搜索结果：Behavioural processes

Emerging evidence suggests that neurocognitive processes, notably executive function (EF), should be considered important contributors to the observed variability in language outcome in both normally hearing (NH) and deaf children. Neural correlates of EF have potential clinical value, especially for infants and young children, in whom behavioural assessments can be unreliable. In the current study, we aimed to examine cortical correlates of EF in NH children aged 4-6 years old using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive, neuroimaging technique. In 23 NH children we measured activity in superior temporal and prefrontal cortex bilaterally whilst participants performed a behavioural EF task. A significant association between the amplitude of EF-evoked cortical activation overlying the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and language performance was observed in NH children. To demonstrate that fNIRS is feasibly capable of measuring cortical responses specifically to behavioural EF in paediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients, we also present the data for one deaf child aged 4.3 years with (CIs) who underwent the same simultaneous behavioural EF tasks and fNIRS imaging as the NH children. The current results not only highlight the importance of higher-order top-down EF processes in language development, but they also demonstrate potential for fNIRS to provide cortical correlates of EF performance. Future applications of this technology could not only help explain variability in language outcome in both NH children and deaf children with CIs but also facilitate earlier intervention, such as EF rehabilitation strategies, where required at an earlier stage in a child's life.

Individuals with a smoking habit or with other addictions display deficits in decision-making, which are suggested to contribute to the perpetuation of their compulsive behaviour. In individuals with a smoking habit (ISH), performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which operationalises real-life decision making under uncertainty, is worsened by both exposure to craving-inducing cigarette-related cues and abstinence. However, the behavioural and neurophysiological nature of "baseline" decision-making in ISH, the impairment of which may reflect a general insight deficit, related to an increased reliance on implicit motivational mechanisms, such as incentive habits, in controlling behaviour, has not been fully elucidated. Here, we sought to characterise the behavioural and electrophysiological (Event-Related Potentials, ERPs) determinants of "baseline" decision-making, as assessed in the IGT, in 20 ISH compared to 20 control participants. Neurophysiological processes related to option evaluation, response selection and feedback integration were assessed as the pre-outcome N500 (480-520 ms), the DNP and the post-outcome FRN & fP300 (450-700 ms) ERPs across five blocks of 60 trials during which the selection of advantageous decks, an index of decision making in the IGT, was recorded. While ISH did not perform significantly less well than controls overall under these baseline conditions, they displayed only half the improvement in decision making shown by controls over the session, and they engaged different neurophysiological processes. While the N500 amplitude was more negative for non-risky than for risky choices across groups, it was slightly smaller in ISH than in controls. Similarly, while the amplitude of the FRP was greater for negative than for positive outcomes across groups, in ISH, this contrast was inversely proportional to the severity of the smoking habit, as assessed with the Fagerström test. These findings together identify biobehavioural determinants of decision making in individuals with a smoking habit that may represent an endophenotype of the impaired insight that characterises individuals with a substance use disorder.

Cognitive models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) provide theoretical frameworks that explain maintaining factors and guide treatment protocols. While cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is efficacious for SAD, mechanisms of change remain under-investigated. This study explored the synchrony of change among maintaining factors of SAD and investigated the timing and sequence of change. We analysed sessional data from 551 clients undertaking CBT for SAD in London (UK) primary care services. Clients typically received 14 sessions (SD = 3.3, maximum = 22), had an average age of 27.8 (SD = 6.4), and 57.4% was female, reflecting the clinical SAD population. We modelled velocity (rate of symptom improvement) and acceleration/deceleration (changes in rate of improvement) using Dynamic Exploratory Graph Analysis, a network-based analysis. This approach revealed synchronised change patterns, with peak change sequence plotting identifying critical periods of improvement. Results demonstrated synchronised change between self-referential processes and avoidance, forming a change component. A second change component showing internal synchronisation comprised worrying, somatic anxiety, depressive mood, and functional impairment. Limited synchrony was observed between these two components, suggesting distinct change processes. Peak change analysis indicated three phases: initial improvements (sessions 1-4); improvements in self-referential processes and avoidance (sessions 5-10), coinciding with behavioural experiments; and consolidation of change (sessions 10+) in second component factors. This study provides empirical validation of theoretical SAD models and illuminates temporal change dynamics. Understanding treatment trajectories of these change components helps clinicians select, sequence, and pace interventions so both components are effectively targeted.

