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In Brazil, veterinary medicine is regulated by a resolution that sets out the Code of Ethics of the Veterinary Medical Profession, established by the Federal Council, which has national jurisdiction and compliance with which is monitored by the regional councils in each state. Some regional councils have reported an increase in the number of complaints of unethical proceedings in recent years, although this trend is not uniform across all Brazilian states. This increase has not yet been consistently documented. In this paper, a quantitative and qualitative description of cases of ethical infractions reported to the Regional Council of Veterinary Medicine of the State of São Paulo-the largest in Brazil, with approximately 59,324 (29%) registered veterinary doctors-is presented, covering the period from 2021 to 2023. Thus, a retrospective study was carried out to determine the profile of the reported professionals, the main motivations for the ethics-based complaints, and to characterize the case law of the cases judged in the first instance at the Regional Council of Veterinary Medicine of the State of São Paulo (CRMV-SP). The data analyzed shows that half of the complaints in the period were considered unfounded, and 123 complaints resulted in different types of conviction. The main article violated in the analyzed cases is Article 9 of the Code of Ethics for Veterinarians, which addresses ethical responsibility in the provision of professional services. This study demonstrates the need for veterinarians to become better acquainted with the ethical standards of the profession. No Brasil, a medicina veterinária é regulamentada por uma resolução que estabelece o Código de Ética da Profissão Médico-Veterinária, elaborado pelo Conselho Federal, que possui jurisdição nacional e cujo cumprimento é fiscalizado pelos conselhos regionais em cada estado. Alguns conselhos regionais relataram um aumento no número de denúncias de condutas antiéticas nos últimos anos, embora essa tendência não seja uniforme em todos os estados brasileiros. Esse aumento ainda não foi documentado de forma consistente. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma descrição quantitativa e qualitativa dos casos de infrações éticas comunicados ao Conselho Regional de Medicina Veterinária do Estado de São Paulo, o maior do Brasil, com aproximadamente 59.324 (29%) médicos-veterinários registrados, abrangendo o período de 2021 a 2023. Assim, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo para determinar o perfil dos profissionais denunciados, as principais motivações para as denúncias baseadas em ética e para caracterizar a jurisprudência dos casos julgados em primeira instância no Conselho Regional de Medicina Veterinária do Estado de São Paulo (CRMV-SP). Os dados analisados mostram que metade das denúncias no período foi considerada improcedente, e 123 denúncias resultaram em diferentes tipos de condenação. O principal artigo violado nos casos analisados é o Artigo 9 do Código de Ética do Médico-Veterinário, que trata da responsabilidade ética na prestação de serviços profissionais. Este estudo demonstra a necessidade de que os médicos-veterinários se familiarizem melhor com as normas éticas da profissão.
Timely and comprehensive analyses of causes of death stratified by age, sex, and location are essential for shaping effective health policies aimed at reducing global mortality. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides cause-specific mortality estimates measured in counts, rates, and years of life lost (YLLs). GBD 2023 aimed to enhance our understanding of the relationship between age and cause of death by quantifying the probability of dying before age 70 years (70q0) and the mean age at death by cause and sex. This study enables comparisons of the impact of causes of death over time, offering a deeper understanding of how these causes affect global populations. GBD 2023 produced estimates for 292 causes of death disaggregated by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2023. We used a modelling tool developed for GBD, the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to estimate cause-specific death rates for most causes. We computed YLLs as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. Probability of death was calculated as the chance of dying from a given cause in a specific age period, for a specific population. Mean age at death was calculated by first assigning the midpoint age of each age group for every death, followed by computing the mean of all midpoint ages across all deaths attributed to a given cause. We used GBD death estimates to calculate the observed mean age at death and to model the expected mean age across causes, sexes, years, and locations. The expected mean age reflects the expected mean age at death for individuals within a population, based on global mortality rates and the population's age structure. Comparatively, the observed mean age represents the actual mean age at death, influenced by all factors unique to a location-specific population, including its age structure. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 250-draw distribution for each metric. Findings are reported as counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2023 include a correction for the misclassification of deaths due to COVID-19, updates to the method used to estimate COVID-19, and updates to the CODEm modelling framework. This analysis used 55 761 data sources, including vital registration and verbal autopsy data as well as data from surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. For GBD 2023, there were 312 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 3 country-years of surveillance data, 51 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 144 country-years of other data types that were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. The initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic caused shifts in long-standing rankings of the leading causes of global deaths: it ranked as the number one age-standardised cause of death at Level 3 of the GBD cause classification hierarchy in 2021. By 2023, COVID-19 dropped to the 20th place among the leading global causes, returning the rankings of the leading two causes to those typical across the time series (ie, ischaemic heart disease and stroke). While ischaemic heart disease and stroke persist as leading causes of death, there has been progress in reducing their age-standardised mortality rates globally. Four other leading causes have also shown large declines in global age-standardised mortality rates across the study period: diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculosis, stomach cancer, and measles. Other causes of death showed disparate patterns between sexes, notably for deaths from conflict and terrorism in some locations. A large reduction in age-standardised rates of YLLs occurred for neonatal disorders. Despite this, neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of global YLLs over the period studied, except in 2021, when COVID-19 was temporarily the leading cause. Compared to 1990, there has been a considerable reduction in total YLLs in many vaccine-preventable diseases, most notably diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and measles. In addition, this study quantified the mean age at death for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality and found noticeable variation by sex and location. The global all-cause mean age at death increased from 46·8 years (95% UI 46·6-47·0) in 1990 to 63·4 years (63·1-63·7) in 2023. For males, mean age increased from 45·4 years (45·1-45·7) to 61·2 years (60·7-61·6), and for females it increased from 48·5 years (48·1-48·8) to 65·9 years (65·5-66·3), from 1990 to 2023. The highest all-cause mean age at death in 2023 was found in the high-income super-region, where the mean age for females reached 80·9 years (80·9-81·0) and for males 74·8 years (74·8-74·9). By comparison, the lowest all-cause mean age at death occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where it was 38·0 years (37·5-38·4) for females and 35·6 years (35·2-35·9) for males in 2023. Lastly, our study found that all-cause 70q0 decreased across each GBD super-region and region from 2000 to 2023, although with large variability between them. For females, we found that 70q0 notably increased from drug use disorders and conflict and terrorism. Leading causes that increased 70q0 for males also included drug use disorders, as well as diabetes. In sub-Saharan Africa, there was an increase in 70q0 for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Additionally, the mean age at death from NCDs was lower than the expected mean age at death for this super-region. By comparison, there was an increase in 70q0 for drug use disorders in the high-income super-region, which also had an observed mean age at death lower than the expected value. We examined global mortality patterns over the past three decades, highlighting-with enhanced estimation methods-the impacts of major events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to broader trends such as increasing NCDs in low-income regions that reflect ongoing shifts in the global epidemiological transition. This study also delves into premature mortality patterns, exploring the interplay between age and causes of death and deepening our understanding of where targeted resources could be applied to further reduce preventable sources of mortality. We provide essential insights into global and regional health disparities, identifying locations in need of targeted interventions to address both communicable and non-communicable diseases. There is an ever-present need for strengthened health-care systems that are resilient to future pandemics and the shifting burden of disease, particularly among ageing populations in regions with high mortality rates. Robust estimates of causes of death are increasingly essential to inform health priorities and guide efforts toward achieving global health equity. The need for global collaboration to reduce preventable mortality is more important than ever, as shifting burdens of disease are affecting all nations, albeit at different paces and scales. Gates Foundation.
