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★Bulletin of Entomological Research

The Catalogue of Life2026-02-16作者：F. W. Edwards

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History of Ecological Sciences, Part 45: Ecological Aspects of Entomology During the 1800s

Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America2013-01-01作者：Frank N. Egerton

Click here for all previous articles in the History of the Ecological Sciences series by F. N. Egerton An extensive literature on the history of entomology (see Literature Guide below) provides the basis for a discussion of aspects of ecologically relevant entomology for the 1800s, with two topics deferred to later parts of this history: diseases of insects and insects as vectors of human disease, to part 46 on parasitism and the germ theory of disease; and pollination ecology and domestic bees, to part 52 on symbiosis. We saw in parts 21 and 30 (Egerton 2006, 2008) that there were many important studies on insects during the 1700s, and in parts 33 and 41 (Egerton 2009b, 2012a) we met notable entomologists of the 1800s: Thomas Say (1787–1834) and Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892). Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), discussed in parts 41–42 (Egerton 2012a, b), also notably contributed to entomology. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) had collected beetles at Cambridge and insects on the voyage of the Beagle; discussed insects in the of and insects in to pollination and Egerton of as and were important for entomology were to a for to the to by and a for entomology in the in and there had in to the of the to in this that there had the were by the of the of the as as the the of the of this with that of the of that with and that had a and the and a of in entomology a of and by on were to History of in with and and for that all were also a of the and of in were entomologists in and in of on An to the History and of for to and had of that on the of and to that and the of to were to and to as as also that of to as the of a in Cambridge and the of and in a at for of insects a 2006, a and at 2006, and to to the of the of as entomologists there were to the on topics of by and by to to as for of the that of and of the that by in that insects and the of diseases the to a were in insects insects that a disease, by a discussed in part (Egerton and discussion of insects that that that of and by that were on human in the and of as in the of and in and by by and were on in the a on the on and of the the and for of that in and on to and and for two and the of and a in and had a in and a to to and the for to (see at entomology and in and the insects as and the in in by and also to and at the the in of a to with and the and in and in a of a to for the of in in to and and by for in the of entomology in of and in and in in and in a of articles had in the of on and of to in and to and had on a in the that and had that to the the in below) on also by in and and to with and a the of of insects in to the and the of and were at the of a the that the a to that a for a a for a a a the a of entomology in also a the entomology as in as the that and the that the a by Charles to to with in a in to for in entomology in a of F. of also by a on a to a by the in the and for to a of insects and to and on of to to the of also at and in Guide to of later of the of with the to a entomology in during Thomas had in and at the to and at a to and the of a in and in Darwin in that of all history to in Darwin Henry on the all aspects of in the with and that at in in of and to in and were in on of and for were the insects in with and Bates had that to to to a and of and were with on that the and of as for and and and a for with many by the of with and of with of a the of and the all and and also the of of on the a the a this the there a of the of of the of the there the a by a at to the of the a this a in the of the as as of entomology the of and provides a of in in of in a of and by of of the the with to the of for and to in and in and to the and Darwin as on the voyage of the in had for the for and all a notable and by and as all insects in the of history the of and by of and with that by of of history and of in the and to a with the and in and in the that met at at a as the met there the to the and History and in the and History the in in and the of and a in with insects and in at the a a and also and the entomology in and later also a of the important of literature in in by had of and entomology. at the by a of the in a and and on a the to of and of a for this in with insects in the later a in in and a at in and of the at with by and History of with to of entomology that the a that a in two of the of a at the and of the and at the of with F. and the at a at 30 collected literature on with and and had the of all to and to and to insects in and in at in in and of as in the of and the a that in and a later also in a and by F. also of in that to to in and collected a in and also Darwin had discussed of in (Egerton and and had and in insects with and of beetles on by and the the also in by a were by of of in for the of and to a in for the of insects to a of with a that by by and the and that had to in to by two studies on the of a that in of as and to in the in the the also the to of the and at the and at theory of in a discussed by in on parasitism with and to as discussed the later and notable had a in and had a to and to and the of a to the of a and had in as a a in in a and the of had (Egerton and by of of as a of the were to as for to to had in the and Darwin in history of the of to theory of by of that Darwin to of to that insects were with that that this that and in a with that and the the and a and the with and the the and and the of a the were as for for to of and saw for in were were that the of bees, and in human as in part (Egerton had a in a on the of and two that had and were to the that had the and this of the in by of had the the of a in and a and to and and saw were in the the and to the to during and for two to at and a in the with studies of a Charles to in at Darwin the to a the by for were for contributed to the and of the of a on that the of studies on bees, and in the of in collected in and a of of the of the on and on and and a of previous studies on that studies insects with and in this also to for a and that to the for to two by a the that with and had to for the of the of and of and were to to the of and had 30 to of at to with of by previous had that for and two of and in for that a in a all of on to the relevant on to and on and by that as as bees, to on the and on to of with the during of that to insects discussed the to this and at that and insects at the of that the insects a in on and the that that the and insects that also in for the in in and that in the were and the of the of all in and to the of and by Bates (Egerton and (see of and at a and a insects a that the and of and at in and as of in the in the and that had that of of of for the that to and with that and to for also a that the An of that the that as for were this as the the the the and were during in the of of of to as also of insects that in by the of had for the of a that and to the to and by there and insects to the of in in on this the of to on a of the of for on a the and in the part of that the of domestic for for all this by the part in the the the of the all by the on and to all this for had a for the of a and a and a to insects the that to the this to for a of to beetles and to in the to and had a a of the to a and a of to a of the as the of with the to the this a all the of had to were and that as the of had and at had also that had the of and the of studies on a by Charles in the and and in the and a and in in and during the for studies on also studies on in and had to in in to of and of to and of the with of and this during and were and in as a the of the of and of during all the that the of studies of the were on and to and to of to the of of important and of and all parts of the and of of and all of this a this had a of with had for human a had human for and as a that had the of the that of to that the of to in the of and also the of to the of had a the of a of and the human the entomology in in the and were in and the as the and to there to to for and with the with and Cambridge two the in the of of the of and with to a of for to and were of and a in and had with in and and on and to of of a of of and the in a of and had on the two of in and and to the to with Thomas Say on a of of F. in and Say in the and a the of in a of in entomology contributed to to the and the in by F. and by and of the previous the of the of to for of for entomology in the in the the of and Egerton and two with the Charles and collected the to on insects Egerton with and had notable entomologists were by in and in a to on a in in and a the for for on the history of the and in the of history at to and to for had to the of of History of the at in and there in later this and for and to had at in and to the in and that for the of articles on entomology in the in and to the of to the in as we saw in part (Egerton a in history in the and of entomology to a at with and in the of the 1800s, by the of the had and the of in had entomology. in and in the and a in entomology the and of of in also at at as with the during the entomology at and and two the had on the during the of and on the in the of and with the of the for the in the of to had to the of in the of the of the for the of in and the at the to to the by the and that with the and of the to in a of the and a of saw the as for theory of that the a in and with the and extensive studies to a on the of important for ecology as as for of to of of the of discussed and insects as to the of a of the of that had in that to and that of to the of and a of that also that had