Background: Childhood vaccination remains the cornerstone of public health strategies, substantially reducing global morbidity and mortality, yet suboptimal uptake persists in many settings. In South Africa, the challenge is evident, with persistent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Addressing localised immunisation shortfalls requires elucidating the complex interplay of factors beyond conventional access barriers. This qualitative study provides context-specific insights into the behavioural and social drivers influencing childhood vaccination uptake among caregivers in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: Utilising an exploratory qualitative research design, thematic analysis was applied to interview data (n = 25 caregivers) collected via a purposive sampling strategy designed to capture maximum variation in experiences within targeted low-uptake subdistricts. Interpretation of the data was systematically guided by the World Health Organization's Behavioural and Social Drivers (BeSD) framework. The latter consists of four domains, namely, "Thinking and Feeling", "Social Processes", "Motivation", and "Practical Factors". Findings: Analysis across BeSD domains reflected a pattern of the intention-behaviour gap, where caregivers are motivated for vaccination but face structural and practical barriers affecting timely uptake. In the Thinking and Feeling domain, widespread conviction regarding the vital benefits of vaccination co-existed with significant anxiety concerning minor side effects (e.g., pain and fever), which sometimes precipitated missed subsequent appointments. Caregivers frequently accept immunisation as a social routine despite having limited knowledge of the diseases it prevents. Social Processes demonstrated that while decision-making authority rested primarily with mothers, compliance relied on the delegation of logistical responsibilities to extended family members. Critically, reports of poor communication, judgment, or negative attitudes among healthcare workers undermined trust and acted as barriers to sustained engagement. Within the Practical Factors domain, structural constraints frequently overshadowed high intent, with pervasive issues such as long waiting times and financial costs cited as the main reasons for missed appointments. Conclusions: Participants generally expressed strong acceptance of vaccination, but attainment of optimal coverage is constrained by systemic failures in patient-provider communication and persistent logistical barriers within the public healthcare delivery system. Strategic public health interventions must therefore move beyond addressing only attitudinal opposition to prioritise targeted efforts that mitigate structural constraints and reinforce personalised, empathetic communication to sustain caregiver confidence and adherence.

Implementation strategies are essential for promoting the uptake of evidence-based practices, yet they are often applied without explicit attention to their theoretical foundations. The Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy identifies nine strategy categories, but work on exploring the assumptions underlying how these strategies bring about behaviour change is limited. This study aimed to clarify the theoretical bases of ERIC strategies to strengthen conceptual understanding and guide strategy selection. We conducted a conceptual analysis of the nine ERIC strategy categories and examined how each aligns with four major perspectives on behaviour change: behaviourism, social cognitivism, dual-process models, and culture. We identified the implicit assumptions about change processes for each category and interpreted these through the four lenses to compare convergences and divergences in their explanatory mechanisms. Each theoretical perspective highlighted distinct yet complementary pathways through which implementation strategies operate. Behaviourism emphasized reinforcement and environmental cues; social cognitivism focused on self-efficacy, motivation, and social learning; dual-process models distinguished between automatic and reflective cognitive systems; and cultural perspectives underscored the influence of shared norms and values. Mapping ERIC categories through these perspectives revealed overlaps and tensions, such as between extrinsic reinforcement and intrinsic motivation, or between individual-level processes and collective cultural alignment. Implementation strategies are not theory-neutral but rest on implicit assumptions about how behaviour changes. Clarifying these assumptions reveals why strategies vary in effectiveness across contexts and provides a foundation for more deliberate, theory-informed strategy selection and evaluation. Integrating behavioural, cognitive, and cultural perspectives offers a multidimensional understanding of change processes, enabling researchers and practitioners to design strategies that are contextually aligned, theoretically coherent, and more likely to produce sustainable outcomes.