For more than three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has provided a framework to quantify health loss due to diseases, injuries, and associated risk factors. This paper presents GBD 2023 findings on disease and injury burden and risk-attributable health loss, offering a global audit of the state of world health to inform public health priorities. This work captures the evolving landscape of health metrics across age groups, sexes, and locations, while reflecting on the remaining post-COVID-19 challenges to achieving our collective global health ambitions. The GBD 2023 combined analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 375 diseases and injuries, and risk-attributable burden associated with 88 modifiable risk factors. Of the more than 310 000 total data sources used for all GBD 2023 (about 30% of which were new to this estimation round), more than 120 000 sources were used for estimation of disease and injury burden and 59 000 for risk factor estimation, and included vital registration systems, surveys, disease registries, and published scientific literature. Data were analysed using previously established modelling approaches, such as disease modelling meta-regression version 2.1 (DisMod-MR 2.1) and comparative risk assessment methods. Diseases and injuries were categorised into four levels on the basis of the established GBD cause hierarchy, as were risk factors using the GBD risk hierarchy. Estimates stratified by age, sex, location, and year from 1990 to 2023 were focused on disease-specific time trends over the 2010-23 period and presented as counts (to three significant figures) and age-standardised rates per 100 000 person-years (to one decimal place). For each measure, 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs] were calculated with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile ordered values from a 250-draw distribution. Total numbers of global DALYs grew 6·1% (95% UI 4·0-8·1), from 2·64 billion (2·46-2·86) in 2010 to 2·80 billion (2·57-3·08) in 2023, but age-standardised DALY rates, which account for population growth and ageing, decreased by 12·6% (11·0-14·1), revealing large long-term health improvements. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributed 1·45 billion (1·31-1·61) global DALYs in 2010, increasing to 1·80 billion (1·63-2·03) in 2023, alongside a concurrent 4·1% (1·9-6·3) reduction in age-standardised rates. Based on DALY counts, the leading level 3 NCDs in 2023 were ischaemic heart disease (193 million [176-209] DALYs), stroke (157 million [141-172]), and diabetes (90·2 million [75·2-107]), with the largest increases in age-standardised rates since 2010 occurring for anxiety disorders (62·8% [34·0-107·5]), depressive disorders (26·3% [11·6-42·9]), and diabetes (14·9% [7·5-25·6]). Remarkable health gains were made for communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases, with DALYs falling from 874 million (837-917) in 2010 to 681 million (642-736) in 2023, and a 25·8% (22·6-28·7) reduction in age-standardised DALY rates. During the COVID-19 pandemic, DALYs due to CMNN diseases rose but returned to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. From 2010 to 2023, decreases in age-standardised rates for CMNN diseases were led by rate decreases of 49·1% (32·7-61·0) for diarrhoeal diseases, 42·9% (38·0-48·0) for HIV/AIDS, and 42·2% (23·6-56·6) for tuberculosis. Neonatal disorders and lower respiratory infections remained the leading level 3 CMNN causes globally in 2023, although both showed notable rate decreases from 2010, declining by 16·5% (10·6-22·0) and 24·8% (7·4-36·7), respectively. Injury-related age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 15·6% (10·7-19·8) over the same period. Differences in burden due to NCDs, CMNN diseases, and injuries persisted across age, sex, time, and location. Based on our risk analysis, nearly 50% (1·27 billion [1·18-1·38]) of the roughly 2·80 billion total global DALYs in 2023 were attributable to the 88 risk factors analysed in GBD. Globally, the five level 3 risk factors contributing the highest proportion of risk-attributable DALYs were high systolic blood pressure (SBP), particulate matter pollution, high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), smoking, and low birthweight and short gestation-with high SBP accounting for 8·4% (6·9-10·0) of total DALYs. Of the three overarching level 1 GBD risk factor categories-behavioural, metabolic, and environmental and occupational-risk-attributable DALYs rose between 2010 and 2023 only for metabolic risks, increasing by 30·7% (24·8-37·3); however, age-standardised DALY rates attributable to metabolic risks decreased by 6·7% (2·0-11·0) over the same period. For all but three of the 25 leading level 3 risk factors, age-standardised rates dropped between 2010 and 2023-eg, declining by 54·4% (38·7-65·3) for unsafe sanitation, 50·5% (33·3-63·1) for unsafe water source, and 45·2% (25·6-72·0) for no access to handwashing facility, and by 44·9% (37·3-53·5) for child growth failure. The three leading level 3 risk factors for which age-standardised attributable DALY rates rose were high BMI (10·5% [0·1 to 20·9]), drug use (8·4% [2·6 to 15·3]), and high FPG (6·2% [-2·7 to 15·6]; non-significant). Our findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of global health challenges. Since 2010, there have been large decreases in burden due to CMNN diseases and many environmental and behavioural risk factors, juxtaposed with sizeable increases in DALYs attributable to metabolic risk factors and NCDs in growing and ageing populations. This long-observed consequence of the global epidemiological transition was only temporarily interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The substantially decreasing CMNN disease burden, despite the 2008 global financial crisis and pandemic-related disruptions, is one of the greatest collective public health successes known. However, these achievements are at risk of being reversed due to major cuts to development assistance for health globally, the effects of which will hit low-income countries with high burden the hardest. Without sustained investment in evidence-based interventions and policies, progress could stall or reverse, leading to widespread human costs and geopolitical instability. Moreover, the rising NCD burden necessitates intensified efforts to mitigate exposure to leading risk factors-eg, air pollution, smoking, and metabolic risks, such as high SBP, BMI, and FPG-including policies that promote food security, healthier diets, physical activity, and equitable and expanded access to potential treatments, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. Decisive, coordinated action is needed to address long-standing yet growing health challenges, including depressive and anxiety disorders. Yet this can be only part of the solution. Our response to the NCD syndemic-the complex interaction of multiple health risks, social determinants, and systemic challenges-will define the future landscape of global health. To ensure human wellbeing, economic stability, and social equity, global action to sustain and advance health gains must prioritise reducing disparities by addressing socioeconomic and demographic determinants, ensuring equitable health-care access, tackling malnutrition, strengthening health systems, and improving vaccination coverage. We live in times of great opportunity. Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies.
Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the geriatric canine population; however, there are no updated epidemiological data in Uruguay. In this retrospective study, 963 cases of canine cancer diagnosed between 2018 and 2023 at the Veterinary Hospital Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (VHC-FVM), Uruguay, were analyzed. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to assess associations between demographic variables and tumor distribution. Neoplasms of the skin and subcutaneous tissue were the most frequently diagnosed, followed by musculoskeletal and hemolymphatic tumors. A higher proportion of cases were observed in females, most of which were spayed. Skin tumors were more common in intact males, whereas spayed females were more frequently affected by musculoskeletal tumors. The highest number of cases occurred in dogs aged 6 to 10 years, followed by those older than 11 years, and the lowest frequency was observed in dogs aged 0 to 5 years. Among bone tumors, osteosarcoma was the most common type, affecting mainly large breeds and predominantly the appendicular skeleton, particularly the forelimbs. These findings emphasize the importance of considering sex, age, reproductive status, and race in cancer surveillance. From a clinical perspective, such information can guide early diagnosis strategies, improve case follow-up, and support preventive initiatives. In addition, the establishment of local and regional cancer registries is essential for advancing veterinary oncology research and strengthening the understanding of cancer epidemiology in Latin America. O câncer é uma causa importante de morbidade e mortalidade na população de cães geriátricos; entretanto, não há dados epidemiológicos atualizados no Uruguai. Este estudo retrospectivo analisou 963 casos de neoplasias em cães diagnosticadas entre 2018 e 2023 no Centro Hospitalar Veterinário da Faculdade de Veterinária, Uruguai. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de prontuários clínicos e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e testes do qui-quadrado, com o objetivo de avaliar as associações entre variáveis demográficas e a distribuição dos tumores. As neoplasias de pele e tecido subcutâneo foram as mais frequentemente diagnosticadas, seguidas pelos tumores musculoesqueléticos e hemolinfáticos. Observou-se maior proporção de casos em fêmeas, a maioria delas castradas. Tumores cutâneos foram mais comuns em machos inteiros, enquanto fêmeas castradas foram mais frequentemente acometidas por tumores musculoesqueléticos. O maior número de casos ocorreu em cães com idade entre 6 e 10 anos, seguido por aqueles com mais de 11 anos, sendo a menor frequência observada em cães de 0 a 5 anos. Entre os tumores ósseos, o osteossarcoma foi o tipo mais comum, afetando principalmente cães de raças grandes e localizando-se predominantemente no esqueleto apendicular, especialmente nos membros torácicos. Esses achados ressaltam a importância de considerar o sexo, a idade, o estado reprodutivo e a raça na vigilância oncológica. Do ponto de vista clínico, essas informações podem orientar estratégias de diagnóstico precoce, aprimorar o acompanhamento dos casos e subsidiar iniciativas preventivas. Além disso, o estabelecimento de registros locais e regionais de câncer é essencial para o avanço da pesquisa em oncologia veterinária e para o fortalecimento do entendimento da epidemiologia do câncer na América Latina.
Comprehensive, comparable, and timely estimates of demographic metrics-including life expectancy and age-specific mortality-are essential for evaluating, understanding, and addressing trends in population health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of timely and all-cause mortality estimates for being able to respond to changing trends in health outcomes, showing a strong need for demographic analysis tools that can produce all-cause mortality estimates more rapidly with more readily available all-age vital registration (VR) data. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) is an ongoing research effort that quantifies human health by estimating a range of epidemiological quantities of interest across time, age, sex, location, cause, and risk. This study-part of the latest GBD release, GBD 2023-aims to provide new and updated estimates of all-cause mortality and life expectancy for 1950 to 2023 using a novel statistical model that accounts for complex correlation structures in demographic data across age and time. We used 24 025 data sources from VR, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources to estimate all-cause mortality for males, females, and all sexes combined across 25 age groups in 204 countries and territories as well as 660 subnational units in 20 countries and territories, for the years 1950-2023. For the first time, we used complete birth history data for ages 5-14 years, age-specific sibling history data for ages 15-49 years, and age-specific mortality data from Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems. We developed a single statistical model that incorporates both parametric and non-parametric methods, referred to as OneMod, to produce estimates of all-cause mortality for each age-sex-location group. OneMod includes two main steps: a detailed regression analysis with a generalised linear modelling tool that accounts for age-specific covariate effects such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a population attributable fraction (PAF) for all risk factors combined; and a non-parametric analysis of residuals using a multivariate kernel regression model that smooths across age and time to adaptably follow trends in the data without overfitting. We calibrated asymptotic uncertainty estimates using Pearson residuals to produce 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) and corresponding 1000 draws. Life expectancy was calculated from age-specific mortality rates with standard demographic methods. For each measure, 95% UIs were calculated with the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. In 2023, 60·1 million (95% UI 59·0-61·1) deaths occurred globally, of which 4·67 million (4·59-4·75) were in children younger than 5 years. Due to considerable population growth and ageing since 1950, the number of annual deaths globally increased by 35·2% (32·2-38·4) over the 1950-2023 study period, during which the global age-standardised all-cause mortality rate declined by 66·6% (65·8-67·3). Trends in age-specific mortality rates between 2011 and 2023 varied by age group and location, with the largest decline in under-5 mortality occurring in east Asia (67·7% decrease); the largest increases in mortality for those aged 5-14 years, 25-29 years, and 30-39 years occurring in high-income North America (11·5%, 31·7%, and 49·9%, respectively); and the largest increases in mortality for those aged 15-19 years and 20-24 years occurring in Eastern Europe (53·9% and 40·1%, respectively). We also identified higher than previously estimated mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa for all sexes combined aged 5-14 years (87·3% higher in GBD 2023 than GBD 2021 on average across countries and territories over the 1950-2021 period) and for females aged 15-29 years (61·2% higher), as well as lower than previously estimated mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa for all sexes combined aged 50 years and older (13·2% lower), reflecting advances in our modelling approach. Global life expectancy followed three distinct trends over the study period. First, between 1950 and 2019, there were considerable improvements, from 51·2 (50·6-51·7) years for females and 47·9 (47·4-48·4) years for males in 1950 to 76·3 (76·2-76·4) years for females and 71·4 (71·3-71·5) years for males in 2019. Second, this period was followed by a decrease in life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic, to 74·7 (74·6-74·8) years for females and 69·3 (69·2-69·4) years for males in 2021. Finally, the world experienced a period of post-pandemic recovery in 2022 and 2023, wherein life expectancy generally returned to pre-pandemic (2019) levels in 2023 (76·3 [76·0-76·6] years for females and 71·5 [71·2-71·8] years for males). 194 (95·1%) of 204 countries and territories experienced at least partial post-pandemic recovery in age-standardised mortality rates by 2023, with 61·8% (126 of 204) recovering to or falling below pre-pandemic levels. There were several mortality trajectories during and following the pandemic across countries and territories. Long-term mortality trends also varied considerably between age groups and locations, demonstrating the diverse landscape of health outcomes globally. This analysis identified several key differences in mortality trends from previous estimates, including higher rates of adolescent mortality, higher rates of young adult mortality in females, and lower rates of mortality in older age groups in much of sub-Saharan Africa. The findings also highlight stark differences across countries and territories in the timing and scale of changes in all-cause mortality trends during and following the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-23). Our estimates of evolving trends in mortality and life expectancy across locations, ages, sexes, and SDI levels in recent years as well as over the entire 1950-2023 study period provide crucial information for governments, policy makers, and the public to ensure that health-care systems, economies, and societies are prepared to address the world's health needs, particularly in populations with higher rates of mortality than previously known. The estimates from this study provide a robust framework for GBD and a valuable foundation for policy development, implementation, and evaluation around the world. Gates Foundation.
Flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping plays a critical role in the diagnosis, classification, staging, and monitoring of hematopoietic malignancies. However, its application in feline medicine remains limited primarily because of the scarcity of species-specific antibodies. Existing studies in cats predominantly focus on analyzing lymphocyte subpopulations in lymph nodes, with fewer investigations conducted on bone marrow and peripheral blood. This study aimed to assess the utility of peripheral blood samples from healthy cats for quantifying lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry to provide basic data useful for future studies on animals with diseases. Using specific antibody panels, we successfully quantified lymphocyte subpopulations in 15 healthy cats. Total leukocytes (CD18+) accounted for a median of 89.7% of peripheral blood cells. Among lymphocytes, CD5+ T cells were the predominant subset, followed by CD21+ B cells. Among T cells, CD4+ helper cells outnumbered CD8+ cytotoxic cells. Notably, CD18 expression exhibited a biphasic pattern: B lymphocytes showed lower fluorescence intensity compared with T lymphocytes. In some cases, three distinct fluorescence peaks suggested further heterogeneity within the T-cell population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to clearly identify a biphasic expression pattern of CD18 in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of cats. These findings reveal the complexity of immune cell marker expression in the peripheral blood of felines and support the broader application of flow cytometry in feline immunological and diagnostic research. The establishment of these baseline immunophenotypic profiles in healthy cats is crucial for improving the diagnosis and monitoring of feline hematopoietic diseases, ultimately contributing to better clinical management and therapeutic strategies. A imunofenotipagem baseada em citometria de fluxo desempenha um papel fundamental no diagnóstico, classificação, estadiamento e monitoramento de malignidades hematopoéticas. No entanto, sua aplicação na medicina felina permanece limitada, principalmente devido à escassez de anticorpos específicos para a espécie. Estudos existentes em gatos focam predominantemente na análise de subpopulações de linfócitos em linfonodos, com menos investigações realizadas na medula óssea e no sangue periférico. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilidade de amostras de sangue periférico de gatos saudáveis para quantificar subpopulações de linfócitos por citometria de fluxo, a fim de fornecer dados básicos úteis para futuros estudos em animais com doenças. Utilizando painéis específicos de anticorpos, quantificamos com sucesso subpopulações de linfócitos em 15 gatos saudáveis. Os leucócitos (CD18+) representaram uma mediana de 89,7% das células do sangue periférico. Entre os linfócitos, as células T CD5+ foram o subconjunto predominante, seguidas pelas células B CD21+. Dentro das células T, as células auxiliares CD4+ foram mais numerosas que as citotóxicas CD8+. Notavelmente, a expressão de CD18 apresentou um padrão bifásico: os linfócitos B mostraram intensidade de fluorescência mais baixa em comparação com os linfócitos T. Em alguns casos, três picos distintos de fluorescência sugeriram maior heterogeneidade dentro da população de células T. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo a identificar claramente um padrão de expressão bifásica de CD18 em linfócitos do sangue periférico de gatos. Esses achados revelam a complexidade da expressão de marcadores celulares imunes no sangue periférico felino e apoiam a aplicação mais ampla da citometria de fluxo na pesquisa imunológica e diagnóstica felina. O estabelecimento desses perfis imunofenotípicos básicos em gatos saudáveis é crucial para melhorar o diagnóstico e monitoramento das doenças hematopoéticas felinas, contribuindo, em última instância, para uma melhor gestão clínica e estratégias terapêuticas.
Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among females worldwide. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, we provided an updated comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological trends, disease burden, and risk factors associated with breast cancer globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2023. Breast cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. Mortality estimates were generated using GBD Cause of Death Ensemble models, leveraging data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Mortality-to-incidence ratios were calculated to derive both mortality and incidence estimates. Prevalence was calculated by combining incidence and modelled survival estimates. YLLs were established by multiplying age-specific deaths with the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. YLDs were estimated by applying disability weights to prevalence estimates. The sum of YLLs and YLDs equalled the number of DALYs. Breast cancer burden attributable to seven risk factors was examined through the comparative risk assessment framework. The GBD forecasting framework was used to forecast breast cancer incidence and mortality from 2024 to 2050. Age-standardised rates were calculated for each metric using the GBD 2023 world standard population. In 2023, there were an estimated 2·30 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·01 to 2·61) breast cancer incident cases, 764 000 deaths (672 000 to 854 000), and 24·1 million (21·3 to 27·5) DALYs among females globally. In the World Bank low-income group, where a low age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) was estimated (44·2 per 100 000 person-years [31·2 to 58·4]), the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) was the highest (24·1 per 100 000 [16·8 to 31·9]). The highest ASIR was in the high-income group (75·7 per 100 000 [67·1 to 84·0]), and the lowest ASMR was in the upper-middle-income group (11·2 per 100 000 [10·2 to 12·3]). Between 1990 and 2023, the ASIR in the low-income group increased by 147·2% (38·1 to 271·7), compared with a 1·2% (-11·5 to 17·2) change in the high-income group. The ASMR decreased in the high-income group, changing by -29·9% (-33·6 to -25·9), but increased by 99·3% (12·5 to 202·9) in the low-income group. The increase in age-standardised DALY rates followed that of ASMRs. Risk factors such as dietary risks, tobacco use, and high fasting plasma glucose contributed to 28·3% (16·6 to 38·9) of breast cancer DALYs in 2023. The risk factors with a decrease in attributable DALYs between 1990 and 2023 were high alcohol use and tobacco. By 2050, the global incident cases of breast cancer among females were forecast to reach 3·56 million (2·29 to 4·83), with 1·37 million (0·841 to 2·02) deaths. The stable incidence and declining mortality rates of female breast cancer in high-income nations reflect success in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. In contrast, the concurrent rise in incidence and mortality in other regions signals health system deficits. Without effective interventions, many countries will fall short of the WHO Global Breast Cancer Initiative's ambitious target of achieving an annual reduction of 2·5% in age-standardised mortality rates by 2040. The mounting breast cancer burden, disproportionately affecting some of the world's most vulnerable populations, will further exacerbate health inequalities across the globe without decisive immediate action. Gates Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital.
The use of living animals in education remains a topic of debate, particularly in health and veterinary sciences. While some authors justify animal experimentation as essential for scientific advancement and practical learning, others question its ethical implications and advocate for alternative teaching methods. This study aimed to explore veterinary students' reflections on the use of living animals in physiology teaching through the development of functional didactic biomodels simulating physiological processes originally identified through experimental animal procedures.The study was conducted at two universities in Bogotá, Colombia, during a physiology course over one academic year. Initially, students participated in discussions addressing the history of animal experimentation and the major physiological discoveries obtained through invasive procedures involving animals. Subsequently, students developed three-dimensional didactic biomodels representing physiological mechanisms previously investigated through animal experimentation. At the end of the activity, students participated in open-ended experiential feedback sessions regarding the possibility of using living animals for educational purposes.The findings demonstrated heterogeneous perspectives among participants, ranging from acceptance to rejection of the practice. Some students opposed the use of animals based on ethical concerns and animal welfare principles, emphasizing the importance of alternative teaching approaches. Others recognized the educational value of alternative methods capable of replacing animal use. In contrast, some participants supported the use of living animals, arguing that direct contact with biological material provides a unique and impactful learning experience and may facilitate the integration of theoretical and practical knowledge, as well as stimulate future scientific research. O uso de animais vivos na educação permanece um tema de debate, especialmente nas ciências da saúde e nas ciências veterinárias. Enquanto alguns autores consideram a experimentação animal essencial para o avanço científico e o aprendizado prático, outros questionam suas implicações éticas e defendem métodos alternativos de ensino. Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar as reflexões de estudantes de medicina veterinária sobre o uso de animais vivos no ensino de fisiologia, por meio do desenvolvimento de biomodelos didáticos funcionais que simulavam processos fisiológicos originalmente identificados por meio de procedimentos experimentais em animais. O estudo foi realizado em duas universidades de Bogotá, Colômbia, no âmbito de uma disciplina de fisiologia ao longo de um ano acadêmico. Inicialmente, os estudantes participaram de discussões sobre a história da experimentação animal e as principais descobertas fisiológicas obtidas por meio de procedimentos invasivos. Em seguida, desenvolveram biomodelos tridimensionais que representam mecanismos fisiológicos previamente investigados por meio de experimentação animal. Ao final da atividade, os participantes realizaram sessões abertas de feedback sobre a possibilidade do uso de animais vivos para fins educacionais. Os resultados evidenciaram perspectivas heterogêneas entre os estudantes. Parte dos participantes se opôs ao uso de animais devido a preocupações éticas e princípios de bem-estar animal, defendendo métodos alternativos de ensino. Outros reconheceram o potencial educacional dessas abordagens substitutivas. Em contrapartida, alguns estudantes apoiaram o uso de animais vivos, argumentando que o contato direto com material biológico proporciona uma experiência prática diferenciada e favorece a integração entre teoria, prática e pesquisa científica.
