The development of low-frequency electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with excellent stability in extreme environments remains a major challenge for radar stealth and anti-electromagnetic interference applications. Herein, a rare-earth-sulfur (RE─S) (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Er) surface modification strategy is first proposed to regulate the electromagnetic response of SiC-based ceramics via surface chemical bond evolution from Si─O to RE─O species. This process transforms fast-relaxation dipoles into slow-relaxation dipoles, thereby prolonging the polarization relaxation time and inducing a low-frequency shift in the absorption peak from the Ku band to the C band. The optimized SiC/Ce-S ceramics exhibits a minimum reflection loss (RL) of -60.08 dB at 5.76 GHz, while the strategy demonstrates broad universality across multiple RE elements. The enhanced EMW absorption performance is attributed to the synergistic regulation of surface chemistry, dipole polarization, and dielectric relaxation. Moreover, the RE─S modified ceramics show rapid thermal response, excellent corrosion resistance, and outstanding oxidation stability, retaining an RL of -54.46 dB at 5.44 GHz after annealing at 500°C. This work provides a viable strategy for designing multifunctional SiC-based EMW absorbers for operation in extreme environments.
In the current study, we investigated the structural, electrical, and optical characteristics of Mn-modified BNT ceramic systems with the nominal formula (Bi0.5Na0.5)1-x Mn x TiO3, (x = 0.01-0.05), obtained by the solid-state reaction method. The structural analysis using Rietveld refinement suggested a rhombohedral phase with the R3c space group in all samples. Relaxor behavior was observed in all the modified samples, and Mn doping also promoted this behavior. At the same time, lower dielectric loss was noticed in the x = 0.05 ceramics. Detailed electrical characterization was performed through impedance spectroscopy studies. The Nyquist plot was fitted with the proposed RQC-RC circuit and found to be of the non-Debye type. Correspondingly, the grain and grain-boundary resistance values were determined. The AC conductivity data at different temperatures were fitted by the Jonscher's power law equation, σ tot(ω) = A(T) × ω s + σ dc(T); 0 < s < 1, supporting the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model. The reduction in optical band gap energy (E g) obtained from UV-visible spectroscopy and the decrease in the hopping barrier height (W M) suggest that Mn doping may induce defect states. The results are consistent with possible oxygen vacancy formation, which may contribute to localized hopping conduction in the modified ceramic system. Furthermore, the slim polarization loop confirmed the relaxor behavior observed in the modified samples. The combined results suggest that Mn doping is an appropriate approach for optimizing the functional properties of BNT ceramics, with x = 0.05 as the most favorable in terms of overall performance.
Lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramics (LDC) are widely used for esthetic restorations, yet their surface and optical behavior can vary depending on the composition and surface treatment procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the surface, colorimetric, and optical properties of LDC materials with different compositions after being subjected to polishing or glazing. Rectangular specimens were prepared by sectioning four compositions of LDC CAD/CAM blocks (IPS e.max CAD [IPS], Amber Mill [AM], Amber Mill Direct [AMD], Initial LiSi [ILS]). Baseline surface roughness (Ra), color, translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), opalescence parameter (OP) and gloss (GU) values were recorded. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to surface treatments, one undergoing glazing and the other polishing, followed by post-treatment measurements (n = 10). Color change (ΔE00) for each group was calculated based on the CIEDE2000 formula. In addition to baseline and final Ra, TP, CR, OP, and GU measurements, the changes in these parameters (ΔRa, ΔTP, ΔCR, ΔOP, and ΔGU) were calculated by subtracting the baseline values from the final values obtained after polishing or glazing. One extra specimen from each group was prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). The surface, colorimetric, and optical properties differed significantly based on the type of LDC material and the surface treatment method. The Ra values of IPS, AMD, and ILS decreased significantly after glazing compared to polishing (p = 0.016), which was confirmed by SEM analysis. Both surface treatments significantly reduced Ra values compared with baseline across all material groups (all p ≤ 0.013). Glazing resulted in higher mean ΔE00 values than polishing for IPS (p = 0.011) and ILS (p = 0.0001). For IPS, TP values were lower in the glazed specimens than those that were polished (p = 0.001), whereas the opposite trend was observed for CR values (p = 0.001). Regardless of the LDC material type, glazing produced significantly lower OP values (all p ≤ 0.041) and higher GU values (all p ≤ 0.023) than polishing. Surface, colorimetric, and optical properties of LDC materials varied depending on the surface treatment method and material composition. While both surface treatments effectively reduced surface roughness, glazing enhanced surface gloss and opalescence more prominently, but induced material-specific color changes. Glazing also enhanced the translucency of IPS e.max CAD compared to other LDC materials.