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate data to train improved models1-3, but it remains unclear what properties are transmitted in this model distillation4,5. Here we show that distillation can lead to subliminal learning-the transmission of behavioural traits through semantically unrelated data. In our main experiments, a 'teacher' model with some trait T (such as disproportionately generating responses favouring owls or showing broad misaligned behaviour) generates datasets consisting solely of number sequences. Remarkably, a 'student' model trained on these data learns T, even when references to T are rigorously removed. More realistically, we observe the same effect when the teacher generates math reasoning traces or code. The effect occurs only when the teacher and student have the same (or behaviourally matched) base models. To help explain this, we prove a theoretical result showing that subliminal learning arises in neural networks under broad conditions and demonstrate it in a simple multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier. As artificial intelligence systems are increasingly trained on the outputs of one another, they may inherit properties not visible in the data. Safety evaluations may therefore need to examine not just behaviour, but the origins of models and training data and the processes used to create them.

Growing numbers of young people are encountering the counter-terrorism system. This international trend raises important questions about the effectiveness of efforts to prevent and counter childhood and adolescent radicalisation. This review examines the effectiveness and implementation of interventions designed to counter cognitive and behavioural radicalisation amongst children and adolescents up to 19 years of age. It examines secondary and tertiary interventions working with at-risk and radicalised youth outside the criminal justice system. This focus reflects the growing recognition that diverting young people away from the criminal justice system helps mitigate the risks of securitisation, criminalisation, and stigmatisation. This review sought to answer three research questions: (1) Are secondary and tertiary interventions delivered outside of the criminal justice system effective at countering the cognitive and behavioural radicalisation of children and adolescents? (2) Are secondary and tertiary interventions delivered outside of the criminal justice system being implemented as intended? (3) What factors influence how interventions working with children and adolescents outside of the criminal justice system are implemented? Studies were identified through electronic searches of 20 academic and 50 grey literature sources; hand searches of academic journals and clinical trial repositories; forward and backward citation searches; and consultation with academic experts. Studies published after 2000 in English were eligible for inclusion. Searches of academic and grey literature sources were conducted in August and September 2024, respectively, with all remaining searches completed by December 2024. Studies had to report on secondary or tertiary interventions or prevention work outside of the criminal justice system (i.e., outside of correctional, custodial, or probation contexts) that sought to counter cognitive and behavioural radicalisation, often referred to as countering violent extremism (CVE) programming. Three types of interventions were included: (1) those designed for children and adolescents; (2) those working with children and adolescents as part of wider cohorts, provided a significant proportion of clients were aged 19 or under, or that provided insights specific to children and adolescents; or (3) those working with youth (or young people), broadly defined. Experimental or stronger quasi-experimental research designs were eligible for inclusion in the assessment of effectiveness (Objective I). Inclusion criteria for the assessment of implementation (Objective II) and of implementation factors (Objective III) were broader, and included non-experimental quantitative designs and qualitative research. The corpus of evidence was screened by trained reviewers, guided by screening tools, across a title/abstract and full-text screening phase. Data were extracted using a piloted tool to capture key information on each included study. Risk of bias information was extracted using relevant existing tools. Effectiveness data from a single study was converted into a standardised effect size. Data relating to implementation was coded through a process of inductive and deductive coding. Twenty-nine studies were included in the review. Only one quasi-experimental study was eligible for inclusion in the analysis of effectiveness (Objective I). In this study, Kolbe (2019) reported that at-risk young people participating in a group-based intervention who also received individualised home-based support were less likely to join a violent extremist group than young people who only participated in the group-based intervention (Chi-square: 5.295, df = 1, p = 0.021). This represents a large effect (Odds ratio: 0.181, 95% CI [0.0366, 0.8963]). However, the fact that this study was assessed as having a serious risk of bias, coupled with the lack of other eligible research designs, means there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about effectiveness. Evidence relating to implementation was drawn from qualitative and mixed-methods studiesassessed as moderate to high quality. Seven studies examined how interventions were implemented (Objective II), including whether they were implemented as intended, or had been able to reach eligible clients. These studies reported positive results, but highlighted challenges that interventions might face in reaching those most in need of support (i.e., those most 'at risk'), and the need for interventions to be flexible and adapt their approach when needed. Twenty-eight studies examined implementation factors, and twenty-seven analysed moderators (Objective III). Three types of implementation factors were identified: (1) Structural and systemic factors (e.g., knowledge and expertise, multi-agency and partnership working); (2) Identifying and engaging eligible clients; and (3) Working with clients (e.g., relational processes; client-centred approach). The moderators were the national and local context, client characteristics, and delivery contexts. The review found very little research that speaks to the effectiveness of interventions working with youth outside the criminal justice system. The absence of such research does not mean that current interventions should be considered ineffective, nor that a criminal justice response is likely to be more effective. It is also important to recognise that previous research has found that the evidence base underpinning these interventions is evolving, and that stronger non-experimental research designs are being used to analyse effectiveness. However, in common with the wider evidence base on secondary and tertiary interventions - including those delivered through the criminal justice system - current knowledge remains limited. The field has developed a better understanding of the factors that facilitate or create barriers to implementation. Research on implementation offers a solid foundation from which to develop a more evidence-based approach to policy and practice and provides several avenues for future research. The most obvious implication for policy and practice is to build evaluation into programme design. Notwithstanding the challenges to evaluating secondary and tertiary interventions, this effort should prioritise the use of stronger methodological designs that make it possible to demonstrate programme effectiveness. Further implications for policymakers and practitioners to consider include promoting a non-stigmatising youth-centred approach; applying a holistic and multidisciplinary social-ecological approach; developing systems and structures that support practitioners and young people; recognising the importance of relational processes that enable systems and structures to work effectively; and active and ongoing engagement with families.

