CN)6 undergo significant structural distortion and substantial volume changes during the charging process, which can be effectively alleviated by the insertion of the interstitial water, whereas CaxCoFe(CN)6 maintains a relatively stable structure. Furthermore, the low average voltage of CaxMFe(CN)6 can be increased by incorporating the interstitial water. Surprisingly, the diffusion barriers of Ca2+ are extremely low (0.24-0.31 eV) in PBAs, which directly accounts for their superior kinetic performance. It is revealed that there is a sequential redox mechanism with M2+/M3+ first, and then low-spin Fe2+/Fe3+ during the decalcification in CaxMFe(CN)6. This study not only explores the electrochemical performance of PBAs for CIBs, but also establishes a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance CIBs through the interstitial water.
Oroantral communication (OAC) and its chronic form, oroantral fistula (OAF), are significant complications primarily associated with the extraction of maxillary posterior teeth. Delayed diagnosis or inadequate primary management often leads to persistent maxillary sinusitis and secondary morbidities. Despite their clinical relevance, there is a lack of evidence regarding the factors influencing dentists' diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic decision-making. This study provided a nationwide evaluation of dentists' objective knowledge, clinical approaches, and self-perceived competence regarding the management of OAC and OAF in Turkey. This nationwide cross-sectional study included 400 dentists, divided into two equal groups: 200 general dental practitioners (Group 1) and 200 participants in the oral and maxillofacial surgery group (Group 2). A structured 35-item questionnaire collected data on professional experience and OAC/OAF-related knowledge across three subdomains: general, diagnostic, and treatment-oriented. Furthermore, the survey assessed clinical referral thresholds and self-perceived educational and diagnostic competence using a specialized scale. Statistical analysis included comparative tests and multiple linear regression models to identify independent predictors of clinical knowledge levels. Group 2 demonstrated significantly higher scores across all knowledge subdomains compared to Group 1 (p < 0.05), with mean total scores of 0.81 ± 0.08 and 0.57 ± 0.12, respectively. Significant disparities were observed in etiology, preoperative risk assessment, and radiographic interpretation. Group 1 exhibited a higher tendency toward referral-based management, while Group 2 more frequently performed direct clinical management. Multiple linear regression revealed that being in Group 2, prior postgraduate training, and previous clinical case experience were independent positive predictors of higher knowledge scores. Conversely, a lack of preference for specific closure materials was a negatively associated with overall knowledge. Knowledge levels regarding OAC/OAF management were significantly associated with professional group and clinical exposure. While Group 2 showed higher overall proficiency, knowledge gaps were also identified in specific domains. Within the context of dental education and clinical practice in Turkey, these findings support the need for strengthened undergraduate and postgraduate educational approaches to improve preparedness for OAC/OAF management.
To describe the clinical characteristics, anatomical distribution, and long-term outcomes of unintended endodontic-sinus communication involving maxillary posterior teeth that occurred during endodontic treatment. This retrospective observational study reviewed clinical records collected over approximately 10 years of routine clinical practice. Among 10,345 maxillary premolars and molars treated endodontically, cases presenting intraoperative endodontic-sinus communication were identified. Preoperative periapical radiographs were obtained in all cases, with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) available in selected patients. Endodontic treatment was performed under rubber dam isolation using electronic apex locators and rotary nickel-titanium instruments. The Valsalva maneuver was systematically performed intraoperatively to detect communication. Root canal obturation was completed in one or two visits using bioceramic techniques. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was scheduled at 3, 5, and 10 years. Thirty-one patients (18 males, 13 females) presented an endodontic-sinus communication, corresponding to an incidence of 0.30% (31/10,345). The affected teeth included 14 maxillary second molars, 15 maxillary first molars, and 2 maxillary second premolars. A total of 32 root-level communications were identified. Vital primary treatments accounted for 22 cases (70.97%), retreatments for 7 cases (22.58%), and necrotic teeth for 2 cases (6.45%). The Valsalva maneuver was positive in all cases. The mean follow-up duration was 48 months (range: 36-120 months). All evaluated teeth remained functional, with no persistent sinus-related symptoms and no need for surgical intervention. Unintended endodontic-sinus communication is a rare intraoperative event during treatment of maxillary posterior teeth. Early recognition, strict apical control, and conservative management may allow favorable long-term outcomes without the need for surgical intervention. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously in light of the retrospective design, limited sample size, and absence of a control group.
