The liver is a central immunological organ. Liver resident macrophages, Kupffer cells (KC), but also sinusoidal endothelial cells, dendritic cells (DC) and other immune cells are involved in balancing immunity and tolerance against pathogens, commensals or food antigens. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been primarily characterized as the main effector cells in liver fibrosis, due to their capacity to transdifferentiate into collagen-producing myofibroblasts (MFB). More recent studies elucidated the fundamental role of HSC in liver immunology. HSC are not only the major storage site for dietary vitamin A (Vit A) (retinol, retinoic acid), which is essential for proper function of the immune system. This pericyte further represents a versatile source of many soluble immunological active factors including cytokines [e.g., interleukin 17 (IL-17)] and chemokines [C-C motif chemokine (ligand) 2 (CCL2)], may act as an antigen presenting cell (APC), and has autophagy activity. Additionally, it responds to many immunological triggers via toll-like receptors (TLR) (e.g., TLR4, TLR9) and transduces signals through pathways and mediators traditionally found in immune cells, including the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway or inflammasome activation. Overall, HSC promote rather immune-suppressive responses in homeostasis, like induction of regulatory T cells (Treg), T cell apoptosis (via B7-H1, PDL-1) or inhibition of cytotoxic CD8 T cells. In conditions of liver injury, HSC are important sensors of altered tissue integrity and initiators of innate immune cell activation. Vice versa, several immune cell subtypes interact directly or via soluble mediators with HSC. Such interactions include the mutual activation of HSC (towards MFB) and macrophages or pro-apoptotic signals from natural killer (NK), natural killer T (NKT) and gamma-delta T cells (γδ T-cells) on activated HSC. Current directions of research investigate the immune-modulating functions of HSC in the environment of liver tumors, cellular heterogeneity or interactions promoting HSC deactivation during resolution of liver fibrosis. Understanding the role of HSC as central regulators of liver immunology may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for chronic liver diseases.
Introduction. 1: Primer immunology/autoimmunity. 2: The target organ: Embryology, biochemistry and physiology. 3: NOD Mouse and BB Rat: Genetic and immunologic function. 4: The role of T cells in beta cell damage in NOD mice and humans. 5: Inflammatory mediators and development of autoimmune diabetes. 6: The immunobiology of pancreatic islet transplantation. 7: Type I diabetes mellitus of man: Genetic susceptibility and resistance. 8: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. 9: Epidemiology of Type I diabetes. 10: Humoral autoimmunity. 11: Natural history of pre-diabetes. 12: Clinical trials for the prevention of Type I diabetes. 13: Selected Type I diabetes research resources. 14: Essays on disease pathogenesis
Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 5th Edition Authors: Abbas, Abul K., MBBS; Lichtman, Andrew H., MD, PhD, Bibliographic Data: (ISBN: 0-7216-0008-5, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, 2003, $56.95) 562 pages, soft cover. Subjects: Immunology., Reviewed by: Marion C. Cohen, PhD, (University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-NJMS) DESCRIPTION: This is the fifth edition of a popular textbook on basic immunology. It has been updated so that it incorporates new scientific information that has been published and accepted by the immunological community since the previous edition, published in 2000. PURPOSE: The purpose is to give students an explanation of the experimental observations that form the basis for immunology at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism levels. It further explains how the immune system is involved in human disease thus providing the student with a clinical context for the material. For the medical or dental student faced with finding contextual significance for the large amount of basic science material that s/he is required to absorb, the book provides a guide through the sometimes difficult language and concepts of immunology. While there are a large number of immunology textbooks on the market, this book is one in which a student will find explanations for most questions about immunological concepts that s/he might have. AUDIENCE: The book is targeted to medical, dental, and graduate students taking an immunology course that includes both the essential components of the immune system and how they function in immune responses, as well as the immune system in disease. It is useful as a source of information for anyone at any level of competence. The authors are well known and highly respected immunologists. FEATURES: The book covers all those topics that are usually discussed in any standard immunology course. Although the chapter headings are the same as those in the fourth edition, there are substantial changes. Information in some areas has expanded enormously and is reflected in new material on topics relating to innate immunity and signal transduction. Some new figures have been added and others have been modified so that they are easier to understand. Some of the colors are more intense than in the fourth edition. Tables have been redesigned so that they are much easier to read. As in the past, ‘boxes‘ have been used to present information about experimental approaches, diseases, and some specific molecular or biological processes. Taken together, all of these changes have improved what was already a user-friendly and very readable textbook. As before, there are three appendixes: a glossary; principal features of CD molecules; and laboratory techniques. Most basic courses will include some information from each chapter in the book, although the level of detail required will certainly vary. There are still some idiosyncratic features. For example, Type II hypersensitivity reactions now precede Type III and Type IV hypersensitivity reactions with autoimmunity (often a separate chapter) at the end. However, as in the previous edition, this is followed by Type I hypersensitivity as a separate chapter. There is probably a rationale for this untraditional order but it isn’t obvious. Other textbooks have included case studies that provide relevance, particularly with respect to basic concepts. Unfortunately this book does not have this kind of reinforcement. On the other hand, the summary at the end of each chapter focuses the attention of the student towards the importance of the material just presented. ASSESSMENT: Immunology is a constantly changing field so there is a need for frequent revisions so that textbooks remain current and accurate. Thus there is a good rationale for publishing this new edition. The fourth edition was an attractive book and the fifth is even more attractive with clearer figures and tables. The book is easy to read and while it is targeted to students, it could serve as a reference for anyone who needs some background information on basic immunology as well as immune-mediated diseases. There are a number of immunology textbooks currently on the market. Although some of the others may have some features that are useful, as an all-purpose book for teaching medical, dental, and graduate students, this book is certainly one of the best. SCORE: Weighted Numerical Score: 96
Cellular and molecular immunology , Cellular and molecular immunology , کتابخانه الکترونیک و دیجیتال - آذرسا
Abbas A. K., and Lichtman, A. H., Saunders, Philadelphia, 2003, 562 pp., ISBN 0-7216-0008-5, $58.95. Whereas biochemistry depends heavily of the tools of immunology for its progress, our understanding of immunology depends increasingly on the techniques of cell biochemistry and molecular biology. This sentence could be made into an excellent examination question by adding “Illustrate” or “Discuss,” but it would be a “big” question. We are fortunate now to have a number of excellent immunology textbooks that attempt to explain the details of this ever-expanding field, and that also of course have the most far-reaching medical significance. On the whole, students like immunology and see its relevance, but are more and more challenged by its complexity. Hence the need for good text books. The first edition of the text of Abbas and Lichman appeared in 1991 and has already undergone four revisions in order to try to keep up with the amazing growth of the subject. Like practically all immunology texts at this level, it has its own set of icons for the cells (they usually look like poached eggs) and proteins of the immune system to help students' understanding, and these are presented throughout the text in full color. I thought that the figures were very clear, and were also frequently related to histological pictures and ribbon diagrams of protein molecules. I also liked the abundance of very detailed “boxes” on a variety of subjects, such as “Immunity to Malaria,” “Transgenic Mouse Models for the Analysis of Tolerance and Autoimmunity,” “The Complement System in Disease,” to name but a few. Each chapter ends with a summary and a limited list of “Further Readings,” mostly to reviews in Annual Reviews, Nature Reviews Immunology, Immunology Today, etc. The summaries were very important because a number of times in the text I found myself wanting to know what the mechanism was, only to find the details deferred to a future chapter. This is a problem of course with immunology being so complicated and so interlinked. Do you deal with the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLAs) before the T cell receptors (TCRs) before the CDs, or the other way round, and so on? Authors, like lecturers in this subject area, have to plump for a way to explain that they think students will grasp. The new edition is divided into five large sections: “Introduction” (2 chapters), “Recognition of Antigens” (4), “Maturation, Activation, and Regulation” (4), “Effector Mechanisms of Immune Responses” (5), and “The Immune System in Disease” (5). In addition, there are three appendices: “Glossary,” “Principal Features of CD Molecules,” and “Lab Techniques.” A number of areas have undergone extensive updating since the last edition (2000), including Toll-like receptors, the role of chemokines, the functions of adapter proteins and kinase pathways in signal transduction, and the basis of natural killer cell recognition of ligands. Probably the level is more at the graduate course than the undergraduate course, and although medically oriented people would probably find the boxes interesting, the emphasis would likely be inappropriate for their needs. Although the expansion in the subject area warrants frequent up-datings, one wonders how long these authors can keep up the revisions at almost 3-year intervals.