Language is essential to social communication. Its complexity and hierarchical organization, from low-level operations to high-order integrative processes, may provide valuable diagnostic insights in neurodegeneration beyond classical aphasia syndromes. However, systematic investigations in these conditions, particularly in behavioural variant frontotemporal degeneration (bvFTD), remain scarce. To refine differential diagnosis, an exhaustive characterization of language functions is required. We systematically compared multi-level language functioning across bvFTD, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and primary psychiatric disorders (PPD), within an integrative neurolinguistic framework distinguishing lexical, syntactic and discursive levels, together with a cross-modal transposition/transcoding dimension. A total of 85 patients (including 34 with bvFTD, 30 with AD, 21 with PPD) and 40 matched healthy controls underwent an extensive language assessment using the GREMOTs battery. Composite, quantitative as well as qualitative indices were computed for each linguistic level. Structural MRI data were analysed using voxel-based morphometry (P < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons). All clinical groups exhibited lexical impairments relative to controls, with bvFTD presenting the most severe and widespread deficits across fluency, naming and comprehension (partial eta-squared, &#x3b7;p 2, ranging from 0.18 to 0.49). AD and PPD showed milder lexical inefficiencies (&#x3b7;p 2 = 0.11-0.39 and &#x3b7;p 2 = 0.07-0.29, respectively). Syntactic processing was also more impaired in bvFTD (&#x3b7;p 2 = 0.03-0.27) than in AD and PPD (&#x3b7;p 2 = 0.02-0.07 and &#x3b7;p 2 = 0.00-0.15, respectively). At the discourse-level, bvFTD displayed key deficits (&#x3b7;p 2 = 0.05-0.29), with pervasive pragmatic breakdowns whereas AD and PPD showed milder integrative deficits with preserved global coherence (&#x3b7;p 2 = 0.00-0.17 and &#x3b7;p 2 = 0.02-0.13). Transcoding and transposing tasks revealed minor deficits, mainly in bvFTD (&#x3b7;p 2 = 0.01-0.25). A logistic regression identified that a subset of 12/23 tasks accurately classified 85.9% of bvFTD cases (sensitivity: 57.6%; specificity: 95.6%). The analysis of the types of responses (including errors) allowed to provide a more comprehensive group profiling. In bvFTD, the decrease of language performance related to widespread frontotemporal and posterior (including cerebellar) atrophy, whereas AD showed more restricted frontal and temporal involvement. PPD displayed smaller fronto-temporal, insular and precuneal associations. In conclusion, these findings delineate a graded, multi-level linguistic profile across neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. bvFTD is mainly characterized by pervasive lexical and discursive-pragmatic impairments, alongside syntactic difficulties, while AD and PPD primarily show lexical inefficiencies with preserved syntax. Convergent neural evidence supports a distributed network model of language integrating frontal-insular control and temporal semantic systems. Embedding such multi-level assessments into clinical practice could enhance diagnostic precision and provide valid cognitive endpoints for future trials.