In southeastern Brazil, capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are main hosts of the ticks Amblyomma dubitatum and Amblyomma sculptum; the latter has great medical importance for being the main vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF). This study aimed to quantify ticks in areas invaded and not invaded by exotic plants (Hedychium coronarium, Cenchrus purpureus or Megathyrsus maximus) within capybaras' living areas in São Paulo state. Tick populations were quantified in 24 capybara habitats, eight in natural reserves and 16 human-modified landscapes; the latter were composed of eight BSF-endemic areas and eight BSF-nonendemic areas. In the 24 areas, ticks were sampled in plots of natural forests and plots with at least one of the three invasive plants. Both presence and density of A. sculptum were higher in human-modified landscapes, while the presence and density of A. dubitatum tended to be similar among human-modified landscapes and natural reserve areas. The two tick species were collected both in areas colonized by invasive plants (H. coronarium, M. maximus, and/or C. purpureus) and in areas of non-invaded vegetation. However, a higher density of A. dubitatum was observed in areas of H. coronarium and a lower density of A. sculptum in this type of vegetation. Within human-modified landscapes, there was a higher density of A. sculptum in BSF-endemic areas when compared to non-endemic areas, unlike A. dubitatum, which remained at an almost constant density and presence among BSF-endemic and non-endemic areas. Plant invasions may have some role in the ecology of capybara-associated ticks.
Cases of natural killer (NK)-cell large granular lymphocyte lymphoma are extremely rare, accounting for approximately 0.8% to 2.56% of lymphomas in dogs. A 5-year-old male Rottweiler presented with multiple cutaneous nodules and progressive weight loss, with a clinical course of less than 2 months. Following inconclusive cytology, an incisional biopsy was performed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Histopathological examination revealed a neoplastic proliferation of round cells infiltrating the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The microscopic features, combined with the immunostaining profile-negative for CD3 and CD79a and positive for CD18 and granzyme-indicated a diagnosis of large granular lymphocyte lymphoma with a non-B/non-T immunophenotype of NK-cell origin. The patient underwent chemotherapy with lomustine and completed three treatment sessions before being euthanized, with a survival time of 93 days. Necropsy revealed involvement of the lymph nodes, heart, stomach, liver, and skin. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the antemortem diagnosis at all sites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cutaneous, cardiac, gastric, and hepatic involvement associated with non-B, non-T large granular lymphocyte lymphoma in dogs. Casos de linfoma de grandes linfócitos granulares de células natural killer (NK) são extremamente raros, representando aproximadamente 0,8% a 2,56% dos linfomas em cães. Um cão da raça Rottweiler, macho e com 5 anos de idade, apresentou múltiplos nódulos cutâneos e perda de peso progressiva, com um curso clínico inferior a dois meses. Após citologia inconclusiva, realizou-se biópsia incisional para análises histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica. O exame histopatológico revelou uma proliferação neoplásica de células arredondadas infiltrando a derme profunda e o tecido subcutâneo. As características microscópicas, combinadas com o perfil de imunomarcação — negativo para CD3 e CD79a e positivo para CD18 e granzima —, indicaram o diagnóstico de linfoma de grandes linfócitos granulares com imunofenótipo não-B/não-T de origem em células NK. O paciente foi submetido à quimioterapia com lomustina e completou três sessões de tratamento antes de ser submetido à eutanásia, apresentando um tempo de sobrevida de 93 dias. A necropsia revelou comprometimento de linfonodos, coração, estômago, fígado e pele. Os achados histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos confirmaram o diagnóstico antemortem em todos os locais. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro relato de acometimento cutâneo, cardíaco, gástrico e hepático associado ao linfoma de linfócitos granulares grandes não B, não T em cães.
The family Capillaridae comprises of nematodes within the order Trichinellida that parasitize a wide range of vertebrate hosts, targeting the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts. While these helminths are frequently recorded in scientific literature, few studies report their presence in other anatomical sites such as the tongue. With that in mind, this study provides a systematic review of articles from 1975 to January 2026 focusing on the description of the presence and pathological alterations caused by helminths from the family Capillariidae whose habitat is the tongue of animals A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including SciELO, PubMed, BVS, Periódico Capes, and ACS publications platforms, using the descriptors "Tongue AND Capillariidae;" "Tongue AND Eucoleus," "Tongue AND Capillaria," and "Histopathology AND Capillariidae". Of the 83 studies initially identified, 18 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for analysis, and were used in the present study. The review identified 2 genera Eucoleus and Capillaria, parasitizing the tongue. These parasites were found embedded in the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium of the tongue, with adult helminths most frequently localized in the caudal third of the tongue, with eggs being present. In most cases, no significant morphological abnormalities; however, in the case of E. garfiai, was described that showed the presence of adjacent lymphocytic and eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate, and hyperkeratosis caused by the helminth. Given the limited number of detailed reports, further research is needed to better characterize tissue inflammatory reactions and elucidate the potential clinical and pathological implications of lingual capillariasis. A família Capillariidae compreende nematoides da ordem Trichinellida que parasitam uma ampla gama de hospedeiros vertebrados, afetando os tratos gastrointestinal, respiratório e urinário. Embora esses helmintos sejam frequentemente registrados na literatura científica, poucos estudos relatam sua presença em outros sítios anatômicos, como a língua. Com isso em mente, este estudo apresenta uma revisão sistemática de artigos publicados entre 1975 e janeiro de 2026, com foco na descrição da presença e das alterações patológicas causadas por helmintos da família Capillariidae, cujo habitat é a língua de animais. Os descritores utilizados foram: “Língua e Eucoleus”, “Língua e Capillaria” e “Histopatologia e Capillariidae”. Dos 83 estudos inicialmente identificados, 18 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão para análise e foram utilizados no presente estudo. A revisão identificou dois gêneros, Eucoleus e Capillaria, que parasitam a língua. Esses parasitos foram encontrados incrustados no epitélio escamoso estratificado queratinizado da língua, com os helmintos adultos localizados mais frequentemente no terço caudal da língua, onde também estavam presentes os ovos. Na maioria dos casos, não foram observadas anormalidades morfológicas significativas, entretanto, no caso de E. garfiai, foi descrita a presença de infiltrado inflamatório linfocítico e eosinofílico adjacente, além de hiperceratose causada pelo helminto. Devido ao número limitado de relatos detalhados, são necessárias mais pesquisas para melhor caracterizar as reações inflamatórias teciduais e elucidar as potenciais implicações clínicas e patológicas da capilariose lingual.