Over the last decade, a diverse spectrum of vanadium compounds has arisen as anti-inflammatory therapeutic metallodrugs targeting various diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that select well-defined vanadium species are involved in many immune-driven molecular mechanisms that regulate and influence immune responses. In addition, advances in cell immunotherapy have relied on the use of metallodrugs to create a "safe," highly regulated, environment for optimal control of immune response. Emerging findings include optimal regulation of B/T cell signaling and expression of immune suppressive or anti-inflammatory cytokines, critical for immune cell effector functions. Furthermore, in-depth perusals have explored NF-κB and Toll-like receptor signaling mechanisms in order to enhance adaptive immune responses and promote recruitment or conversion of inflammatory cells to immunodeficient tissues. Consequently, well-defined vanadium metallodrugs, poised to access and resensitize the immune microenvironment, interact with various biomolecular targets, such as B cells, T cells, interleukin markers, and transcription factors, thereby influencing and affecting immune signaling. A synthetically formulated and structure-based (bio)chemical reactivity account of vanadoforms emerges as a plausible strategy for designing drugs characterized by selectivity and specificity, with respect to the cellular molecular targets intimately linked to immune responses, thereby giving rise to a challenging field linked to the development of immune system vanadodrugs.
Tienda online donde Comprar Cellular and Molecular Immunology, International Edition, 7th Edition al precio 30,39 € de Abul K. Abbas | Andrew H. Lichtman | Shiv Pillai, tienda de Libros de Medicina, Libros de Alergologia e Inmunologia - Inmunologia
The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), termed COVID-19, has been highlighted as the most important infectious disease of our time, without a vaccine and treatment available until this moment, with a big impact on health systems worldwide, and with high mortality rates associated with respiratory viral disease. The medical and scientific communities have also been confronted by an urgent need to better understand the mechanism of host-virus interaction aimed at developing therapies and vaccines. Since this viral disease can trigger a strong innate immune response, causing severe damage to the pulmonary tract, immunotherapies have also been explored as a means to verify the immunomodulatory effect and improve clinical outcomes, whilst the comprehensive COVID-19 immunology still remains under investigation. In this review, both cellular and molecular immunopathology as well as hemostatic disorders induced by SARS-CoV-2 are summarized. The immunotherapeutic approaches based on the most recent clinical and nonclinical studies, emphasizing their effects for the treatment of COVID-19, are also addressed. The information presented elucidates helpful insights aiming at filling the knowledge gaps around promising immunotherapies that attempt to control the dysfunction of host factors during the course of this infectious viral disease.
Part of a series which aims to cover recent knowledge in the field of molecular and cellular immunology, this volume discusses such topics as: B-cells activation; and helper T cell signalling of B cell growth and differentiation.
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This issue of the Journal of Pathology contains a series of cutting-edge review articles that deal with the broad issue of inflammatory and immunological disease mechanisms. Of necessity, these reviews deal with selected topics but the mixture of articles on specific signalling pathways and mediators with articles addressing individual organ systems provides a broad overview of the field. These contributions provide insight into current areas of debate in inflammation and immunology. In particular, they highlight current interest in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and present intriguing prospects for future therapeutic developments in a variety of disease areas.
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Review Articles| December 22 2000 First report on chicken genes and chromosomes 2000 Subject Area: Genetics M. Schmid; M. Schmid aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for M. M. aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for M. M. aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for M. M. aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for M. M. aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for M. M. aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for aDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); bDepartment of Physiological Chemistry I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg (Germany); cMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin (Germany); dDepartment of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Center (Germany); eDepartment of Animal Breeding, Technical University München, Freising-Weihenstephan (Germany); fDepartment of Cellular Immunology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg (Germany); gDepartment of Animal Breeding, University of Bonn, Bonn (Germany); hDepartment of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Roslin Institute, Roslin (Edinburgh), Midlothian (UK); iDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Brunel, Uxbridge (UK); jDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton (UK); kDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield (UK); lDepartment of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen (The Netherlands); mInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA de Toulouse (France); nInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas (France); oInstitut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, Nogent-Sur-Marne (France); pFaculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Jerusalem (Israel); Research of Animal of and Laboratory, of Animal University of of Animal and Food Sciences, University of of Agricultural and Biological University of for and Genetics December 22 2000 Review M. M. M. M. M. M. First report on chicken genes and chromosomes and Genetics and Research 2000 of and and and and of of and of and for for and and for and and of and and of and of of of and for