and to and a Thomas also a relevant by in discussed and that discussed insects that and that the and by that in and of and at An on on and on Guide to the of and a on and to a at a and of the of a history with as a of entomologists by at (see the a and and many entomology were aspects of to to as of insects in the of and to articles and two had of the in to in to the Cambridge had a series of by a in in entomology to a Henry on a to the to in as a and with and and had had a and a to as a on a and in for a of the of to and to in a a at by the and of the by had in the and to in and in to had to to and had had and and were with and and to on and to a for on insects to and in the for to to and the of in and in and to entomology to to on a with a and to and in entomology and in the and collected insects and on in to the in in of to and as were to by and to and on entomology. with the of and as of to for the and had a of on the and in to a for and had the had to the and of the the and to on with the and the were also of the also important studies on the of in and of insects to and a to the on of the by the of a to as later to and a a to in as of the and the to with a to to on in with in with a on the of a the the part of An to with and of that were for to and and to in and with the part of at and at and of a a for the of with and of to the of and had on the for and and a at in with of An of the with that and that and in the with the in and a history of and of in the to and to and of that the in two and of and History in of the on the and of a of and later a on by in had articles on important to for all of the a on of the of to later by the in and of on the the and of in in and on the of the in as and entomology the there were a in the in the and in the as the for entomologists for entomologists were in as discussed and the had at the and in to the of had entomologists and of entomologists were history a entomology of in and of to in were for entomology as were for discussed in part (Egerton the and the to in to and a that a on the and in insects with a and at and by a of of of in to as by the of the in to at the of in the at the and for a and for with and in with in to the for of and the to in the and in for with on the of in to a of to on with of the of to a on and in and the for the to to as in the of in the and of and that by the to and for the were in the the in in of and all there on had a and a in in had by in to of and a in and of the of as to the and in and many of were in in important were on the and of the of for two and were the and a for and were in a by the of History of the and of and a of in and on entomology at the important in by two the and the in and were to the a the on that that in in that in had that that had to with the with to in and to in this a the to a of the of and of and this the of by we Egerton that Darwin had in also saw that insects on the and that insects that on two a we at the and that on at of to the in and to the and entomologists in and had had collected insects in had Charles at Cambridge as to Darwin had at Cambridge in to at 30 with a in and for a in a of and a with to a on insects to the by articles on insects in a articles in of the of History and the of the of theory of the by and of of that to Darwin Darwin of the and and that the Darwin at Cambridge the and the Darwin Darwin also a of the of the of and a the as in the had also Darwin for theory in the History had in this to a of on and Darwin to that Bates that Darwin that had on to Henry Walter Bates and also for on also a of on to the of as to the in that were all as to this the the the by the of a of as to the a of a for the on to Darwin that that on and that also Darwin at that in on a of to that insects on a to Darwin with and for on a Darwin later this on the of the of a a that on the that by the that by the of with the in the that in the that part of the the to Darwin with the part of that insects to of the of the and Darwin a Darwin of in that the to the in that in with that this the the in for on a series of on in insects for had that also that had on to all of for the of that for as as Darwin with a of to on for and a on the of on the and had a of important that that to in of insects the of in to by Charles and of the and in the history of had a for and insects and in in and all to on a for and insects the had and a with of to the the in and with the for to the by there and important to and entomologists in and the and a the of in to to with to were in a to a of had a in and the in the in to the beetles the to by were many of and were to on this a Henry of a by with in to insects and the by and in as Charles a and and beetles as of the had for in a of the of beetles and of the in a in beetles to of also of and a that on the of later to Charles later of entomology and at the the and the the of the the of the were by of the of by the had and in the had for had the in the and in this beetles in as in and a as and in the in of in and in in and in the were in and and also in and that and were to of the were the in the history of entomology were that there were for the for the of of the to to of and for and in of and a in the a to insects a of in on and were by a and also of the and in and of a to with the and with Thomas and as the on the Thomas a and a as and for of the at the and as for to at the to the at the of the of to and the to with and (see of the and to the and in the for the the of a that were also and to entomologists as the this and of and and the of also and were of of the in and in of and and this to a discussion of the and we in in and in the in collected the and in on for the a in by the of the a for and to and for Thomas as had to in entomology. by two of in of the of for the and and and in on of and on to of of to for the of of to and with Henry two a and there for to to the that at the the for the of a of and in a the and 1700s, to and to all in the 1800s, and and on the the had for of the to a in that in to the (Egerton and of and on and to the and that this to the as and to in and that and entomologists that to the the the by disease, and to the and in with to and on a of and and collected that the to the to to and on and on and of to Darwin on this of a of of with a of a in the a to and Darwin on 21 and for in Darwin to on on and the with the a of and of to and with at of discussion on insects and to Darwin for the and the in that and in Darwin at in and and in on to entomology the met at and to the of the and had previous to of insects and and the that the and that there to that had to the this with to the that the to a to in and of the entomologists as the that the on and that a of beetles and to in the beetles were on a with in the and also in that there were beetles that for and and the in the to beetles a that and a of in and had many and and of the and a of the of to and Henry to in the in of of and for in and to the to in a on and the 1800s, the in and entomology also all entomologists were in in the of had in the of and in and a and in in the of in with the of in were for of on the in in in the in and in in on the the of with entomologists in of in the that in and the in in and a to the of the of for to and to the at and the of the to the for to the in on the a to the the of and of at the Charles a on the history and of as a for discussion of and insects that on the and in and in and and the on the in the in in the Charles to and on were to the and had the and and a and that a collected a in a a in collected at the to that to a and to the and to the the in and to to and and and Walter in of studies and to the of of of and a of the and the of all in the by the of of and and and a as in the as 1800s, and also on of the at the in and at the of and in of the History of of in to studies on with in and in and that and a to on to the of that also insects also insects were to and the to and the of and the to the a to history a for to of the and entomology to the of a on and in of and at the of in were and the of of the of a of also discussed the of of and by the of that of in and of the in of the in a that beetles and of beetles a a on the to of the in the and that the a of and in on a that as of entomology at by as in to a on that the a the the of the with of and for of in with the of the of the this and there that this a of and of the of the of the the by this of the at that were the of of the for the of the the that by the and with the as of to and to had a of this during the and the to that previous had for of the of of and also of and of a human human and to the were and also insects and studies aspects of Literature on the history of entomology during the and here the and a History of by entomologists Thomas and for the of history to with articles that the and all history in with on the History of for the and also on history a History of with to on and the history and parts also History of a of History to the and and History of a the of in also on by on of of History of in the and studies by and of the literature on entomologists a of by Charles of in Charles of the entomologists of the to a in the and history of and the ecologically of the history of also for the many on the history of entomology in with and a of the of and in history and a to and and on aspects of the for the in a History of and and as as also and the of and of in the a and a and and and and the a history of entomology during of the in that entomologists of the 1800s: of and of two of and the and 1800s, and the and and 52 in the 1800s, in of provides a history the of in the with and a with to of insects of the a of a of in the the of the and of the that the the to this in of entomologists of the in and during the 1800s, in and for the to in to the for later on and and on to entomology during the that to history in two of in and to History of in the of the of the of and the of and

Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Genetics Insect Science

Dengue virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in urban areas in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil: Importance of virological and entomological surveillance

PLoS ONE2018-03-13作者：Arlinete Souza de Medeiros, Diego M. P. Costa, Mário Sérgio Duarte Branco

BACKGROUND: Vector control remains the sole effective method to prevent dengue virus (DENV) transmission, although a vaccine for dengue has recently become available and testing of its efficacy and coverage is being performed in multiple places. Entomological surveillance is a key factor in alerting authorities to possible outbreaks, but until now natural DENV infection of mosquito populations has been scarcely used as an early warning system to monitor fluctuating prevalence of infected mosquitoes. The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of adult and larval/pupae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus with DENV in urban areas in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Immature insect forms (larvae and pupae) were collected from April 2011 to March 2012, whereas the collection of adults was conducted along 3 years: May 2011 to April 2014. Total RNAs of the samples were extracted and the nested reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detecting and typing DENV was performed. Of the 1333 immature insects collected during the study period, 1186 (89%) were A. aegypti and 147 (11%) A. albopictus. DENV-4 was identified in pools of A. aegypti larvae. The rate of DENV infection in immature A. aegypti was expressed as MIR = 3.37. DENV wasnot detected in immature A. albopictus. A total of 1360 adult female mosquitoes of the Aedes genus were captured from May 2011 to April 2014. Of this total, 1293 were A. aegypti (95%) and 67 were A. albopictus (5%). From the 130 pools studied, 27 (20.7%) were positive for DENV. DENV-1 was identified in 2/27 (7.4%) pools; 1of A. albopictus and 1 of A. aegypti. DENV-2 was identified in only 1/27 (3.7%) A. aegypti pools. DENV-4 was the most prevalent, identified in 24/27 (88.8%) of the positive pools, with 19 being of A. aegypti and 5 of A. albopictus pools. The minimum infection rate for adults of the Aedes genus was 19.8, considering both A. aegypti and A. albopictus. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This work represents the most complete study to date on the interaction between dengue viruses and Aedes mosquitoes in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, and raises important questions about a possible role of A. albopictus in the transmission of dengue virus in Brazil.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health General Health Professions Civil and Structural Engineering