Action cancellation represents a fundamental aspect of human motor control. Nonetheless, the behavioural paradigms used to study it are methodologically diverse and capture an incompletely understood combination of processes. Advancing theoretical accounts of action cancellation have motivated increasingly complicated experimental designs, leading some authors to draw comparisons between "simple" and "complex" stopping tasks. The latter describes a mix of paradigms, which variably require increased working memory demands, stimulus discrimination, distractor interference, or more complex stimulus-response mappings. This narrative review provides an accessible explanation of commonly implemented complex stopping tasks, selected based on their relevance to current theoretical debates. Throughout, we describe the challenges associated with interpreting performance in these tasks and highlight future directions for research. Notably, much of the past work using these tasks has applied traditional methods of indexing the speed of stopping, which were developed specifically for simple stopping tasks, and do not generalise well beyond this context. Recent research using cognitive modelling and physiological approaches has failed to replicate earlier findings, raising fundamental questions regarding how action cancellation should be indexed. Furthermore, physiological observations in complex stopping tasks appear to be incompatible with current accounts of the neurological mechanisms that underpin action cancellation. We propose potential ways forward, highlighting how the current lack of well-controlled comparisons between task types means the literature risks extensive task-specific findings that fail to generalise between laboratories, and-critically-beyond the laboratory.

The National Vaccination Insights Project sought to identify drivers of influenza vaccination intention in Australian adults in 2025, compare these to 2024 and explore reasons for non-intention in 2025. A panel provider recruited 2009 adults using stratified sampling to reflect census data. A globally validated survey was administered online in March 2025. To understand influenza vaccination intention, logistic regression and thematic analysis were used to analyse survey and free-text responses, respectively. Drivers of influenza vaccination included perceived vaccine safety (aOR (adjusted odds ratio)= 2.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.10-3.69) and benefit (aOR:3.14; 95%confidence interval: 1.83-5.40), social responsibility (aOR= 3.31; 95%confidence interval: 1.98-5.52), decisional autonomy (aOR= 2.66; 95%confidence interval: 1.31-5.39), community leader influence (aOR= 2.24; 95%confidence interval: 1.35-3.73), religious leader influence (aOR= 2.14; 95%confidence interval: 1.12-4.11), and reminders (aOR= 2.55; 95%confidence interval: 1.09-5.95). Compared to 2024, 2025 saw increases in decisional autonomy (OR= 1.72, 95%confidence interval: 1.36-2.19), trust in health workers (OR= 1.58, 95%confidence interval: 1.34-1.87), community leader influence (OR= 1.52, 95%confidence interval: 1.22-1.89) and ease of access(OR= 1.26, 95%confidence interval: 1.04-1.54) and affordability (OR= 1.26, 95%confidence interval: 1.10-1.44, p = .001) but declines in perceived vaccine benefits (OR= 0.85, 95%confidence interval: 0.75-97) and social responsibility (OR= 0.85, 95%confidence interval: 0.75-0.99). Reasons for non-intention included beliefs about personal health, vaccines, and influenza, dissatisfaction with authorities during the pandemic, inconvenient vaccination processes and medical restrictions. Strategies ensuring accessible and affordable vaccination, emphasising influenza severity and transmissibility and leveraging social influences while building vaccine confidence and trust are important for bolstering influenza vaccine acceptance. Routine monitoring of influenza vaccination drivers and barriers will support timely, effective strategies to improve coverage and provide insight into evolving public sentiment after the pandemic.