Effective wound management remains a critical challenge in modern medicine, requiring a delicate balance among infection control, hemostasis, and tissue regeneration. Biopolymer-based hydrogels have emerged as leading candidates for medical use due to their biocompatibility, moisture-retention capabilities, and structural similarity to the natural ECM. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the transition from passive dressings to intelligent, multifunctional hydrogel scaffolds. We first examine the biological mechanisms of wound healing and the fundamental roles of hydrogels in maintaining an optimal microenvironment. Central to this discussion is the integration of conductive materials (including conductive polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal nanoparticles), which empower hydrogels with bio-sensing and electromechanical stimulation capabilities. Furthermore, we explore how 3D printing technologies enable the fabrication of personalized, high-precision scaffolds. The review also discusses the emerging role of integrated monitoring systems and machine learning algorithms in enhancing diagnostic accuracy. By synthesizing current research, this review identifies critical engineering hurdles and outlines the future trajectory toward automated, closed-loop wound-care systems in clinical practice. Ultimately, while these advanced electronic scaffolds offer revolutionary therapeutic paradigms, this review underscores that balancing electroconductivity with chronic cytocompatibility, refining multi-modal biosensor calibration, and navigating complex regulatory evaluation pathways remain critical prerequisites. Overcoming these fundamental translational bottlenecks is essential to realizing the next generation of automated clinical wound care.
Traditional metal and n-type doped semiconductor materials serve as emerging epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials, showcasing great potential for nonlinear photonic applications. However, a significant limitation for such materials is the lack of versatile ENZ wavelength tuning, and thus dynamic tuning of the ENZ wavelength remains a technical challenge, thereby restricting their potential applications, such as multi-band communications. Here, dynamic tuning of the ENZ wavelength in p-type organic PEDOT: PSS films is achieved through a reversible change in hole concentrations originating from the polaron formation/decoupling following optical excitation, and a tunable ENZ wavelength shift up to 150 nm is observed. Experimental investigations about ultrafast dynamics of polaron excitation reveal a ∼80 fs time constant for polaron buildup and a ∼280 fs time constant for polaron decoupling, indicating the reversible ultrafast switching for the ENZ wavelength within subpicosecond time scale. These findings suggest that p-type organic semiconductors can serve as what is believed to be a novel platform for dynamically tuning the ENZ wavelength through polaron excitation, opening what we feel are new possibilities for ENZ-based nonlinear optical applications in flexible optoelectronics.
Passively mode-locked lasers, as essential tools for generating ultrashort pulses, have found widespread applications in industrial manufacturing, optical communications, biomedical imaging, and fundamental scientific research. Saturable absorbers serve as the key components governing the performance of such laser systems. Conventional saturable absorber materials, including semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, however, suffer from inherent limitations in operational wavelength range, damage threshold, and environmental stability. In recent years, two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, have emerged as a promising class of materials to address these challenges. Their unique metallic conductivity, broadband saturable absorption, ultrafast carrier dynamics, excellent thermal management capability, and versatile chemical tunability offer unprecedented opportunities for advanced saturable absorber applications. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress of MXene-based saturable absorbers, with an emphasis on their distinctive advantages in extending the mode-locked wavelength range, enhancing output pulse stability, and increasing the optical damage threshold. Furthermore, strategies for performance optimization through surface terminal group engineering, defect modulation, and heterostructure design are discussed in depth. Finally, the future prospects and key challenges toward industrial implementation of MXenes in ultrafast photonics are outlined, aiming to stimulate further advancements in high-performance ultrafast laser technology.
With the rapid development of wireless communications, electromagnetic interference (EMI) in complex environments has become a critical factor affecting communication quality. Addressing the EMI issues caused by multi-band coexistence in indoor scenarios, traditional metallic resonant structures, while effective in filtering, often compromise optical transparency due to light blockage. To resolve this trade-off, this paper proposes a dual-ring resonant frequency-selective surface (FSS) based on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) films. This design aims to achieve efficient transmission in specific C-band frequencies and suppress out-of-band interference, realizing excellent optical transmittance while ensuring electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. The designed metasurface targets a passband of 5.35-5.40 GHz for sub-6 GHz indoor communications. Experimental results confirm superior transmission in this range and significant out-of-band suppression. Furthermore, featuring high optical transparency, the structure can be directly integrated onto glass surfaces. It is not only suitable for optically transparent devices but also provides a compact passive solution for anti-EMI applications in smart buildings and sub-6 GHz indoor communications.