Canine distemper has a high mortality rate in the acute phase, and survivors typically suffer irreversible, progressive neurological sequelae, due to demyelinating leukoencephalitis, under current treatment standards. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are found in the adult organism and represent a promising alternative for treating central nervous system disorders by secreting trophic and immunomodulatory factors that reduce inflammation, protect neurons, and promote regeneration. The therapeutic action of MSCs is largely mediated by the secretion of trophic and immunomodulatory factors, including anti-inflammatory cytokines, anti-apoptotic proteins, and neurotrophins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three epidurally administered doses of 1 million MSCs per kilogram of body weight at 30-day intervals in four dogs suffering neurological sequelae of canine distemper. Each animal was evaluated using an adapted application of the modified neurodisability scale (0-15 scale) and a quality-of-life questionnaire ranking behaviors (0-7 scale). Statistical analysis confirmed the significant effect of using multiple doses, and regression analysis revealed a significant influence of age and weight on treatment outcome. Additionally, a logistic regression predicting improvement over time was extrapolated from these results to help clinicians and owners make better-informed decisions regarding cellular therapy. Complete clinical remission of four of the five subcategories of the neurodisability score was achieved in all subjects, with one subject achieving full remission of myoclonus. These results indicate that epidural MSC administration progressively reduced sequelae severity and improved patient quality of life of the four canine distemper survivors that participated in this study, supporting the translation of cellular therapies into clinical practice.
Alimentary lymphocytic lymphoma (AL) is the most prevalent neoplastic subtype in cats. T-cell neoplasms have been associated with eosinophil chemotaxis and, consequently, paraneoplastic hypereosinophilic syndrome. This report describes a case of marked hypereosinophilia in a cat with AL, consistent with a paraneoplastic hypereosinophilic syndrome, based on clinical findings. A 13-year-old neutered male Persian cat, negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV), with a history of frequent vomiting, presented with a mild increase in abdominal volume on palpation, suggestive of mesenteric lymph node enlargement. Blood profile revealed marked leukocytosis (81,500 leukocytes/µL) due to severe eosinophilia (69,000/µL), consisting exclusively of segmented eosinophils. Abdominal ultrasonography showed lymphadenomegaly and increased echogenicity of the meso-omentum, suggestive of an infiltrative neoplastic process. Following suspicion of lymphoma, intestinal biopsy and bone marrow (BM) sampling were performed. BM evaluation was consistent with a myeloproliferative process, with eosinophilic lineage involvement. Histopathological examination of the duodenum, jejunum, and mesenteric lymph node confirmed the diagnosis of AL. Treatment with prednisolone, chlorambucil, and cobalamin was instituted. One month after treatment, the cat was clinically stable, with a total eosinophil count of 22,000/µL. After six months, eosinophil counts decreased to 9,030/µL, and abdominal ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. This report highlights the importance of investigating AL in cats presenting with marked hypereosinophilia. O linfoma linfocítico alimentar (AL) é o subtipo neoplásico mais prevalente em gatos. Neoplasias de células T têm sido associadas à quimiotaxia de eosinófilos e, consequentemente, à síndrome hipereosinofílica paraneoplásica. Este relato descreve um caso de hipereosinofilia acentuada em um gato com AL, compatível com síndrome hipereosinofílica paraneoplásica, com base em achados clínicos. Um gato Persa, macho, castrado, de 13 anos de idade, negativo para o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e o vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV), com histórico de vômitos frequentes, apresentou leve aumento do volume abdominal à palpação, sugestivo de aumento de linfonodos mesentéricos. O hemograma revelou leucocitose acentuada (81.500 leucócitos/µL) decorrente de eosinofilia severa (69.000/µL), composta exclusivamente por eosinófilos segmentados. A ultrassonografia abdominal evidenciou linfadenomegalia e aumento da ecogenicidade do meso-omento, sugestivos de processo neoplásico infiltrativo. Diante da suspeita de linfoma, foram realizadas biópsias intestinais e coleta de medula óssea (MO). A avaliação da MO foi compatível com processo mieloproliferativo, com envolvimento da linhagem eosinofílica. O exame histopatológico do duodeno, jejuno e linfonodo mesentérico confirmou o diagnóstico de AL. O tratamento com prednisolona, clorambucil e cobalamina foi instituído. Após um mês, o animal encontrava-se clinicamente estável, com contagem total de eosinófilos de 22.000/µL. Após seis meses, a contagem de eosinófilos reduziu para 9.030/µL, e a ultrassonografia abdominal não evidenciou alterações. Este relato destaca a importância de investigar AL em gatos com hipereosinofilia acentuada.
Diseases affecting the central nervous system of domestic animals account for a substantial proportion of the conditions encountered in clinical and surgical practice involving production animals. While the cerebral vascular anatomy is well characterized in humans; however, detailed information remains limited for many mammalian species, particularly regarding the origin of the basilar artery and the contribution of the vertebral artery. The study of the arteria distribution responsible for cerebral irrigation in domestic animals and species used as experimental models, from a phylogenetic perspective, remains relevant in biomedical research due to the high variability in vascular arrangements among species. This study aimed to describe the typology and formation of the arterial circle at the base of the brain in neonatal Saanen goats. Eleven heads from cadavers approximately one month of age (5 males and 6 females) were dissected, after fixation in 10% formaldehyde, followed by arterial injection with colored Petrolátex S-65. The mean and standard deviation of the basilar artery length was 2.5 ± 0.30 cm in females and 2.6 ± 0.22 cm in males. In all specimens, the basilar artery originated from the anastomosis of the right and left vertebral arteries, giving rise to branches supplying the medulla oblongata, the caudal cerebellar arteries, pontine branches, terminal branches, and rostral cerebellar arteries. The arteries at the base of the brain were supplied by both the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. The encephalic vascular pattern showed a tendency toward type II. These findings are fundamental for understanding the cerebral vascularization of the species and its clinical-surgical applications. As doenças que acometem o sistema nervoso central de animais domésticos representam parcela significativa das afecções observadas na prática clínico-cirúrgica em animais de produção. A anatomia vascular cerebral é bem conhecida em humanos, porém há escassez de informações detalhadas para muitas espécies de mamíferos, especialmente quanto à origem da artéria basilar e à participação da artéria vertebral. O estudo da distribuição das artérias responsáveis pela irrigação encefálica em animais domésticos e em espécies utilizadas como modelos experimentais, sob a ótica filogenética, segue sendo relevante na pesquisa biomédica, devido à grande variabilidade nos arranjos vasculares entre as espécies. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a tipologia e formação do circuito arterial da base do encéfalo em caprinos recém-nascidos da raça Saanen. Foram dissecadas 11 cabeças de cadáveres com cerca de um mês de idade (5 machos e 6 fêmeas), previamente fixadas em formaldeído a 10%, com posterior preenchimento arterial com Petrolátex S-65 corado. A média e o desvio padrão do comprimento da artéria basilar foram de 2,5 ± 0,30 cm nas fêmeas e 2,6 ± 0,22 cm nos machos. Em todos os caprinos, a artéria basilar originou-se da anastomose entre as artérias vertebrais direita e esquerda, emitindo ramos para o bulbo, artérias cerebelares caudais, ramos para a ponte, ramos terminais e artérias cerebelares rostrais. As artérias da base encéfalo dependiam dos sistemas carótico e vertebrobasilar. O padrão vascular encefálico apresentou tendência ao tipo II. Esses achados são fundamentais para a compreensão da vascularização cerebral da espécie e suas aplicações clínico-cirúrgicas.
