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Nuragic figurines are rare and unique examples of the mastery achieved by Sardinian craftsmen in the early Iron Age. These bronze artefacts were most likely cast using the lost wax technique: the shapes were moulded with relative ease, and even complex figures could be represented. However, the manufacturing process was not always a single-step procedure: in some cases, the parts of the model were moulded separately and then assembled together. Therefore, the analytical study of Nuragic bronzes can help to understand the specific casting methods and to evaluate the techniques implemented by Sardinian craftsmen to produce such complex objects. In recent years, Time of Flight Neutron Diffraction (Tof-ND) and Neutron Imaging (NI) have proven to be among the most effective methods for non-invasive studies. Neutron diffraction and neutron imaging provide complementary quantitative and morphological information that can be the key to understanding the casting processes. In this work, the results of the analysis of a bronze figurine will be reported. The statuette represents a Nuragic warrior and was made available by the Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province d

The $m$=2 member of the monophosphate tungsten bronze family has been considered the only one in the family without an electronic instability at low temperature. In this paper, we report the discovery of a charge density wave phase in this compound, with a transition temperature of 290 K and an incommensurate modulation vector \textbf{q}=0.245\textbf{b*}+ $\upxi$\textbf{c*}. The presence of this new phase is confirmed by diffraction and resistivity measurements. Pre-transitional dynamics are investigated using diffuse and inelastic x-ray scattering, revealing a clear Kohn anomaly. We analyze both structural and electronic contributions to the phase transition, providing a comprehensive picture of the mechanism driving this newly identified instability.

Museums, which are among the most popular science institutions outside schools, are usually used to display and introduce historical culture and cultural relics to tourists. Text and audio explanations are used by traditional museums to popularize historical knowledge and science for tourists, and general interactive systems are based on desktops. This learning method is relatively boring in terms of experience. As a result, tourists have no desire or interest in actively exploring and learning about bronze ware, so they only have a basic understanding about bronze ware. Since most tourists are familiar with games, they are more likely to be attracted by game content and will actively explore and interact with it. In addition, a certain degree of reality is created by virtual reality technology and an immersive experience through head-mounted devices is provided to users. In this paper, we take Chinese bronzes as the research objects. We first use laser scanners to obtain bronze models ; then, we build a virtual museum environment, and we finally design a virtual reality curation game based on this bronze digital museum. This game offers visitors an immersive museum roaming and bro

We report the first successful production of a Cu-based Nb$_3$Sn sample specifically designed for Quadrupole Resonator (QPR) testing, representing a significant step toward scalable RF superconducting coatings of Nb$_3$Sn on copper substrates. The sample was fabricated using an optimized electrochemical thermal synthesis (ETS) via the bronze route, incorporating several key advancements: electropolishing of the Cu substrate, electroplating of the bronze precursor layer, a tailored heat treatment at approximately 700 $^\circ$C to promote grain growth and suppress tin-rich impurity phases, and a newly developed chemical etching procedure for effective removal of surface bronze residues and contaminants. These improvements address longstanding challenges in the fabrication of high-quality Cu-based Nb$_3$Sn thin films. Subsequent QPR measurements yielded the peak magnetic field and temperature dependent surface resistance $R_s$, as well as the superconducting transition temperature and quench field. Although the achieved RF performance -- characterized by a minimum $R_s$ of 43.4 n$Ω$ at 4.5 K and 15 mT -- is not yet optimal, the results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of this appro

With the growing demand for sustainable and decentralized energy solutions, thermoelectric energy harvesting has emerged as a promising technology for directly converting waste heat into electricity through solid state, environmentally friendly means. Among copper chalcogenides, Cu2Te is a notable p-type material due to its degenerate semiconducting nature and low thermal conductivity. In this study, we present a sustainable synthesis strategy for Sn-doped Cu2Te referred to as bronze telluride (BT) via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) assisted tellurization process using pre-alloyed Cu Sn (bronze) powder. The resulting BT exhibited an enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of 1 at 500 K. To assess practical applicability, BT was integrated with n type galena (PbS) in a cascaded p n thermoelectric module, which generated 2.8 mV across a temperature gradient of 35 K, demonstrating its potential for medium- to high-temperature waste heat recovery. Furthermore, thermodynamic calculations and density functional theory (DFT) simulations provided insights into the formation mechanism of Cu2Te and the thermoelectric behaviour of BT. This work introduces an efficient, scalable, and e