Electromagnetic pollution from the rapid expansion of wireless and electronic systems demands advanced absorber materials. High-entropy ceramics offer a promising platform for broadband electromagnetic wave attenuation, yet their rational design remains underdeveloped. Here, we introduce a mechanism-driven strategy to enhance absorption by tailoring local chemical order via simple thermal processing. Applied to high-entropy carbides, this local chemical order-engineering approach delivers a record effective absorption bandwidth of 11.2 GHz. Atomic-resolution chemical mapping paired with theoretical simulations reveals that local chemical order, rather than atomic vacancies, governs the dominant electromagnetic wave absorption mechanisms. We further demonstrate the universality of this principle across diverse high-entropy ceramic families (borides, oxides, sulfides, silicides, and selenides), each exhibiting substantial performance gains. This work establishes a clear, structure-guided framework for designing high-performance single-phase absorbers and offers a versatile route to mitigate electromagnetic pollution through targeted control of atomic-scale chemical order.
The demanding requirements of stealth components in advanced aircraft for extreme environments necessitate novel materials that integrate high-temperature resistance and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption. Among them, HfC ceramic possesses a high melting point of nearly 3900 °C. However, the poor impedance matching severely restricts its application in electromagnetic wave absorption. Precursor-derived ceramics (PDCs) offer a versatile platform for designing high-temperature-resistant materials with porous microstructures for improving impedance matching. Inspired by structural engineering strategies, this work presents a novel PDC route to fabricate a porous layered HfC ceramic. Specifically, the precursor was obtained by crushing and freeze-drying a gel that formed via the simultaneous self-assembly of GO and its in situ reaction with Hf(acac)2(OH)2 during the solvothermal reaction. Leveraging its high specific surface area, layered GO offers abundant -COOH/-OH that enables reactions with Hf-OH to form a stable Hf-O-C bond. This stable chemical bonding could create an intimate interfacial contact, reducing diffusion distances and enhancing carbothermal reduction for efficient HfO2-to-HfC conversion. As a result, the porous HfC ceramic with a high hafnium content of 91.01 wt % was successfully obtained after pyrolysis at only 1400 °C. The resulting porous layered HfC ceramic retained its structural integrity up to 1800 °C. The pore structure was mainly constructed through the self-assembly of GO during the solvothermal reaction, ice crystal sublimation via freeze-drying, as well as subsequent high-temperature pyrolysis. Moreover, the porous layered HfC ceramic delivers outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption performance, attributed to the synergy effect between optimized impedance matching, conductive loss, and multiple polarization losses. Notably, it achieves a remarkable minimum reflection loss (RLmin) to a matching thickness ratio of -37.02 dB/mm, along with a radar cross section (RCS) attenuation value of 40.188 dB m2 in simulation, demonstrating both strong intrinsic absorption and practical stealth capability. This work paves the way for the development of high-performance, integrated structural-functional materials for extreme applications.