In this study, we aimed to verify the feasibility of the multidirectional traction platform in performing gasless laparoscopic nephrectomies on dog cadavers. The cadavers were divided into two groups: those subjected to gasless laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (GCG) and those subjected to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with pneumoperitoneum (GCP). The total surgical time, time for each stage of the procedure, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Using the Likert scale and visual analog scale (VAS), the surgeon and assistant assessed the degree of difficulty of each surgical approach. The total surgical time for nephrectomy was longer in the GCG group (p<0.01). Similarly, differences in the steps of positioning portal 2, establishing the abdominal elevation equipment, dissecting the vessels of the renal hilum, and dissecting the kidney from the fascia renal disease were also longer in the GCG group (p<0.05). A significant interaction was observed between the surgical group and the side of surgery, and the variable time to remove the kidney from the abdominal cavity (p=0.02) was longer in the GCG group. In the evaluation of the surgeon and assistant, the groups differed in all parameters, indicating the degree of difficulty of surgical approaches on a Likert scale (p<0.05). On the VAS scale, we observed a higher response in the GCG group (p<0.01). The multidirectional abdominal traction device used in this study enabled the performance of gasless laparoscopic radical nephrectomies on dog cadavers. Neste estudo, objetivamos verificar a viabilidade da plataforma de tração multidirecional na realização de nefrectomias laparoscópicas sem gás em cadáveres caninos. Os cadáveres foram divididos em dois grupos: aqueles submetidos à nefrectomia radical laparoscópica sem gás (GCG) e aqueles submetidos à nefrectomia radical laparoscópica com pneumoperitônio (GCP). O tempo cirúrgico total, o tempo para cada etapa do procedimento e as complicações intraoperatórias foram registrados. Utilizando a escala de Likert e a escala visual analógica (EVA), o cirurgião e o auxiliar avaliaram o grau de dificuldade de cada abordagem cirúrgica. O tempo cirúrgico total para a nefrectomia foi maior no grupo GCG (p<0,01). Da mesma forma, as etapas de posicionamento do portal 2, instalação do equipamento de elevação abdominal, dissecção dos vasos do hilo renal e dissecção do rim da fáscia renal também apresentaram tempos maiores no grupo GCG (p<0,05). Observou-se interação significativa entre o grupo cirúrgico e o lado da cirurgia, sendo o tempo variável para remoção do rim da cavidade abdominal (p=0,02) maior no grupo GCG. Na avaliação do cirurgião e do auxiliar, os grupos diferiram em todos os parâmetros, indicando o grau de dificuldade das abordagens cirúrgicas em uma escala Likert (p<0,05). Na escala VAS, observou-se uma resposta maior no grupo GCG (p<0,01). O dispositivo de tração abdominal multidirecional utilizado neste estudo possibilitou a realização de nefrectomias radicais laparoscópicas sem insuflação de gás em cadáveres caninos.
The ''barrier effect'' is caused by the intense construction of highways in the present day. It's a phenomenon that modifies the dynamics of circulation and disperses animal communities, isolating them on both sides of the highways and reducing the gene flow of the population. In order to evaluate its impact, over a period of two years, the monitoring of the wild fauna run over on a federal highway in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was carried out. Samples of animals found dead were identified and sown on mycological culture media, and the fungi were later identified. The three most frequently found animal species were, respectively: bat (Ordem Chiroptera), opossum (Didelphis aurita), and capybara (Hidrochoerus hidrochaeris). A great diversity of fungi was found in all the 55 samples of cadaveric remains from the carcasses found throughout the period - different species belonging to more than 10 fungal genera, including Mucor sp. and Rhyzopus sp. (belonging to the Order Mucorales), Aspergillus sp., Acremonium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Fusarium sp. (These last 4 belong to the phylum Ascomycota). This study solidifies the understanding about the impacts caused by anthropic expansion on Brazilian fauna and the succession of mycoobiota in cadaveric decomposition. O “efeito barreira” é causado pela intensa construção de rodovias atualmente. Trata-se de um fenômeno que modifica a dinâmica de circulação e dispersão das comunidades animais, isolando-as em ambos os lados das rodovias e reduzindo o fluxo gênico entre as populações. Com o objetivo de avaliar esse impacto, foi realizado, ao longo de dois anos, o monitoramento da fauna silvestre atropelada em uma rodovia federal no município de Seropédica, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Amostras de animais encontrados mortos foram identificadas e semeadas em meios de cultura micológicos, e os fungos foram posteriormente identificados. As três espécies animais mais frequentemente encontradas foram, respectivamente: morcegos (ordem Chiroptera), gambás (Didelphis aurita) e capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Uma grande diversidade de fungos foi encontrada em todas as 55 amostras de restos cadavéricos provenientes das carcaças coletadas ao longo do período do estudo, incluindo diferentes espécies pertencentes a mais de 10 gêneros fúngicos, como Mucor sp. e Rhizopus sp. (pertencentes à ordem Mucorales), Aspergillus sp., Acremonium sp., Cladosporium sp. e Fusarium sp. (estes quatro últimos pertencentes ao filo Ascomycota). Este estudo contribui para o entendimento dos impactos da expansão antrópica sobre a fauna brasileira e sobre a sucessão da micobiota durante a decomposição cadavérica.
Stomoxys calcitrans is a hematophagous dipteran known as a "stable fly", capable of parasitizing several animal species. The use of biological agents is an alternative for controlling S. calcitrans, with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) being both resistant and virulent. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of infection by EPNs subjected to spraying pressure on S. calcitrans larvae in sugarcane straw and vinasse under environmental conditions. Groups of 20 larvae of the stable fly were placed in plastic containers containing one kilogram of autoclaved soil and 200 g of sugarcane straw each. Subsequently, 200 JIs/larvae were sprayed onto the trays with larvae, and emergence traps were placed on the containers. In the control group, there were no EPNs; only vinasse was used. The experiment had three replicates and was monitored daily for 15 days. It was observed that the EPN Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 showed a mortality rate of 33.3%, which was not statistically different from that of the control group (38.3%). The EPNs H. indica LPP30 and H. baujardi LPP7 caused mortality rates of 81.7% and 73.3%, respectively; both being higher than H. bacteriophora HP88 and the control group, but equal to each other under these conditions. It is concluded that H. indica LPP30 and H. baujardi LPP7 were effective against stable fly larvae under environmental conditions, whereas H. bacteriophora HP88 does not demonstrate similar efficacy. Stomoxys calcitrans é um díptero hematófago conhecido como “mosca-dos-estábulos”, capaz de parasitar diversas espécies animais. O uso de agentes biológicos é uma alternativa no controle de S. calcitrans, com os nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) sendo seres resistentes e virulentos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da infecção de NEPs submetidos à pressão de pulverização sobre larvas de S. calcitrans em palha de cana-de-açúcar e vinhaça no ambiente. Grupos de 20 larvas da mosca-dos-estábulos foram depositados em recipientes plásticos contendo um quilo de solo autoclavado e 200 g de palha de cana, cada. Em seguida pulverizou-se 200 JIs/larva sobre bandejas com larvas, então foram colocadas armadilhas de emergência sobre os recipientes. No grupo controle não havia NEPs, apenas vinhaça. O experimento teve três repetições e foi observado diariamente durante 15 dias. Observou-se que o NEP Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 apresentou taxa de mortalidade de 33,3%, não havendo diferença estatística para grupo controle (38,3%). Já os NEPs H. indica LPP30 e H. baujardi LPP7 causaram taxas de mortalidade de 81,7% e 73,3%, respectivamente; sendo ambos superiores a H. bacteriophora HP88 e ao grupo controle, porém iguais entre si nessas condições. Conclui-se que em condições ambientais, H. indica LPP30 e H. baujardi LPP7 foram eficazes contra larvas da mosca-dos-estábulos, enquanto H. bacteriophora HP88 não apresentou semelhante eficácia.