Two-dimensional layered bronze (HB) materials are a new class of mixed-valence hybrid organic-inorganic metal oxides that demonstrate great potential as advanced functional materials for next-generation electronics. Recently, new hybrid vanadium bronze materials, (EV)V8O20 and (MV)V8O20, EV = ethyl viologen and MV = methyl viologen, have been introduced, with EV having ~3 orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity than the MV system. Given their identical inorganic V-O layers and similar reduction potentials, the observed large difference in electrical conductivities is puzzling. Here, through accurate first-principles calculations coupled with MACE machine learning molecular dynamics (MD) simulations validated by accurate ab initio MD simulations, we provide mechanistic molecular-level insights into dominant charge transport and electrical conductivity pathways in these materials. Our detailed structural and electronic properties data identifies factors contributing to this significant difference in electrical conductivities of these materials. Our findings in this work offer clues and provide valuable insights into improving the electrical conductivity of hybrid bronze an

Bronze inscriptions from early China are fragmentary and difficult to date. We introduce BIRD(Bronze Inscription Restoration and Dating), a fully encoded dataset grounded in standard scholarly transcriptions and chronological labels. We further propose an allograph-aware masked language modeling framework that integrates domain- and task-adaptive pretraining with a Glyph Net (GN), which links graphemes and allographs. Experiments show that GN improves restoration, while glyph-biased sampling yields gains in dating.

Here we investigate the electronic structure of the tetragonal tungsten bronze Ba$_{3-x}$Yb$_x$Ta$_{5}$O$_{15}$ by making use of hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The core level spectroscopy shows that the substitution with Yb ions in the series first occurs on the compact S1 site. For $x\leq1$, Yb is found to be dominantly Yb$^{2+}$ with a small mixing of Yb$^{3+}$, while for $x>1$, a significant increase of Yb$^{3+}$ is found, suggesting not only that site S2 favours Yb$^{3+}$, but also that their presence affects also the valency of the ions in site S1. The valence band spectra shows a relatively deep Yb$^{2+}$ doublet, but at the same time indications of a Ta~$5d$-Yb~$4f$ interaction are found, suggesting the presence of Yb~$4f$ carriers at the Fermi level through this hybridization. Our results thus point towards an exotic form of $d$-$f$ electronic interplay that together with the structural degrees of freedom can result in the unusual trends observed in the physical properties of Ba$_{3-x}$Yb$_x$Ta$_{5}$O$_{15}$.

Bronze inscriptions (BI), engraved on ritual vessels, constitute a crucial stage of early Chinese writing and provide indispensable evidence for archaeological and historical studies. However, automatic BI recognition remains difficult due to severe visual degradation, multi-domain variability across photographs, rubbings, and tracings, and an extremely long-tailed character distribution. To address these challenges, we curate a large-scale BI dataset comprising 22454 full-page images and 198598 annotated characters spanning 6658 unique categories, enabling robust cross-domain evaluation. Building on this resource, we develop a two-stage detection-recognition pipeline that first localizes inscriptions and then transcribes individual characters. To handle heterogeneous domains and rare classes, we equip the pipeline with LadderMoE, which augments a pretrained CLIP encoder with ladder-style MoE adapters, enabling dynamic expert specialization and stronger robustness. Comprehensive experiments on single-character and full-page recognition tasks demonstrate that our method substantially outperforms state-of-the-art scene text recognition baselines, achieving superior accuracy across he

The present paper introduces the geometry of screen generic lightlike submanifolds of a locally bronze semi-Riemannian manifolds endowed with an (l,m)-type connection. The characterization theorems on geodesicity of such submanifolds with respect to the integrability and parallelism of the distributions are provided. It is proved that there exists no coisotropic , isotropic or totally proper screen generic lightlike submanifold of a locally bronze semi-Riemannian manifold. Assertions for the smooth transversal vector fields in totally umbilical proper screen generic lightlike submanifold are obtained. The structure of a minimal screen generic lightlike submanifold of a locally bronze semi-Riemannian manifold is detailed with an example.