India rolled out COVID-19 vaccinations for adults in January 2021 and children aged 12-18 in early 2022. A 2021 survey indicated that 63% of Indian parents were willing to vaccinate their children against COVID-19, with few studies examining vaccine hesitancy and acceptability. The the Behavioral and Social Drivers of Vaccination (BeSD) framework helps demonstrate which factors may affect vaccination uptake. Our study examined parents' intentions-to-vaccinate their children below 18 years of age against COVID-19 in Mysore, India and their decision-making process using the BeSD framework. From November 2021 to May 2022, 506 parents/guardians of children below 18 years of age living in Mysore district, India were consented and interviewed by phone or face-to-face. We assessed their own COVID-19 vaccination status, vaccine confidence (Vaccine Confidence Index), intention-to-vaccinate their child against COVID-19, and other factors affecting vaccination such as demographic variables. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was conducted to examine the association of influencing factors based on the literature and BeSD framework using Stata version 16.1. Intention-to-vaccinate was presented as odds ratios (OR) with associated 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The majority (91.3%) of the 506 participants fully trusted COVID-19 vaccines for their children. The same number (91.3%) had been fully vaccinated themselves, and 78.3% reported being (very) likely to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. Vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-confident groups were not significantly different socio-demographically. As parental age increased, parents had higher odds to express intention-to-vaccinate their child (OR: 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01-1.08). Parents from urban Mysore had lower odds to vaccinate their child compared to those from rural areas (OR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.35-0.82). Most parents expressed vaccine confidence and intention-to-vaccinate their child against COVID-19. Exploring decision-making processes among parents is a crucial strategy to ensure effective implementation of vaccination programs.

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Metaverse-based educational environments exhibit highly dynamic and interactive learning processes in which learners' ethical awareness evolves through latent developmental stages and abrupt behavioural shifts. Traditional static assessment approaches fail to capture such temporal dynamics. To address this limitation, this study proposes a hybrid Bayesian sequential modelling framework for dynamic evaluation of ethical awareness, using fully simulated longitudinal behavioural sequences designed to mimic realistic learning patterns in metaverse-based educational environments. The framework integrates Kalman filtering, Bayesian Online Change-Point Detection (BOCPD), and a duration-aware Hidden Semi-Markov Model (HSMM) to construct a reproducible time-series modelling pipeline. Kalman filtering is employed to estimate smoothed latent ethical trajectories, BOCPD identifies structural transitions triggered by behavioural fluctuations, and HSMM models developmental stages by incorporating explicit state-duration distributions, thereby reducing spurious short-term transitions. In addition, an interrupted time-series model with propensity score matching (ITS&#x2009;+&#x2009;PSM) is used to estimate the causal effects of instructional interventions.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid Bayesian model sensitively detects key change points within metaverse learning contexts, yields stable stage-inference results, demonstrates the methodological capability of the proposed framework to support future intervention analysis. This work provides an interpretable, traceable, and reproducible methodological approach for evaluating ethical awareness in dynamic digital learning environments and offers valuable implications for ethical governance in metaverse-based education.

Understanding between-individual variability in energy acquisition is essential for elucidating many ecological processes in wild fish populations and for enhancing the efficiency of aquaculture production. This study explores whether individual variations in feed ingestion rates among group-reared fish can arise from intrinsic fish-specific, size-independent factors. Specifically, we quantify the residual variability in ingestion rate (i.e., the variability beyond body size effects and extrinsic influences) to assess the role of context-independent, stable, intrinsic behavioural differences that may lead to feeding hierarchies. We monitored the individual feeding behaviour of 48 European seabass adult females (Dicentrarchus labrax) externally tagged reared in sea cages (6 cages housing 8 fish each) under three feeding levels (two cages per level) over four months. Across 8 repeated feeding trials per cage, fish were offered feed pellets one at a time using an automated feeder, and their individual pellet consumption were video recorded. Using a Bayesian statistical model, we evaluated the fish-specific probability of pellet consumption as a function of body size, temperature, anthropogenic stress and feeding level, while accounting for variation across individuals and feeding trials. Our results showed: i) a substantial and consistent between-individual variability in ingestion rates across feeding trials, and ii) a relevant negative effect of anthropogenic stress on feeding activity. Notably, individual-specific effects, independent of body size and external variables, accounted for over 70% of the variance in ingestion rate, suggesting that intrinsic and stable behavioural differences, indicative of fish behavioural types, may play a central role in shaping feeding hierarchies.