The role of silicon in plant biology: a paradigm shift in research approach

Annals of Botany2018-01-15作者：Adam Frew, Leslie A. Weston, Olivia Reynolds

Background: Silicon (Si) is known to have numerous beneficial effects on plants, alleviating diverse forms of abiotic and biotic stress. Research on this topic has accelerated in recent years and revealed multiple effects of Si in a range of plant species. Available information regarding the impact of Si on plant defence, growth and development is fragmented, discipline-specific, and usually focused on downstream, distal phenomena rather than underlying effects. Accordingly, there is a growing need for studies that address fundamental metabolic and regulatory processes, thereby allowing greater unification and focus of current research across disciplines. Scope and Conclusions: Silicon is often regarded as a plant nutritional 'non-entity'. A suite of factors associated with Si have been recently identified, relating to plant chemistry, physiology, gene regulation and interactions with other organisms. Research to date has typically focused on the impact of Si application upon plant stress responses. However, the fundamental, underlying mechanisms that account for the manifold effects of Si in plant biology remain undefined. Here, the known effects of Si in higher plants relating to alleviation of both abiotic and biotic stress are briefly reviewed and the potential importance of Si in plant primary metabolism is discussed, highlighting the need for a unifying research framework targeting common underlying mechanisms. The traditional approach of discipline-specific work on single stressors in individual plant species is currently inadequate. Thus, a holistic and comparative approach is proposed to assess the mode of action of Si between plant trait types (e.g. C3, C4 and CAM; Si accumulators and non-accumulators) and between biotic and abiotic stressors (pathogens, herbivores, drought, salt), considering potential pathways (i.e. primary metabolic processes) highlighted by recent empirical evidence. Utilizing genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches in such comparative studies will pave the way for unification of the field and a deeper understanding of the role of Si in plants.

Plant Science Plant Science Materials Chemistry

Forty years of carabid beetle research in Europe – from taxonomy, biology, ecology and population studies to bioindication, habitat assessment and conservation

ZooKeys2011-05-20作者：D. Johan Kotze, Pietro Brandmayr, Achille Casale

'Carabidologists do it all' (Niemelä 1996a) is a phrase with which most European carabidologists are familiar. Indeed, during the last half a century, professional and amateur entomologists have contributed enormously to our understanding of the basic biology of carabid beetles. The success of the field is in no small part due to regular European Carabidologists' Meetings, which started in 1969 in Wijster, the Netherlands, with the 14th meeting again held in the Netherlands in 2009, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the first meeting and 50 years of long-term research in the Dwingelderveld. This paper offers a subjective summary of some of the major developments in carabidology since the 1960s. Taxonomy of the family Carabidae is now reasonably established, and the application of modern taxonomic tools has brought up several surprises like elsewhere in the animal kingdom. Progress has been made on the ultimate and proximate factors of seasonality and timing of reproduction, which only exceptionally show non-seasonality. Triggers can be linked to evolutionary events and plausibly explained by the "taxon cycle" theory. Fairly little is still known about certain feeding preferences, including granivory and ants, as well as unique life history strategies, such as ectoparasitism and predation on higher taxa. The study of carabids has been instrumental in developing metapopulation theory (even if it was termed differently). Dispersal is one of the areas intensively studied, and results show an intricate interaction between walking and flying as the major mechanisms. The ecological study of carabids is still hampered by some unresolved questions about sampling and data evaluation. It is recognised that knowledge is uneven, especially concerning larvae and species in tropical areas. By their abundance and wide distribution, carabid beetles can be useful in population studies, bioindication, conservation biology and landscape ecology. Indeed, 40 years of carabidological research have provided so much data and insights, that among insects - and arguably most other terrestrial organisms - carabid beetles are one of the most worthwhile model groups for biological studies.

Insect Science Ecology Ecology

Entomological surveillance of behavioural resilience and resistance in residual malaria vector populations

Malaria Journal2013-04-11作者：Nicodem J. Govella, Prosper Chaki, Gerry F. Killeen

BACKGROUND: The most potent malaria vectors rely heavily upon human blood so they are vulnerable to attack with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) within houses. Mosquito taxa that can avoid feeding or resting indoors, or by obtaining blood from animals, mediate a growing proportion of the dwindling transmission that persists as ITNs and IRS are scaled up. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Increasing frequency of behavioural evasion traits within persisting residual vector systems usually reflect the successful suppression of the most potent and vulnerable vector taxa by IRS or ITNs, rather than their failure. Many of the commonly observed changes in mosquito behavioural patterns following intervention scale-up may well be explained by modified taxonomic composition and expression of phenotypically plastic behavioural preferences, rather than altered innate preferences of individuals or populations. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: Detailed review of the contemporary evidence base does not yet provide any clear-cut example of true behavioural resistance and is, therefore, consistent with the hypothesis presented. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Caution should be exercised before over-interpreting most existing reports of increased frequency of behavioural traits which enable mosquitoes to evade fatal contact with insecticides: this may simply be the result of suppressing the most behaviourally vulnerable of the vector taxa that constituted the original transmission system. Mosquito taxa which have always exhibited such evasive traits may be more accurately described as behaviourally resilient, rather than resistant. Ongoing national or regional entomological monitoring surveys of physiological susceptibility to insecticides should be supplemented with biologically and epidemiologically meaningfully estimates of malaria vector population dynamics and the behavioural phenotypes that determine intervention impact, in order to design, select, evaluate and optimize the implementation of vector control measures.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malaria vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rate