Breaking the geometrical symmetry of metallic nanostructures can give rise to a variety of intriguing optical phenomena, with significant implications for biosensors, nanoantennas, metamaterials, and optical switches. However, the practical application of these phenomena in the visible spectrum is hindered by the inherent ohmic losses associated with metallic materials. In this work, we propose a theoretically designed single dielectric silicon nanosphere with broken symmetry, achieved by introducing a cavity along its symmetry axis. Inspired by the theory of plasmon hybridization, we demonstrate the emergence of bonding and anti-bonding dipole-dipole coupling modes resulting from the interaction between the nanosphere and the cavity. By performing multipole expansion analysis of electromagnetic scattering, we clarify the distinct contributions of electric and magnetic dipoles to these coupling modes. Moreover, these modes can be effectively tuned by adjusting the geometric parameters of both the nanosphere and the cavity. This study enhances the understanding of light-matter interactions in symmetry-breaking dielectric nanostructures and provides a foundation for the development of advanced dielectric-based devices for applications in optical communications, biosensing, and quantum technologies.
Electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) materials with tunable responses are critically important for operation in complex electromagnetic environments. In this study, a novel dual-ion co-modulation strategy is introduced to overcome the limited controllability of conventional EMWA materials. By employing a coordination-mediated gelation phase transformation approach, a series of transition metal sulfide/sulfur-nitrogen co-doped carbon (MxSy/SNC, M = Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu) aerogels are successfully fabricated. First-principles calculations demonstrate that N,S co-doping tunes the electronic structure of the carbon matrix, enhancing local charge imbalance and promoting dipole polarization, which significantly broadens the EMWA band. At 1.65 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth almost covers the entire Ku band. Furthermore, cation-induced modulation of the electronic configuration enables precise tuning of the built-in electric field and dielectric response, resulting in customizable absorption peaks and bandwidths. All samples achieve a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) below -60 dB, with the RLmin peak frequency shifting from 17.44 GHz to 11.6, 9.84, and 5.12 GHz depending on the metal ion. Finally, a low-frequency antenna and a one-to-two power divider are constructed, demonstrating strong application potential in the communications field. This study provides a new pathway for designing high-performance, programmable EMWA systems and multifunctional materials.
Dynamic modulation of infrared optical properties has significant importance for thermal imaging, molecular sensing, and communications. However, conventional dynamic metasurfaces, which rely on integrating functional materials such as phase-change materials or liquid crystals, face challenges such as complex fabrication, limited modulation range, and slow response speed. Here, the dynamic tuning of dual-band infrared resonances is demonstrated by reversibly deforming plasmonic slits in electrically reconfigurable nano-kirigami structures. The structural design adopts an Au-SiO2-Si layered configuration, enabling reversible transformation from 2D planar patterns to 3D morphologies via electrostatic actuation. The pre-designed 2D patterns support dual-band plasmonic slit resonances, whose resonance wavelengths and intensities can be precisely controlled by geometric parameters. Under applied voltage, the structure undergoes controllable out-of-plane deformation, which breaks the in-plane symmetry of the plasmonic slits and modifies their effective length, width, and height. This enables dynamic, continuous, and reversible tuning of both the resonance intensity and wavelength. Simulations and experimental results confirm the prominent dual-band resonance responses, as well as the significant reconfiguration. Our work offers a new strategy for high-performance, easily integrable, and dynamically tunable infrared photonic devices, with potential applications in infrared sensing, spectral modulation, and adaptive optical systems.
Sustainable power generation in outdoor environments is crucial for realizing self-powered Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable applications. Among various approaches, thermoelectric generation is particularly attractive. However, its widespread deployment is inevitably hindered by unstable energy harvesting during diurnal environmental shifts. Here, we report a monolithic thermoelectric device based on Janus photonic metamaterials (JPM), which utilizes radiative cooling to drive continuous thermoelectric generation. Featuring an asymmetric concentration distribution of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNs) within a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, coupled with pyramidal metastructures on the top surface, the resulting Janus photonic metamaterials simultaneously maximize solar reflectance and mid-infrared (MIR) emissivity to achieve radiative cooling. With single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays sandwiched between the JPM and a low-filler h-BNN composite substrate, the monolithic device achieves a considerable temperature difference of 27.5 K and an output voltage of 23.4 mV under a solar irradiance of 620 W m-2. Even at zero solar irradiance, it maintains a 1 mV voltage output driven solely by the cooling effect. Furthermore, the rear surface of the device successfully achieves subambient cooling once the solar irradiance falls below 500 W m-2. Ultimately, this work presents a viable strategy to realize sustainable self-powered operation and highly effective thermal management for diverse outdoor electronic systems.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a dynamic microenvironment that regulates cell proliferation, migration, and tissue remodeling during wound healing. However, replicating the structural and functional complexity and ECM heterogeneity of native skin ECM remains challenging with conventional single-material hydrogels. Recent advances in multimaterial 3D bioprinting have enabled the spatial integration of diverse biomaterials within a single construct. Lignocellulose has attracted increasing attention as a promising biomaterial for recreating key structural features of the native ECM because of its fibrous architecture, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. This review offers a comprehensive and integrated perspective on the use of lignocellulose-based multimaterial printing to recreate ECM-mimicking architectures, an underexplored area at the intersection of biomaterials and biofabrication. The roles of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in printability, scaffold stability, porosity, bioactivity, and wound-healing performance are discussed. Representative studies have demonstrated that lignocellulose-based multimaterial bioinks provide porous architectures that support cell adhesion, proliferation, and tissue regeneration. These benefits are accompanied by improved mechanical performance, as cellulose nanofibers exhibit elastic moduli exceeding 100 GPa, and lignin-containing hydrogels have achieved compressive moduli of up to 135 kPa. Such mechanical advantages make lignocellulosic materials particularly attractive for fabricating ECM-mimicking scaffolds that require long-term structural integrity. Finally, key design considerations and current limitations associated with lignocellulose-based multimaterial bioprinting are critically discussed. A framework for the rational design of lignocellulose-based multimaterial bioinks is presented, together with future directions toward gradient and adaptive scaffolds, smart wound dressings, and advanced wound-healing applications.