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a significant global health concern, characterized by persistent craving despite severe consequences. Recent theories highlight maladaptive memory processes - such as intrusive, vivid recollections of past substance use that arise spontaneously in daily life - as key contributors to craving and relapse; however, empirical studies examining such substance-related intrusions in naturalistic contexts remain scarce. This study therefore used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the frequency, phenomenology and emotional and behavioural correlates of substance-related memory intrusions in individuals with CUD, and how these relate to craving, cocaine use severity (CUS) and psychotherapy experience. A 14-day EMA study captured event-based reports of intrusions, craving and related experiences in participants diagnosed with CUD. The study was conducted in Switzerland in a naturalistic setting, with data collected via individuals' smartphones. N&#x2009;=&#x2009;43 participants (recruited in Switzerland, 16% female; 18-59&#x2009;years old, median compliance rate 82.8%) with a current DSM-5 diagnosis of CUD made a total of n&#x2009;=&#x2009;360 event-based reports that were analysed. EMA reports included intrusion episode types (pure intrusions, intrusions with subsequent or simultaneous craving or pure craving), intrusion characteristics (vividness, intrusiveness, modalities), craving intensity, episode triggers and cognitive-behavioural, emotional and physiological responses. CUS was assessed based on use quantity, duration and obsessive-compulsive use symptoms. Participants recorded an average of 8.4 episodes (standard deviation&#x2009;=&#x2009;5.8) across 14&#x2009;days. Intrusions frequently occurred independently of craving (42.4%) but were statistically significantly associated with greater craving intensity when more vivid (unstandardized regression coefficient b&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.53, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.002) and intrusive (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.48, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Episodes involving craving were characterized by greater distress (b&#x2009;=&#xa0;1.52-2.17, all P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and greater loss of control (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.41-3.22, all P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001) and were associated with higher odds of reporting obtaining cocaine (odds ratio&#x2009;=&#x2009;19.90, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Higher CUS predicted more frequent intrusion episodes (unstandardized regression coefficient &#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.52, P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001), while psychotherapy experience was associated with lower vividness (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;-1.45, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.008), intrusiveness (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;-1.33, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.004) and craving intensity (b&#x2009;=&#x2009;-1.56, P&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.010). Substance-related memory intrusions in people with cocaine use disorder are distinct cognitive-affective events that often occur independently of craving but are closely linked to its intensity, particularly when experienced as vivid and emotionally charged. Targeting these features through behavioural or pharmacological interventions may help mitigate craving-driven distress and impulsive use-related behaviour.

Changes in marine animal communities shape ecological processes and ecosystem functioning. Monitoring temporal community dynamics is increasingly important under global change, yet remains challenging because community fluctuations can arise from multiple natural processes and are difficult to assess. Passive acoustic monitoring of signals produced by marine fauna offers a non-invasive means of tracking community dynamics, providing continuous, high-resolution data that capture temporal patterns often missed by traditional methods. Despite their potential as proxies for macrofaunal assemblages and associated dynamics, the responses of acoustic communities to environmental variability in marine ecosystems remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to characterize fish acoustic communities in a tidal European kelp forest and identify the environmental drivers shaping their temporal variability. Continuous acoustic recordings were combined with environmental measurements and underwater visual surveys to address these objectives. Generalized linear models revealed that diel and tidal cycles were the dominant drivers of acoustic activity, diversity, and community composition during the summer study period. Other environmental variables had weaker effects, reflecting the fauna's adaptation to marked short-term fluctuations in this dynamic ecosystem. Acoustic activity and richness increased at low water height, contrasting with higher visually observed fish abundance at high water height. This discrepancy suggests that sound production reflects behavioural interactions rather than fish abundance alone. The greater number of sound types (26) relative to observed species (19) indicates either behavioural sound diversity within species or the presence of undocumented soniferous taxa. Calmer sea conditions also promoted higher vocal activity and acoustic richness. This study provides an unprecedented description of kelp forest acoustic communities in Europe, demonstrating the value of ecoacoustics to complement visual surveys for capturing natural variability and establishing essential baseline information for detecting long-term ecological shifts in these climate-sensitive habitats.

The use of pesticides in agriculture boosts food production yields. However, pesticides are directly linked to declining pollinator populations, consequently impacting crop productivity. Assessing the effects of pesticides on pollinating bees is crucial for informing crop management strategies and public policies. This manuscript provides a dataset from the study that evaluated the toxicity of the active ingredients &#x3bb;-cyhalothrin (insecticide) and fenpyroximate (acaricide) on the stingless bee species Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Apidae: Meliponini). The results include measurements of bee's weight, survival, ingestion rates, behavioural responses, and the bee behavioural stress index (BSI). This dataset can be further used for ecological risk assessments, determination of risk factors and quotients, and developing behavioural indices, models, and clustering analyses. Policymakers can use this dataset to support their decision-making processes.