Mechanical stresses and strains in the microstructure of cathode materials evolving during charge/discharge cycles can reduce the long-term stability of intercalation-type alkali-metal-ion batteries. In this context, crystalline compounds exhibiting zero-strain (ZS) behavior are of particular interest. Near-ZS sodiation was experimentally measured in the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) type compound Na$_x$FeF$\mathrm{_3}$. Using a first-principles method based on density functional theory, we investigate the potential of iron-based fluoride compounds with tungsten bronze (TB) structures as ZS cathode materials. Simulations were conducted to study the intercalation of the alkali metal ions Li$\mathrm{^+}$, Na$\mathrm{^+}$, and K$\mathrm{^+}$ into the TTB and two related TB structures of the cubic perovskite (PTB) and hexagonal (HTB) types. We describe compensating local volume effects that can explain the experimentally measured low volume change of Na$_x$FeF$\mathrm{_3}$. We discuss the structural and chemical prerequisites of the host lattice for ZS insertion mechanism for alkali ions in TB structures and present a qualitative descriptor to predict the local volume change, that p

Using a broad band dielectric spectroscopy approach (1 to 10^14 Hz) we prove that the tungsten bronze Ca0.3Ba0.7Nb2O6 (CBN-30) displays a ferroelectric phase transition of mixed displacive and order-disorder character, and its paraelectric phase does not show traces of relaxor behaviour but precursor effects as polar fluctuations below about 550 K. The analysis of the sub-MHz dielectric response together with infrared and Raman spectroscopy reveals that simultaneous polarization mechanisms are responsible for the phase transition. The comparison of the excitations found in CBN-30 with those of (Sr,Ba)Nb2O6 reveals that these mechanisms are congruous, although in CBN-30 the main relaxation process behaves differently due to the different domain structure. The excitations are phenomenologically assigned to phonons, to an anharmonic vibration of cationic origin which plays the role of a soft central mode, and to a relaxation in the GHz range probably due to polarization fluctuations of nanometric size which carries the main part of the permittivity and splits below TC into several weaker excitations with different polarization correlation lengths. The overall dielectric response is th

The archaeological dating of bronze dings has played a critical role in the study of ancient Chinese history. Current archaeology depends on trained experts to carry out bronze dating, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. For such dating, in this study, we propose a learning-based approach to integrate advanced deep learning techniques and archaeological knowledge. To achieve this, we first collect a large-scale image dataset of bronze dings, which contains richer attribute information than other existing fine-grained datasets. Second, we introduce a multihead classifier and a knowledge-guided relation graph to mine the relationship between attributes and the ding era. Third, we conduct comparison experiments with various existing methods, the results of which show that our dating method achieves a state-of-the-art performance. We hope that our data and applied networks will enrich fine-grained classification research relevant to other interdisciplinary areas of expertise. The dataset and source code used are included in our supplementary materials, and will be open after submission owing to the anonymity policy. Source codes and data are available at: https://github.com/zh

We develop an AI application for archaeological dating of bronze Dings. A classification model is employed to predict the period of the input Ding, and a detection model is used to show the feature parts for making a decision of archaeological dating. To train the two deep learning models, we collected a large number of Ding images from published materials, and annotated the period and the feature parts on each image by archaeological experts. Furthermore, we design a user system and deploy our pre-trained models based on the platform of WeChat Mini Program for ease of use. Only need a smartphone installed WeChat APP, users can easily know the result of intelligent archaeological dating, the feature parts, and other reference artifacts, by taking a photo of a bronze Ding. To use our application, please scan this QR code by WeChat.