With the rapid advancement of 5G communications and flexible electronics, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with multifunctionality and environmental adaptability are urgently needed. Herein, we report a sustainable and cost-effective strategy to fabricate multifunctional multilayer films incorporating kapok cellulose nanofibers, MWCNT, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Specifically, films with 3-11 layers are obtained via sequential solution deposition and vacuum filtration. The multilayer architecture enhances interfacial polarization and multiple internal reflection, yielding an EMI shielding effectiveness of 46 dB for samples with 11 layers. Meanwhile, the synergistic combination of polymeric, conductive, and magnetic components endows the film with inherent flexibility, thermal stability, and additional functionalities, including photothermal conversion (reaching up to 108 °C under 2.0 sun illumination) and a Seebeck coefficient of 56.3 μV/K. This work provides an effective approach for integrating EMI shielding with energy-related functionalities in sustainable bio-based films, offering novel insights into the design of high-performance multifunctional EMI shielding materials.
Aim: To identify and analyze the patterns of exocrine insufficiency development in patients with assotiative pathology of the digestive tract and its relationship with homeostasis disorders depending on the degree of insufficiency. Materials and Methods: The total number of patients is 135, aged 50.7±6.2 years, with a diagnosis of Chronic pancreatitis (CP), remission phase with exocrine insufficiency in assotiation with Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The divided of patients into groups was based on determining the degree of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency according to the results of the level of fecal elastase-1(FE-1). Results: In the studied children of the first group, significant differences (p1=0.01-<0.001) were observed in the levels of biochemical indicators, except the values of AST and creatinine levels. Significant intergroup differences were found among the indicators of vitamin D3 (p1<0.001; p2=0.001; p3<0.001), folic acid (p1<0.001; p2<0.001; p3<0.001), Zn (p1=0.001; p2=0.001; p3<0.001), Se (p1<0.001; p2<0.001; p3<0.001) and partly, Na (p1=0.02;) Ca (p2=0.002; p3=0.001), Cl(p3=0.04). Conclusions: The highest communicative correlations in children of the first group were found for the vitamin D3 level with FE-1 (r=0.64) and fibrinogen in a negative direction (r=-0.30). The value of 1-antitrypsin was correlated in the first group with the minerals Ca (-0.30 at p=0.006), FE-1 (r=-0.26 at p=0.02), while in the second group there was a predominance of communications with inflammatory markers ALT (r=-0.30 at p=0.03), AST (r=-0.29 at p=0.04).
Multisite digital psychiatry trials increasingly rely on complex onboarding and implementation processes at local research sites. While outcome-focused evaluations are common, less attention has been paid to the site-level labor required to operationalize such studies in real-world settings, particularly at smaller or resource-constrained sites. This study addresses this gap by examining hidden implementation labor from a single-site reflexive perspective. This study adopts a reflexive qualitative case study approach to examine onboarding and implementation processes at a single research site participating in a multisite digital psychiatry trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04953208). The analysis draws on longitudinal experiential data, supported by site-specific documentation, onboarding timelines, troubleshooting records, device-management materials, data quality assurance activities, and internal communications generated during site coordination and implementation activities. Five interrelated themes were identified: hidden labor and role overload; resource scarcity at small research sites; fragmented remote communication and technical coordination; multi-role professional contexts and competing demands; and the impact of external systemic disruptions. Findings show how administrative, technical, logistical, and coordination tasks were absorbed into individual roles, often exceeding initial role expectations. Despite limited resources, the site achieved high performance through intensified individual effort, masking the true implementation burden. This pattern is conceptualized as a high-performance paradox, in which apparent site efficiency may conceal substantial hidden labor and role compression. This site-level reflexive account highlights the central role of hidden labor in sustaining implementation in multisite digital psychiatry trials. Recognizing and explicitly resourcing implementation work, particularly at small research sites, may improve feasibility, sustainability, and equity across study settings. The study contributes a practice-based methodological perspective on how implementation burden can be identified through reflexive analysis of site-level trial processes.