Effluents from textile, leather, paper, food, and cosmetic industries are recognized as major sources of dye pollution, while antibiotic contamination primarily originates from pharmaceutical, medical, and aquaculture activities. Both forms of pollution pose significant environmental and public health risks, necessitating the development of advanced multifunctional materials for wastewater remediation. In this study, a novel 3D-printed SiO2-BaTiO3/SrTiO3-polymeric composite scaffold was developed, integrating a triple synergistic mechanism comprising adsorption, photocatalysis, and piezocatalysis for the efficient mitigation of methylene blue (MB) dye and tetracycline (TC) pollutants. The BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 nanoparticles were synthesized via a solution combustion method, while SiO2 was sustainably obtained from bagasse ash, exhibiting surface areas of 11.88, 4.77, and 74.16 m2/g, respectively. The 3D-printed porous architectures, precisely designed using computer-aided modeling, enhanced active surface accessibility and facilitated mass transfer, thereby improving overall catalytic efficiency. The SiO2-BaTiO3-polymer and SiO2-SrTiO3-polymer composites achieved over 60% MB removal by adsorption, 18% by photocatalytic degradation under UV illumination, and over 20% by piezocatalytic degradation under ultrasonic vibration, resulting in total degradation efficiencies exceeding 88% for MB and 85% for TC. The integration of waste-derived SiO2, functional titanate ceramics, and additive manufacturing underscores the novelty of this work, providing a sustainable and scalable pathway for next-generation wastewater treatment systems in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Stewart platforms are widely used in flight simulators, precision machining, and other fields due to their advantages in high precision, high dynamic response, and full six-degree-of-freedom spatial motion. However, the positioning accuracy of traditional rigid Stewart platforms is difficult to further improve due to limitations such as the structure of telescopic rods and insufficient kinematic solution accuracy. To address this technical challenge, this study proposes a flexible Stewart platform and conducts modeling and analysis on its forward and inverse kinematic solutions. First, by introducing piezoelectric ceramics to calculate the displacement loss caused by telescopic rods overcoming the inertia of the moving platform and load, a precise mathematical model for inverse kinematics is established based on geometric analysis and kinematic theory. Second, aiming at the problems of low efficiency and low accuracy in solving forward kinematics using the Newton-Raphson method and traditional BP neural networks, an improved BP neural network method based on the Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm is innovatively proposed. By constructing a multi-layer feedforward neural network model and using inverse kinematic formulas to generate training datasets, a nonlinear mapping from rod lengths to platform pose is achieved, effectively avoiding the complexity of traditional calculation processes. Finally, MATLAB simulation results show that regarding inverse kinematics, the calculated displacement range of piezoelectric ceramics covers 27.9 nm to 47.4 nm. In terms of forward kinematics, the relative error of pose prediction using the proposed improved algorithm is controlled within 0.5% across the entire domain, with absolute errors in heatmaps controlled around 0.02 mm. The forward and inverse kinematic solution methods proposed in this paper for high-precision positioning flexible Stewart platforms are significantly superior to traditional methods in terms of friction displacement compensation range and pose prediction accuracy. This work not only provides an innovative solution for high-precision positioning technology but also lays an important theoretical foundation for applications in industrial robotics and precision measurement.
Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics remain underutilized in cranioplasty because of their intrinsic brittleness, limited impact/fatigue tolerance, and insufficient early fixation, which can compromise stable host-implant coupling. This study of 3D-printed β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) burr-hole cover scaffold (3D Bioceramplug) engineered for mechanical reliability, controlled resorption, and well osteointegration in calvarial defect repair. A photocurable, negative thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based ceramic slurry enabled digital light processing (DLP) printing of interconnected pores (300-500 μm) and high densification (94%), yielding compressive strength up to ∼38 MPa. It is worth mentioning that this novel slurry enables rapid dewatering within ∼1 h, stabilizing the green body and enabling timely transfer to high-temperature sintering for densification, thereby shortening the post-printing drying/stabilization stage. In a rabbit critical-size calvarial defect model, micro-CT and histology at 12 weeks demonstrated preserved structural integrity, osteoid ingrowth, and intramembranous ossification-mediated osteointegration. Immunohistochemistry (CD68, COL-I, vWF) indicated balanced remodeling, mature bone matrix deposition, and neovascularization. In a subsequent large-animal translational evaluation, implants with or without drainage ports were placed into 10 mm pig calvarial defects. Blood biochemistry and organ function markers remained within physiological ranges for 6 months, supporting systemic biocompatibility. CT/micro-CT enabled robust longitudinal assessment and showed synchronized scaffold degradation (16-19%) with progressive bone formation. Morphometric analysis revealed 70-80% defect occupancy by newly formed bone plus residual scaffold, compared with <25% in controls. Histology further confirmed bone ingrowth, osteoblastic differentiation (ALP), vascular formation (vWF), and minimal inflammation (CD68). Therefore, 3D Bioceramplug provides a mechanically stable, biologically safe, and osteoconductive platform for long-term calvarial (cranial) defect reconstruction while offering a substantially accelerated, personalized manufacturing route for sintered bioceramic bone substitutes.
The incorporation of silane into universal adhesive systems has been proposed as a strategy to simplify bonding protocols to glass ceramics; however, the effectiveness of this approach remains controversial. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different silane and adhesive application protocols on the bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic immediately (IM) and after thermocycling (TC). Lithium disilicate ceramic specimens were etched with hydrofluoric acid and allocated according to the silane application protocol and the adhesive system used. Composite resin cylinders were bonded to the ceramic surface, and microshear bond strength was measured at IM (after 24 hours storage) and after TC (10 000 cycles). Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD post hoc test (α=.05). Ceramic surfaces treated with the different protocols were evaluated using a micro-Raman spectrometer for chemical interaction analysis. Microshear bond strength showed significant effects for both group and time (P<.001). At IM, universal adhesives combined with additional silane application achieved the highest IM values, particularly ABU APS Plus + Prosil and SBU Plus + RelyX CP. After TC, these groups maintained significantly higher bond strengths compared with silane alone or associated adhesives (P<.001). Raman analysis confirmed Si-O-Si and Si-O bond formation in groups treated with silane or silane-containing adhesives, indicating effective chemical interaction with the ceramic surface. Separate silane application improved the bond strength to lithium disilicate ceramic, regardless of the universal adhesive system evaluated.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Occupational risk, such as exposure to hazardous activities or substances in pottery manufacturing, can exacerbate traditional cardiovascular risk factors. In this work, we aimed to identify cardiovascular risks among pottery workers and their relationship with sociodemographic and occupational factors. Cardiovascular risk (CVR) was assessed in 406 potters in Tlaxcala through medical examinations, biochemical tests, occupational data collection, and lead blood testing. The use of lead in pottery and sociodemographic factors were evaluated. CVR scores were calculated using models that predicted 10- and 30-year CVD events. We found that 41.4% of the participants had high blood pressure, 30.1% were pre-diabetic, and 25.9% had hypercholesterolemia. Obesity affected 75% of the participants, with women showing a higher prevalence (59.6%). Lead exposure from pottery work significantly increased CVR: each additional year of crafting activity increased the 30-year CVR by 0.71%. Risk models showed 61.4% of the participants had a 30-year CVR > 20%. Despite the higher percentage of female obesity, male artisans showed a higher cardiovascular risk related to risk factors and worse clinical thresholds. This study highlights the heightened CVR among artisans, particularly those involved in the production of glazed ceramics, due to exposure to toxic substances like lead (Pb) and kiln-related air pollutants.