Tanzania journal of health research/Tanzania Journal of Health Research2006-06-08作者：LEG Mboera

Various entomological indicators and sampling techniques are used to monitor and evaluate the impact of many vector control interventions. A number of methods have been used in sampling mosquitoes for the purpose of estimating the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and each is subject to some bias or shortcomings. It was the aim of this paper to critically evaluate the most common mosquito sampling techniques in relation to their reliability in the estimation of EIR. The techniques include man-landing, light trap, light trap/bednet combination and odour-baited traps. Although man-landing technique is the most reliable, it however, expose the catcher to mosquito-borne infections. On the other hand, light traps have been found to capture mosquitoes with higher sporozoite rates as compared to those from human bait catch thus leading to an overestimation of EIR. From an epidemiological point of view, the use of light-trap-bed net combination is an approach that is more meaningful than using light trap alone because, a light trap functions more efficiently when placed near the normal flight paths of mosquitoes such as inside huts or under the eaves. Unfortunately, it has been shown that estimates of EIR are influenced by trap position, hence affecting the number caught and the sporozoite rates. A variety of bednets have been used to sample mosquitoes attracted to man. Studies have shown that bednet traps normally catch fewer mosquitoes than do human baits outside them. Although the collections by indoor resting technique give a good estimate of the mean house density in a given area, they may not necessarily give a good estimate of EIR. Thus the development of improved sampling systems based on an improved understanding of host-oriented behaviour is needed. Moreover, there is need to standardise all the sampling techniques in use to enable us make valid comparisons between various studies done by different people and in different areas. In this article, the inherent limitations of conventional mosquito sampling techniques when used in estimating the EIR are discussed.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Molecular Biology Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

An Analysis of Citizen Science Based Research: Usage and Publication Patterns

PLoS ONE2015-11-23作者：Ria Follett, Vladimir Strezov

The use of citizen science for scientific discovery relies on the acceptance of this method by the scientific community. Using the Web of Science and Scopus as the source of peer reviewed articles, an analysis of all published articles on "citizen science" confirmed its growth, and found that significant research on methodology and validation techniques preceded the rapid rise of the publications on research outcomes based on citizen science methods. Of considerable interest is the growing number of studies relying on the re-use of collected datasets from past citizen science research projects, which used data from either individual or multiple citizen science projects for new discoveries, such as for climate change research. The extent to which citizen science has been used in scientific discovery demonstrates its importance as a research approach. This broad analysis of peer reviewed papers on citizen science, that included not only citizen science projects, but the theory and methods developed to underpin the research, highlights the breadth and depth of the citizen science approach and encourages cross-fertilization between the different disciplines.

Ecological Modeling Genetics Social Psychology

Situation analysis of parasitological and entomological indices of onchocerciasis transmission in three drainage basins of the rain forest of South West Cameroon after a decade of ivermectin treatment

Parasites & Vectors2015-04-02作者：Samuel Wanji, Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo, Mathias Eyong Esum

BACKGROUND: Community-Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) is the main strategy adopted by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis control (APOC). Recent reports from onchocerciasis endemic areas of savannah zones have demonstrated the feasibility of disease elimination through CDTI. Such information is lacking in rain forest zones. In this study, we investigated the parasitological and entomological indices of onchocerciasis transmission in three drainage basins in the rain forest area of Cameroon [after over a decade of CDTI]. River basins differed in terms of river number and their flow rates; and were characterized by high pre-control prevalence rates (60-98%). METHODS: Nodule palpation and skin snipping were carried out in the study communities to determine the nodule rates, microfilarial prevalences and intensity. Simulium flies were caught at capture points and dissected to determine the biting, parous, infection and infective rates and the transmission potential. RESULTS: The highest mean microfilaria (mf) prevalence was recorded in the Meme (52.7%), followed by Mungo (41.0%) and Manyu drainage basin (33.0%). The same trend was seen with nodule prevalence between the drainage basins. Twenty-three (23/39) communities (among which 13 in the Meme) still had mf prevalence above 40%. All the communities surveyed had community microfilarial loads (CMFL) below 10 mf/skin snip (ss). The infection was more intense in the Mungo and Meme. The intensity of infection was still high in younger individuals and children less than 10 years of age. Transmission potentials as high as 1211.7 infective larvae/person/month were found in some of the study communities. Entomological indices followed the same trend as the parasitological indices in the three river basins with the Meme having the highest values. CONCLUSION: When compared with pre-control data, results of the present study show that after over a decade of CDTI, the burden of onchocerciasis has reduced. However, transmission is still going on in this study site where loiasis and onchocerciasis are co-endemic and where ecological factors strongly favour the onchocerciasis transmission. The possible reasons for this persistent and differential transmission despite over a decade of control efforts using ivermectin are discussed.