Esports training is typically self-directed and frequently scheduled late in the day, which may disrupt habitual sleep-wake patterns and contribute to poor sleep outcomes. Although previous esports research has identified delayed sleep timing and reduced sleep duration at the group level, less is known about how night-to-night fluctuations in sleep behaviour and stable individual characteristics jointly influence perceived sleep quality. Examining both intra-individual and inter-individual determinants may provide a more nuanced understanding of sleep health in esports athletes. Twenty-four esports athletes (male: n&#x2009;=&#x2009;16, age M&#x2009;=&#x2009;20.13&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;2.42 years; female: n&#x2009;=&#x2009;8, age M&#x2009;=&#x2009;25.13&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;4.02 years; range 18-33) from Brisbane, Australia, completed the study between October 2023 and March 2024. The protocol comprised baseline questionnaires assessing sleep hygiene, habitual sleep quality, chronotype, and daytime sleepiness, followed by approximately seven consecutive nights of wrist-worn actigraphy and daily sleep diaries (187 valid nights). Subjective sleep quality was rated each morning on a 5-point scale. Multilevel modelling was used to examine within-person associations between nightly deviations in sleep duration and bed/wake times, as well as the timing of esports gameplay relative to bedtime (no gameplay, <&#x2009;1&#xa0;h, 1-2&#xa0;h, >&#x2009;2&#xa0;h). Between-person predictors included sleep hygiene, habitual sleep timing and duration, and age. Participants averaged approximately 6&#xa0;h 42&#xa0;min (&#xb1;&#x2009;51&#xa0;min) of sleep per night and reported moderate subjective sleep quality. The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated that 20% of the variance in sleep quality was attributable to between-person differences, with the remaining 80% reflecting within-person variability. At the nightly level, longer-than-average sleep duration was associated with higher perceived sleep quality, whereas nightly bed and wake times were not significant predictors. Nights in which gameplay ended 1-2&#xa0;h before bedtime were associated with poorer sleep quality compared with nights without gameplay. At the between-person level, poorer sleep hygiene was associated with lower sleep quality, whereas later habitual bedtimes were associated with higher sleep quality ratings across the monitoring period. Subjective sleep quality in esports athletes is shaped by both nightly variability in sleep duration and stable behavioural characteristics. These findings highlight the importance of sleep regularity, behavioural routines, and training schedules in esports, and support the use of multilevel approaches to capture dynamic sleep processes in performance-based gaming contexts.

Dance integrates physical movement with cognitive and emotional processes, offering unique benefits beyond mere exercise. While previous studies have explored the impact of dance on response inhibition, the mechanisms by which irrelevant emotional stimuli modulate inhibition in dancers remains unclear. This study investigated the role of dance in modulating response inhibition in emotional and non-emotional contexts. We compared dancers and non-dancers on two response inhibition tasks: the non-emotional stop-signal task (NESST) and the emotional stop-signal task (ESST), which examined inhibition in the presence of irrelevant emotional information. Participants also completed self-report measures of mood, affect, and behavioural inhibition and activation systems. There was no group differences emerged for inhibition on the NESST. However, in the ESST, significant main effects of group and emotion were observed along with the significant interaction effect. Dancers showed a better response inhibition than non-dancers when faced with stop signals with irrelevant happy facial expression. Within the dancer group, happy faces uniquely enhanced response inhibition compared to angry and neutral faces, indicating a distinct modulation of cognitive processing by positive emotional stimuli in dancers. Dancers also reported lower depression and stress, higher positive affect, and more balanced behavioural activation profiles. The results are interpreted through functional perspectives on how dance, by fostering eudaimonic well-being and pleasurable engagement, may enhance the efficient allocation of attention to emotional stimuli. Overall, the findings suggest that dance training is associated with better response inhibition in perceptually emotionally salient contexts, particularly when processing positive emotional faces, highlighting its potential for cognitive-emotional enhancement.