The aim of this study was to compare the failure loads and stress distribution of two different CAD-on systems used for implant-supported crowns. Implant-supported crowns were designed with CAD/CAM software (Cerec InLab V15.0) and fabricated using the CAD-on technique (n = 12 per group): Group ZF (zirconia core veneered with feldspathic ceramic) and Group ZL (zirconia core veneered with lithium disilicate ceramic). Following cementation onto titanium abutments, the restorations were subjected to failure load testing using a universal testing machine. Simultaneously, 3D models of FEA were generated to evaluate Von Mises, Maximum Principal, and Minimum Principal stress distributions across the restoration, implant, abutment, and supporting bone. The mean failure loads were compared using the independent samples t-test (p < 0.05). Group ZL exhibited significantly higher failure loads (4649.22 ± 733.42 N) compared to Group ZF (2085.91 ± 555.61 N) (p < 0.001). While stress concentrations were primarily located at the implant neck in both groups, the distribution on the abutments differed significantly. In Group ZF, delamination was the primary failure mode (100%), whereas Group ZL presented bulk fractures and abutment deformation. While the Group ZL exhibited significantly superior failure load, the veneer delamination observed in Group ZF could act as a protective failure mode. Although the FEA revealed that different veneer ceramics did not alter the stress distribution across the implant and the bone, the selection of restorative system should ideally balance high fracture resistance with the biomechanical safety of the implant components.
The development of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) with high-energy storage performance over a wide temperature range is critical for practical applications but remains challenging. Here, we propose a high-entropy design to disrupt the long-range ferroelectric order of tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) ceramics, inducing a polarization discontinuity composed of coexisting polar nanoregions and non-polar regions. This unique configuration delays polarization saturation while minimizing hysteresis loss through electrostatic interactions. Consequently, the TTB-based MLCC achieves a high recoverable energy density (Wrec) of 15.8 J cm-3 and an ultrahigh energy efficiency (η) of 97.5%, yielding a record-high figure of merit of 632 J cm-3 for TTB-based ceramic capacitors. Furthermore, the MLCC exhibits outstanding thermal stability from 25°C to 150°C, maintaining Wrec ≈ 13.04 ± 0.41 J cm-3 and η ≈ 95.43 ± 2.61%. The high-entropy-induced polarization discontinuity offers valuable insights into polarization modulation and provides an effective strategy for designing next-generation high-performance dielectrics.
Nitride ceramics with high thermal conductivity can effectively dissipate localized heat and prevent hotspot formation in advanced electronics. However, their intrinsic brittleness and limited deformability render them susceptible to structural damage under multiaxial mechanical loading, disrupting the continuity of heat transfer pathways and compromising long-term device reliability. Here, a multiscale structural optimization strategy based on organic-inorganic hybrid chains is proposed to produce high-strength, flexible, yet highly thermally conductive nitride ceramic nanofibers. This achievement arises from an optimized grain structure with high crystallinity at the microscopic scale, coupled with a continuous, defect-minimized fibrous architecture at the mesoscale, collectively striking an optimal balance between stress transfer and phonon scattering to achieve rapid stress dissipation and efficient heat transport. Building on this feature, the nitride ceramic nanofibers exhibit excellent flexibility and a mechanical strength of up to 528.3 MPa despite possessing high crystallinity, a characteristic that typically leads to brittleness. Meanwhile, large-area, free-standing aligned fiber membranes fabricated via electrospinning achieve a high thermal conductivity of 16.58 W m- 1 K- 1 and structural stability during bending. This work offers new opportunities for high-performance fibrous materials in next-generation electronic systems.