Infectious Diseases Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Oncology

Effect of dengue vector control interventions on entomological parameters in developing countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Medical and Veterinary Entomology2008-08-18作者：Tobias E. Erlanger, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger

The aim of this review was to compare the effects of different dengue vector control interventions (i.e. biological control, chemical control, environmental management and integrated vector management) with respect to the following entomological parameters: Breteau index (BI), container index (CI), and house index (HI). We systematically searched PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, the Dengue Bulletin of the World Health Organization and reference lists of retrieved articles on dengue vector control interventions in developing countries. We extracted data on the effectiveness of different dengue vector control interventions (defined as the relative reduction of an entomological measure caused by the intervention compared with the control or pre-intervention phase) and calculated a measure of combined relative effectiveness, with 95% confidence intervals (95% c.i.). We identified 56 publications covering 61 dengue vector control interventions. Integrated vector management was found to be the most effective method to reduce the CI, HI and BI, resulting in random combined relative effectiveness values of 0.12 (95% c.i. 0.02-0.62), 0.17 (95% c.i. 0.02-1.28) and 0.33 (95% c.i. 0.22-0.48), respectively. Environmental management showed a relatively low effectiveness of 0.71 (95% c.i. 0.55-0.90) for the BI, 0.49 (95% c.i. 0.30-0.79) for the CI and 0.43 (95% c.i. 0.31-0.59) for the HI. Biological control (relative effectiveness for the CI: 0.18) usually targeted a small number of people (median population size: 200; range 20-2500), whereas integrated vector management focused on larger populations (median: 12 450; range: 210-9 600 000). In conclusion, dengue vector control is effective in reducing vector populations, particularly when interventions use a community-based, integrated approach, which is tailored to local eco-epidemiological and sociocultural settings and combined with educational programmes to increase knowledge and understanding of best practice. New research should assess the density-dependent effectiveness of each control measure in order to estimate whether reducing vector numbers has an impact on dengue transmission when populations are at a critical threshold.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Infectious Diseases

Review of West Nile virus circulation and outbreak risk in Madagascar: Entomological and ornithological perspectives

Parasite2016-01-01作者：Michaël Luciano Tantely, Steven M. Goodman, Tsirinaina Rakotondranaivo

West Nile fever (WNF) is a zoonotic disease, occurring nearly globally. In Madagascar, West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in 1978 from wild birds and the virus is currently distributed across the island, but no epidemic or epizootic period has been recorded. One fatal human case of WNV infection was reported in 2011, suggesting a "tip of the iceberg" phenomenon of a possible WNF epidemic/epizootic on the island. The main objective of this literature-based survey is to review patterns of WNV circulation in Madagascar from the entomological and ornithological points of view. Among the 235 mosquito species described from Madagascar, 29 species are widely associated with WNV infection; 16 of them are found naturally infected with WNV on the island and categorized into major, candidate, and potential vectors of WNV according to their vector capacity. This study upholds the hypothesis that WNV enzooticity is independent of annual movements of migratory birds passing through Madagascar. Moreover, the lack of regular migratory bird flux between Africa and Madagascar would reduce the probability of transmission and the subsequent reintroduction of the virus into locally occurring mosquito species. Given that Palearctic migratory birds are strongly implicated in the transmission of WNV, we highlight notable differences in the movements and species diversity of these birds in Madagascar as compared to eastern and northern Africa. Risk factors from this two-pronged approach are presented for the emergence of WNF outbreak.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Infectious Diseases Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

Landscape Metrics and Indices: An Overview of Their Use in Landscape Research

Living Reviews in Landscape Research2009-01-01作者：Evelyn Uuemaa, Marc Antrop, Jüri Roosaare

The aim of this overview paper is to analyze the use of various landscape metrics and landscape indices for the characterization of landscape structure and various processes at both landscape and ecosystem level. We analyzed the appearance of the terms landscape metrics/indexes/indices in combination with seven main categories in the field of landscape ecology [1) use/selection and misuse of metrics, 2) biodiversity and habitat analysis; 3) water quality; 4) evaluation of the landscape pattern and its change; 5) urban landscape pattern, road network; 6) aesthetics of landscape; 7) management, planning and monitoring] in the titles, abstracts and/or key words of research papers published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals indexed by the Institute of Science Information (ISI) Web of Science (WoS) from 1994 to October 2008. Most of the landscape metrics and indices are used concerning biodiversity and habitat analysis, and also the evaluation of landscape pattern and its change (up to 25 articles per year). There are only a few articles on the relationships of landscape metrics/indices/indexes to social aspects and landscape perception.