Structural modelling of $operando$ pair distribution function (PDF) data of functional materials can be highly complex. To aid the understanding of complex operando PDF data, we here demonstrate a toolbox for PDF analysis. The tools include the structureMining, similarityMapping, nmfMapping apps available through the online service 'PDF in the cloud' (PDFitc, www.pdfitc.org), as well as noise-filtering using principal component analysis (PCA). The tools are applied to both ex situ and operando PDF data for 3 nm $\mathrm{TiO_{2}}$-bronze nanocrystals, which function as the active electrode material in a Li-ion battery. The tools enable structural modelling of the ex situ and operando PDF data, revealing two pristine $\mathrm{TiO_{2}}$ phases (bronze and anatase) and two lithiated $\mathrm{Li_{x}TiO_{2}}$ phases (lithiated versions of bronze and anatase), and the phase evolution during Galvanostatic cycling is characterized.

This article proposes a mathematical model of an inverted analemmatic sundial, provides formulas for calculating the coordinates of their hour markers. On the example of the Belogorsk sundial, a method is described for determining the accuracy of time measurement using an inverted analemmatic sundial, in which cup marks are used as hour markers. The obtained value of the accuracy of time measurement with the help of the Belogorsk sundial is 5 - 6 minutes and is quite good for a measuring instrument of the Bronze Age, and is also higher than the accuracy of time measurement with the help of a water clock. As a result, it is concluded that the hypothesis is confirmed that the invention of the sundial was associated with the need to improve the accuracy of time measurement using a water clock.

The article presents the results of a study of signs on a Bronze Age slab "Sun stone" discovered at the foot of Maja e Can in Volusnica massif (Prokletije National Park, Montenegro). Studies have shown that the slab is an analemmatic sundial. The "Sun Stone" is more similar in marking to the slabs of the Srubnaya culture: all the cup marks are small and located along the ellipse line. Ellipses of bowl-shaped signs of analemmatic sundials from the Northern Black Sea region are similar in size to the reconstructed ellipse of the "Sun Stone". In addition, on one sundial from the Northern Black Sea region, the groove marks the distance that the gnomon must travel on the day of the winter solstice, similar to the groove on the Sun Stone. In the hour marking of sundial slabs from the Northern Black Sea region and Western Balkans, continuity can be traced, confirming the dating of the XV-XII centuries BC and indicating contacts of representatives of the synchronous local Glasinac culture of the Western Balkans with representatives of the Srubnaya culture of the Northern Black Sea region. Keywords: cup marks, hour markers, grooves, slab, analemmatic sundial, hour line, Bronze Age, Sun Ston

Rust is a general-purpose programming language that is both type- and memory-safe. Rust does not use a garbage collector, but rather achieves these properties through a sophisticated, but complex, type system. Doing so makes Rust very efficient, but makes Rust relatively hard to learn and use. We designed Bronze, an optional, library-based garbage collector for Rust. To see whether Bronze could make Rust more usable, we conducted a randomized controlled trial with volunteers from a 633-person class, collecting data from 428 students in total. We found that for a task that required managing complex aliasing, Bronze users were more likely to complete the task in the time available, and those who did so required only about a third as much time (4 hours vs. 12 hours). We found no significant difference in total time, even though Bronze users re-did the task without Bronze afterward. Surveys indicated that ownership, borrowing, and lifetimes were primary causes of the challenges that users faced when using Rust.

We have discovered unknown very valuable old photos of Prof. Hideki Yukawa at the unveiling ceremony of his bronze statue at an elementary school in Kochi in 1954. The statue was moved to a newly created garden in1982, which in the subsequent decades accelerated the forgetting of its existence. The forgetting of the statue by the local people is related by chance to a historic event in the Marshall Islands. Prof. Yukawa's visit to attend the unveiling ceremony occurred just after news that Japanese fishermen were heavily injured by atomic testing at the Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. At the news conference when he arrived at Kochi, he was unexpectedly asked about his attitude to the bomb testing by the US. He was considered to be the foremost top scientist in nuclear science in Japan at that time, having been awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1949. People in Kochi were very anxious about the test since many fishermen worked near Bikini Atoll. Contrary to the expectation of local people, he refused to comment on the matter at the news conference and in public lectures, which were held several times during his stay in Kochi. After returning to Kyoto, he issued the famous sta