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To evaluate the effect of different preparation designs and ceramic thicknesses on the fracture resistance and failure mode of maxillary premolars with non-carious cervical lesions restored with milled lithium disilicate laminate veneers. Seventy-eight sound maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 13) based on preparation design and thickness: BC3 (0.3 mm buccal reduction), BR3 (same as BC3 with composite resin restoration filling the lesion), BRO3 (same as BR3 and 1 mm occlusal reduction for buccal cusp slopes), BC5, BR5, and BRO5; prepared as contralateral groups but with buccal reduction of 0.5 mm. All specimens were restored with lithium disilicate laminate veneers, subjected to 10,000 thermocycles and 240,000 chewing cycles (49 N), and then loaded to failure at a 45° angle. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and chi-square tests (α = 0.05). There was a significant main effect of preparation design on fracture resistance (p < 0.001), whereas ceramic thickness (p = 0.470) and the interaction between design and thickness (p = 0.138) did not reach statistical significance. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the failure mode between tested groups (p < 0.001) with predominant Type II unrepairable failure in the ceramic material, leaving the tooth intact for BRO groups. All tested designs provided mean fracture resistance values within the physiological bite force range for all tested groups for the premolar region, this must be interpreted alongside the failure mode distribution. BC and BR preparation designs demonstrated a clinically meaningful rate of catastrophic Type IV root fractures, whereas BRO preparations produced predominant cohesive ceramic failure Type II. The thickness of the lithium disilicate laminate veneers, whether 0.3 or 0.5 mm, did not significantly affect fracture resistance or failure patterns.
Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) have become the core materials in advanced electronics and power equipment thanks to the excellent functional characteristics, including energy storage, filtering, and coupling. However, the next-generation electronic devices place higher demands on the energy storage performance for MLCCs. This study demonstrates that the directional regulation of gradient polarization coupling (GPC) constitutes an effective approach to achieving a giant energy storage density. With the guidance of theoretical predictions, we propose a high configurational entropy (HCE) strategy in NaNbO3-based (NN) multilayer ceramic capacitors to constructing the alternating multipolar nanodomains. Alternately distributed weakly polar and strongly polar domains with embedding nonpolar nanoclusters possess the effective gradient coupling of polarization. Polymorphic polarization coupling realizes the dynamic orientation of local nanoclusters to drive the orientation of the overall electric dipoles, which could reduce hysteresis loss while maintaining high polarization strength. As a consequence, the NN-20H MLCCs achieve a recoverable energy storage density of 20.4 J/cm3 and an ultrahigh breakdown strength of 1680 kV/cm, which demonstrates great advancement in reported lead-free ceramic capacitors. This work illustrates the GPC strategy to advance novel insights for next-generation MLCCs with high energy storage performance.
Thiourethanes (TU) improve mechanical properties and depth of cure in dental materials. This study investigated whether these benefits are maintained under light attenuation conditions, when TUs are combined with different photoinitiators, and used in cements cured under different ceramic thicknesses. BisGMA/UDMA/TEGDMA (50/30/20 wt%) were combined with 0 or 20 wt% TU. Camphorquinone/amine (CQ/EDMAB), BAPO, or Ivocerin were used as photoinitiators. Polymerization kinetics and light transmission were monitored by near-IR spectroscopy during photoactivation (320-500 nm, 1580 mW/cm², 300 s, n = 3) through 0, 0.5, and 1.5 mm ceramic. Irradiance and photoinitiator consumption were evaluated by UV-Vis. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA/Tukey's test (α=0.05). Conversion increased with TU under most conditions (p < 0.001), but decreased as a function of ceramic thickness (p < 0.001), due to reduced irradiance. TU only reduced Rpmax when combined with CQ (p < 0.05). Ivocerin achieved the highest conversion at the clinically relevant 40-s exposure, while CQ produced the highest final DC at 300 s. Shorter wavelengths were more attenuated with increasing ceramic thickness (p < 0.001). Photoinitiator consumption was highest for Ivocerin (88%), followed by BAPO (74%) and CQ (60%). TU improved conversion under all conditions, and led to at least partial recovery of the loss in conversion observed under light attenuation conditions under different ceramic thickness, compared with non-TU controls. That recovery was greater when TU was combined with alpha-cleavage type initiators. Combining TU with alternative photoinitiators improves curing under light attenuation.