Global and Planetary Change Ecology Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Characteristics and Drivers of High-Altitude Ladybird Flight: Insights from Vertical-Looking Entomological Radar

PLoS ONE2013-12-18作者：Daniel L. Jeffries, Jason W. Chapman, Helen E. Roy

Understanding the characteristics and drivers of dispersal is crucial for predicting population dynamics, particularly in range-shifting species. Studying long-distance dispersal in insects is challenging, but recent advances in entomological radar offer unique insights. We analysed 10 years of radar data collected at Rothamsted Research, U.K., to investigate characteristics (altitude, speed, seasonal and annual trends) and drivers (aphid abundance, air temperature, wind speed and rainfall) of high-altitude flight of the two most abundant U.K. ladybird species (native Coccinella septempunctata and invasive Harmonia axyridis). These species cannot be distinguished in the radar data since their reflectivity signals overlap, and they were therefore analysed together. However, their signals do not overlap with other, abundant insects so we are confident they constitute the overwhelming majority of the analysed data. The target species were detected up to ∼1100 m above ground level, where displacement speeds of up to ∼60 km/h were recorded, however most ladybirds were found between ∼150 and 500 m, and had a mean displacement of 30 km/h. Average flight time was estimated, using tethered flight experiments, to be 36.5 minutes, but flights of up to two hours were observed. Ladybirds are therefore potentially able to travel 18 km in a "typical" high-altitude flight, but up to 120 km if flying at higher altitudes, indicating a high capacity for long-distance dispersal. There were strong seasonal trends in ladybird abundance, with peaks corresponding to the highest temperatures of mid-summer, and warm air temperature was the key driver of ladybird flight. Climatic warming may therefore increase the potential for long-distance dispersal in these species. Low aphid abundance was a second significant factor, highlighting the important role of aphid population dynamics in ladybird dispersal. This research illustrates the utility of radar for studying high-altitude insect flight and has important implications for predicting long-distance dispersal.

Insect Science Insect Science Insect Science

The relationship between entomological indicators of Aedes aegypti abundance and dengue virus infection

PLoS neglected tropical diseases2017-03-23作者：Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Steven T. Stoddard, Christopher M. Barker

Routine entomological monitoring data are used to quantify the abundance of Ae. aegypti. The public health utility of these indicators is based on the assumption that greater mosquito abundance increases the risk of human DENV transmission, and therefore reducing exposure to the vector decreases incidence of infection. Entomological survey data from two longitudinal cohort studies in Iquitos, Peru, linked with 8,153 paired serological samples taken approximately six months apart were analyzed. Indicators of Ae. aegypti density were calculated from cross-sectional and longitudinal entomological data collected over a 12-month period for larval, pupal and adult Ae. aegypti. Log binomial models were used to estimate risk ratios (RR) to measure the association between Ae. aegypti abundance and the six-month risk of DENV seroconversion. RRs estimated using cross-sectional entomological data were compared to RRs estimated using longitudinal data. Higher cross-sectional Ae. aegypti densities were not associated with an increased risk of DENV seroconversion. Use of longitudinal entomological data resulted in RRs ranging from 1.01 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.02) to 1.30 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.46) for adult stage density estimates and RRs ranging from 1.21 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.37) to 1.75 (95% CI: 1.23, 2.5) for categorical immature indices. Ae. aegypti densities calculated from longitudinal entomological data were associated with DENV seroconversion, whereas those measured cross-sectionally were not. Ae. aegypti indicators calculated from cross-sectional surveillance, as is common practice, have limited public health utility in detecting areas or populations at high risk of DENV infection.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Infectious Diseases Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

Historical Aspects of Propolis Research in Modern Times

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine2013-01-01作者：Andrzej K. Kuropatnicki, Ewelina Szliszka, Wojciech Król

Propolis (bee glue) has been known for centuries. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians were aware of the healing properties of propolis and made extensive use of it as a medicine. In the middle ages propolis was not a very popular topic and its use in mainstream medicine disappeared. However, the knowledge of medicinal properties of propolis survived in traditional folk medicine. The interest in propolis returned in Europe together with the renaissance theory of ad fontes. It has only been in the last century that scientists have been able to prove that propolis is as active and important as our forefathers thought. Research on chemical composition of propolis started at the beginning of the twentieth century and was continued after WW II. Advances in chromatographic analytical methods enabled separation and extraction of several components from propolis. At least 180 different compounds have been identified so far. Its antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anesthetic, and healing properties have been confirmed. Propolis has been effectively used in treatment of dermatological, laryngological, and gynecological problems, neurodegenerative diseases, in wound healing, and in treatment of burns and ulcers. However, it requires further research that may lead to new discoveries of its composition and possible applications.

Insect Science Food Science Complementary and alternative medicine

Phytoplasma and phytoplasma diseases: a review of recent research

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna)2009-01-01作者：Assunta Bertaccini, Bojan Duduk

Numerous yellows-type diseases of plants have been associated with wall-less prokaryote pathogens\n– phytoplasma over the last 40 years. These pathogens cannot be grown in axenic culture so that advances in their\nstudy are mainly achieved by molecular techniques. Severe disease epidemics associated with a phytoplasma presence\nhave been described worldwide. These include coconut lethal yellowing in Africa and the Caribbean, grapevine\nyellows in major viticultural areas and various diseases affecting stone and pome fruit plants. Phytoplasma-infected\nplants exhibit symptoms suggesting a profound disturbance in the normal balance of growth regulators and also yellows\nsymptoms, but very often the symptomatology is not diagnostic. Detection and characterization of phytoplasmas\ninfecting different plant species are now possible with molecular methods, based on the study of 16S rDNA polymorphisms.\nMolecular diversity of phytoplasmas is also demonstrated by studying genes coding the ribosomal proteins\nS3, tuf, SecY, amp, imp and other genes. Four phytoplasma genomes have been fully sequenced, including those of\ntwo ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ strains, and those of strains of ‘Ca. P. mali’ and ‘Ca. P. australiense’. Three\nof these genomes contain large amounts of repeated DNA sequence, and the fourth carries multiple copies of almost\n100 genes. Considering that phytoplasmas have unusually small genomes, these repeats might be related to their\ntranskingdom habitat and to their pathogenic activity. An outlook of recent findings in the field is also report