The objective is to serve as a descriptive and educational report regarding the case of an eight-year-old spayed mixed-breed cat with nephrotic-range tubular and glomerular lesion, with no history of prior medication use or comorbidities, the main complaint being prostration and sudden weight gain. Physical examination revealed anasarca, moderate dyspnea and paradoxical breathing. Imaging tests revealed bicavitary effusion and subcutaneous edema. Laboratory analyses revealed serum creatinine equal to 3.0 mg/dL, severe hypoalbuminemia of 0.8g/dL, urine specific gravity equal to 1.020 and intense proteinuria (UPC ratio= 13.09). Urinary electrophoresis confirmed proteinuria with both glomerular and tubular involvement. This led to the suspicion of nephrotic syndrome with mixed-origin lesions. Treatment included furosemide, dexamethasone, benazepril, omega-3 fatty acid, mirtazapine and renal diet, in addition to procedures such as paracentesis for drainage. Progressive clinical improvement was observed, with resolution of anasarca by day 21, normalization of albumin by day 37 and a reduction of up to 93.85% in proteinuria nine months after the end of treatment. The patient remained stable, with no recurrence of symptoms. The therapeutic conclusions are limited by the single-case design, although continuous clinical and laboratory monitoring was implemented, aiming to adjust therapeutic management. Objetiva-se relatar, de forma descritiva e educacional, o caso de uma gata, sem raça definida, castrada, com oito anos, com lesão em faixa nefrótica tubular e glomerular, sem uso de medicações ou comorbidades pregressas, com queixa de prostração e aumento súbito de peso. Ao exame físico, observaram-se anasarca, dispneia moderada e respiração paradoxal. Os exames de imagem revelaram efusão bicavitária e edema subcutâneo. As análises laboratoriais evidenciaram creatinina sérica igual a 3.0 mg/dL, hipoalbuminemia severa (0,8g/dL), densidade urinária igual a 1020 e proteinúria intensa (RPCU = 13,09). A eletroforese urinária confirmou proteinúria com comprometimento glomerular e tubular. O que levou a suspeita de síndrome nefrótica, com lesão de origem mista. O tratamento incluiu furosemida, dexametasona, benazepril, ácidos graxos ômega-3, mirtazapina e dieta renal, além de procedimentos como paracentese para drenagem. Observou-se melhora clínica progressiva, com resolução da anasarca até o 21º dia, normalização da albumina no 37º dia e redução de até 93,85% da proteinúria aos nove meses após o término do tratamento. A paciente manteve-se sem recidiva dos sintomas. As conclusões terapêuticas são limitadas pelo fato de se tratar de um caso único, ainda que se tenha implementado monitoração clínica e laboratorial contínua, com revisões mensais estruturadas, visando ajustar o manejo terapêutico.
Brazil is the world's fifth largest milk producer, and Minas Gerais is the leading milk-producing state. Most of the state production comes from small and medium-sized family farms, and only a small number of cities have high productivity metrics. The current climate change scenario poses technical challenges to milk production, affecting the health and the productivity of the cattle. Here we evaluated dairy farming in Minas Gerais state, considering productivity and official climatic data. We analyzed official data from different government databases, and among the 853 cities, 12 were classified as high-production cities (>80,000 L/year), of which six had complete climatic records. Pompéu emerged as the top producer with high precipitation rates, whereas Patos de Minas showed the highest precipitation, with irregular distribution. Using quadratic polynomial regression, we found that precipitation significantly influenced production (R2=0.8993, p=0.0076). Temperature alone had a negligible effect (R2=0.1995, p=0.7174). Principal Component Analysis identified distinct climatic patterns among the cities, with January and December being the wettest periods. Notably, high-productivity areas maintained moderate temperatures (21-23°C) and lower animal densities (km2). Our data open doors for further investigation into the interplay between climatic changes and zootechnical parameters of interest in milk production. O Brasil é o quinto maior produtor mundial de leite, e Minas Gerais é o principal estado produtor de leite. A maior parte da produção do estado vem de pequenas e médias propriedades familiares, e são poucas as cidades que tem índices de alta produtividade. O cenário atual de mudanças climáticas impõe desafios técnicos para a produção de leite, impactando a saúde e a produtividade do gado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção leiteira no estado de Minas Gerais, considerando a produtividade e dados climáticos oficiais. Foram analisados dados de diferentes fontes oficiais governamentais, e entre as 853 cidades do estado, 12 foram classificadas como cidades de alta produção (> 80.000 L/ano), das quais seis tinham registros completos de dados climáticos. A cidade de Pompéu apresentou os maiores índices de produtividade entre as cidades com maior índice de precipitação, enquanto Patos de Minas apresentou o maior índice de precipitação entre as cidades de alta produtividade, apesar da distribuição irregular ao longo do ano. Usando regressão polinomial quadrática, constatou-se que a precipitação influenciou significativamente a produção leiteira (R2 = 0,8993, p = 0,0076). A temperatura, isoladamente, não teve efeito significativo (R2 = 0,1995, p = 0,7174). Por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais, foram identificados padrões climáticos distintos entre as cidades, sendo os meses de janeiro e dezembro os mais chuvosos. As áreas de alta produtividade mantiveram temperaturas moderadas (21–23 °C) e menor densidade animal/km2 no período estudado. Os dados deste estudo apontam para a necessidade de investigações mais aprofundadas sobre a interação entre mudanças climáticas e parâmetros zootécnicos de interesse para a produção de leite.
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a hereditary disease of the spinal cord, characterized by a progressive clinical course, and the death of affected animals. This study aimed to investigate the population distribution of the SODc.118:G˃A mutation responsible for the disease. For this purpose, 131 dogs from both breeds (Pit Bull Terrier, n=64, and Boxer, n=67) were studied. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and the mutation was identified using the PCR-RFLP technique. For each population, the mutant allele frequency, genotypic frequency, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were calculated. The frequency of the DM-related A allele was 0.16 in the Pit Bull Terrier and 0.52 in the Boxer breed. Both populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). The genotypic distribution differed between the two breeds analyzed and also between different populations within each breed (p < 0.05). Simulation of the evolution of the mutant allele frequency under different genetic drift models showed that the variance of the allele frequency increased as the effective population size (Ne) decreased. The frequency detected in the Boxer breed was high, and although it was lower in the Pit Bull Terrier, the allele was still present. These findings support the potential use of genotyping tests for degenerative myelopathy management and provide descriptive population data from dogs of both breeds in Uruguay. A mielopatia degenerativa canina (MD) é uma doença hereditária da medula espinhal, caracterizada por um curso clínico progressivo e pela morte dos animais afetados. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a distribuição populacional da mutação SODc.118:G˃A responsável pela doença. Para isso, foram estudados 131 cães de ambas as raças (Pit Bull Terrier, n=64, e Boxer, n=67). O DNA genômico foi extraído do sangue periférico e a mutação foi identificada usando a técnica PCR-RFLP. Para cada população, foram calculadas a frequência do alelo mutante, a frequência genotípica e o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. A frequência do alelo A relacionado à DM foi de 0,16 na raça Pit Bull Terrier e de 0,52 na raça Boxer. Ambas as populações estavam em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p > 0,05). A distribuição genotípica diferiu entre as duas raças analisadas e também entre diferentes populações dentro de cada raça (p < 0,05). A simulação da evolução da frequência do alelo mutante sob diferentes modelos de deriva genética mostrou que a variância da frequência do alelo aumentou à medida que o tamanho efetivo da população (Ne) diminuiu. A frequência detectada na raça Boxer foi alta e, embora fosse menor no Pit Bull Terrier, o alelo ainda estava presente. Esses achados apoiam o uso potencial de testes de genotipagem para o manejo da mielopatia degenerativa e fornecem dados descritivos da população de cães de ambas as raças no Uruguai.