Conventional hot-melt adhesives (HMAs), such as poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)s (EVA), are widely used in industries and daily life, yet their nondegradability raises environmental concerns after their lifecycle. In addition, their inadequate binding strength (<4.0 MPa) poses a fundamental limitation to engineering application. Transforming low-cost olefin feedstocks into high performance and degradable HMAs remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a novel polyketone adhesive through an earth-abundant nickel catalyst mediated carbonylative polymerization of ethylene with α-olefin. By elucidating the fundamental relationship between polyketone compositions and adhesion properties, we found that propylene/CO content significantly impacts the adhesive strength, and a facile composition regulation to employ biomass-sourced undecenoic acid monomer imparts a remarkable adhesive strength of up to 24.4 MPa on ceramic substrate, far outperforming commercial EVA. Moreover, these polyketone adhesives exhibit strong adhesion to diverse substrates, and demonstrate excellent reusability, high-temperature resistance, and robust tolerance to various organic solvents under extreme conditions. Incorporating maximum carbonyl contents in both of crystalline and amorphous domains enables efficient stress transfer within adhesive system to achieve high strength, and it also endows the resulting adhesives with desirable photodegradability.
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation poses serious risks to human health, necessitating the development of reliable personal UV monitoring devices. For practical use, such devices must be versatile, UV selective, and capable of providing detailed feedback on cumulative dosage. In this work, thermally evaporated CuBr thin films are employed as UV dosimeters. Owing to charge trapping at CuBr grain boundaries and surface oxide formation, the devices exhibit sustained current increase under prolonged UV exposure. The device response is markedly stronger under UV-A illumination compared to UV-B or UV-C exposure. Wearable UV dosimeters are then constructed by integrating the CuBr films with a custom-designed battery-powered circuit, enabling real-time quantification of ambient solar dosage. Additionally, with increasing solar dose, CuBr films deposited on white ceramic substrates exhibit a distinct color transition from soft amber to dark brown, facilitating dual-mode UV dosimetry. Wavelength-tunable responses are also achieved: first, by incorporating a top TiO2 layer on CuBr, which filters UV-B radiation and further enhances the UV-A selectivity; and second, by introducing mixed compositions of SnBr2-CuBr, which significantly improve UV-B sensitivity with increasing SnBr2 content. This strategy paves the way toward scalable, low-cost, and wavelength-selective smart UV dosimeters for applications in personalized and environmental monitoring.
The deterministic integration of functional oxide thin films on technologically relevant substrates is a longstanding challenge for oxide electronics. Two-dimensional Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets have emerged as versatile epitaxial templates, enabling high-quality film growth on arbitrary substrates by decoupling the overlying layer from the underlying support. However, the intrinsic gaps inherent in monolayer nanosheet assemblies originate from irregular geometry and stochastic deposition processes. These gaps create exposed substrate regions that introduce a second, distinct growth environment, whose influence on film properties remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that these nanoscale gaps are not merely structural imperfections but rather tunable elements that govern the crystallinity, transport behavior, and magnetic anisotropy of SrRuO3 thin films. By engineering Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets with controlled lateral size distributions (>20 μm and <2 μm) and systematically varying substrate coverage (≈90% and ≈95%), precise modulation of the crystallographic phase of gap-nucleated SrRuO3 is achieved. The phase varies from amorphous on SiO2 to polycrystalline on Si and Al2O3, and coexists with c-axis-oriented epitaxy templated by the nanosheets. This coexistence gives rise to emergent phenomena including nonuniaxial magnetic anisotropy, two-channel anomalous Hall signatures, and stepwise magnetization reversal, all of which are tunable through coverage and substrate selection. Bilayer nanosheet coatings effectively eliminate gap contributions, restoring pristine in-plane easy magnetization axis and confirming complete film-substrate decoupling. Our findings establish a previously unrecognized design paradigm in which the deliberate control of nanosheet gaps enables the engineering of composite magnetic and electronic ground states in oxide thin films, providing a scalable route toward multifunctional spintronic devices on arbitrary substrates.