Plant Science Plant Science Horticulture

Life tables in entomology: A discussion on tables’ parameters and the importance of raw data

PLoS ONE2024-03-07作者：Luca Rossini, Mario Contarini, Stefano Speranza

Life tables are one of the most common tools to describe the biology of insect species and their response to environmental conditions. Although the benefits of life tables are beyond question, we raise some doubts about the completeness of the information reported in life tables. To substantiate these doubts, we consider a case study (Corcyra cephalonica) for which the raw dataset is available. The data suggest that the Gaussian approximation of the development times which is implied by the average and standard error usually reported in life tables does not describe reliably the actual distribution of the data which can be misleading and hide interesting biological aspects. Furthermore, it can be risky when life table data are used to build models to predict the demographic changes of the population. The present study highlights this aspect by comparing the impulse response generated by the raw data and by its Gaussian approximation based on the mean and the standard error. The conclusions of this paper highlight: i) the importance of adding more information to life tables and, ii) the role of raw data to ensure the completeness of this kind of studies. Given the importance of raw data, we also point out the need for further developments of a standard in the community for sharing and analysing data of life tables experiments.

Insect Science Ecology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

Entomological Surveillance as a Cornerstone of Malaria Elimination: A Critical Appraisal

InTech eBooks2018-07-18作者：Gerry F. Killeen, Prosper Chaki, Thomas E. Reed

Global capacity for developing new insecticides and vector control products, as well as mathematical models to evaluate their likely impact upon malaria transmission has greatly improved in recent years. Given that a range of new vector control products are now emerging that target a greater diversity of adult mosquito behaviours, it should soon be feasible to effectively tackle a broader range of mosquito species and settings. However, the primary obstacles to further progress towards more effective malaria vector control are now paucities of routine programmatic entomological surveillance, and capacity for data processing, analysis and interpretation in endemic countries. Well-established entomological methods need to be more widely utilized for routine programmatic surveillance of vector behaviours and insecticide susceptibility, the effectiveness of vector control products and processes, and their impacts on mosquito populations. Such programmatic data may also be useful for simulation analyses of mosquito life histories, to identify opportunities for pre-emptively intervening early in the life cycle of mosquitoes, rather than targeting transmission events occurring when they are older. Current obstacles to more effective utilization, archiving and sharing of entomological data largely centre around global inequities of analytical capacity. These prohibitive and unfair imbalances can be addressed by reorienting funding schemes to emphasize south-centred collaborations focused on malaria-endemic countries.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Insect Science

<i>Anopheles</i> species of the mount Cameroon region: biting habits, feeding behaviour and entomological inoculation rates

Tropical Medicine & International Health2003-06-27作者：Samuel Wanji, Theodore Tanke, Sali N. Atanga

There is a lack of data on the Anopheles fauna, its biology and the roles played by different vector species in the transmission of malaria in the mount Cameroon region. The biting habits, feeding behaviour and entomological inoculation rates of different Anopheles species during the dry and rainy season were investigated. A total of 2165 Anopheles was collected, 805 in the rainy season and 1360 in the dry season. Five Anopheles species were identified: Anopheles gambiae s.l., An. funestus, An. hancocki, An. moucheti and An. nili. An. gambiae, An. funestus and An. hancocki, recorded during both seasons, were the main vectors of malaria in the region. An. gambiae s.s. was the only member of the An. gambiae (Giles) complex. These three species had their peak activity between 1 and 2 am. A human blood index (HBI) of 98.29% was recorded for fed Anopheles. The sporozoite rate, for all vectors together, was significantly higher in the rainy season (9.4%) than in the dry season (4.2%) with all the species infected by Plasmodium falciparum. The average inoculation rate was 0.44 infective bites per man per night, which adds up to 161 infective bites per year in this study area. Analyses of relative abundance and infection rate of malaria vectors at different sites situated along a transect of 20 km during the dry season showed high heterogeneity in biting and sporozoite rates. No malaria vector was caught at 1200 m a.s.l. The mount Cameroon region should be considered an area of high malaria transmission intensity.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Plant Science

The multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-Saharan Africa

Malaria Journal2009-01-23作者：Louise A. Kelly‐Hope, F. Ellis McKenzie

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a serious tropical disease that causes more than one million deaths each year, most of them in Africa. It is transmitted by a range of Anopheles mosquitoes and the risk of disease varies greatly across the continent. The "entomological inoculation rate" is the commonly-used measure of the intensity of malaria transmission, yet the methods used are currently not standardized, nor do they take the ecological, demographic, and socioeconomic differences across populations into account. To better understand the multiplicity of malaria transmission, this study examines the distribution of transmission intensity across sub-Saharan Africa, reviews the range of methods used, and explores ecological parameters in selected locations. It builds on an extensive geo-referenced database and uses geographical information systems to highlight transmission patterns, knowledge gaps, trends and changes in methodologies over time, and key differences between land use, population density, climate, and the main mosquito species. The aim is to improve the methods of measuring malaria transmission, to help develop the way forward so that we can better assess the impact of the large-scale intervention programmes, and rapid demographic and environmental change taking place across Africa.

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Plant Science