Vector vortex beams, structured light fields characterized by polarization and phase singularities, offer substantial promise for next-generation photonic technologies. While the detection of scalar vortex beams has been investigated, the direct, all-electrical, and filter-free detection of vector vortex beams has remained a challenge. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip, all-electrical detection platform capable of simultaneously resolving the orbital angular momentum (OAM) order and polarization state of incident vector vortex beams. This functionality is achieved by coupling van der Waals layered thermoelectric materials with a phase-gradient metagrating, which spatially maps OAM and polarization information onto surface plasmon polariton intensity distributions, thereby inducing directionally modulated photothermoelectric responses. Leveraging these distinctive photoresponses, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept two-dimensional encrypted optical communication protocol. Our platform establishes a scalable approach for high-dimensional light field detection and lays the groundwork for advanced optoelectronic systems spanning secure communications, quantum information, optical manipulation, and high-resolution imaging.
Purpose To investigate whether deep learning models trained on chest radiographs (CXRs) rely on radiographic exposure parameters as shortcut features and to quantify the resulting biases under controlled confounding and natural exposure regimes. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, CXRs from MIMIC-CXR (January 2011-December 2016), the Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center (MIDRC; August 2020-May 2022), and EmoryCXR (September 2008-February 2023) were analyzed for pneumothorax detection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, and race classification. Dataset-provided labels served as the reference standard. Three exposure parameters (ExposureTime, XRayTubeCurrent, ExposureInuAs) were extracted from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) metadata. Models were trained under biased and balanced exposure-label alignments and evaluated on matched and reversed distributions. A priori screening additionally identified high-risk exposure regimes. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was compared using the DeLong test. Results A total of 727,604 CXRs from 240,681 patients (mean age, 60 years ± 17 [SD]; 126,432 men, 114,128 women) were analyzed. For pneumothorax detection, AUC decreased from 0.94 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.95) to 0.56 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.58) on mismatched exposure distributions (ΔAUC = -0.38; P < .001). Similar declines were observed for COVID-19 (ΔAUC = -0.33; P < .001) and race classification (ΔAUC = -0.09; P < .001). The priori exposure-regimen screening revealed high-risk regimes within the natural distribution that were associated with reduced model performance compared with typical exposures. Conclusion Deep learning models trained on CXRs may exploit exposure parameters as shortcut features; exposure-regimen audits may flag high-risk conditions before clinical deployment. ©RSNA, 2026.
Materials exhibiting efficient nonlinear optical properties, such as two-photon absorption (2PA), are of increasing interest for applications including biomedical imaging, optical data storage, and long-range communications. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide a versatile platform for enhancing such 2PA responses by allowing specific ordered arrangements of chromophores. In particular, organic molecules exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) have shown a significant increase in 2PA cross sections when incorporated into MOFs as linkers. This is possible not only because of the periodic ordered arrangement of photoactive molecules, but also due to subtle changes to the electronic properties of AIE-linkers and hindering their structural flexibility. The latter has been reported for tetrakis [4-(4-carboxyphenyl)phenyl]ethylene, known as H4TCPE, a linker used for MOFs with strong and tunable 2PA response. It is known that confinement effects in MOFs and the restriction of intramolecular motion of H4TCPE are key to its enhanced 2PA. However, the influence of specific intermolecular packing arrangements of H4TCPE on the 2PA response remains insufficiently understood. In this work, we study computationally the 2PA response of H4TCPE as a function of intra- and intermolecular packing. Using finite (non-periodic) monomeric and dimeric models, we first investigate how intramolecular flexibility affects the absorption spectra and 2PA cross sections and later analyze dimer configurations by varying the relative orientations to assess how intermolecular packing modulates the 2PA response. Finally, we compare the most favorable computed arrangements with experimentally reported H4TCPE-based MOF structures and propose optimal conformations for an efficient response.