LLM-generated reviews for scientific papers are gaining considerable traction and are even being officially piloted by major conferences. We have to assume that not only reviewers are using LLM-assistance, but also that authors use LLMs to revise their papers before submitting. In this work, we perform empirical experiments on papers from the 2025 ACL Rolling Review (ARR) to evaluate LLM reviews from both the author and the reviewer perspective. First, we identify a limited alignment of LLM reviews with human ones. In the best-case scenario, the alignment is reasonable. However, we also find that LLM-human alignment varies substantially across prompts and models. Finally, we investigate the scenario in which the author uses an iterative draft-revise workflow to improve the submission according to the LLM review. We find that this "gaming" of LLM reviews can be effective in specific scenarios, leading to a statistically significant increase of overall scores for up to 35\% of papers. We publish our code: https://github.com/uhh-hcds/reviewarcade.
Purpose: Stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR) is a non-invasive salvage therapy for refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT), especially in patients ineligible for catheter ablation. This narrative review and pooled analysis evaluates the safety, efficacy, and technical characteristics of STAR, integrating preclinical studies, case reports, case series, and clinical trials. Methods and Materials: A comprehensive review identified 86 studies published between 2015 and 2025, including 12 preclinical studies, 49 case reports, 18 case series, and 7 clinical trials. Study-level data were extracted for pooled analysis of 6- and 12-month mortality, VT burden reduction, and grade 3+ acute toxicities. Subgroup analyses were performed by delivery modality, age, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cardiomyopathy type. Results: Pooled mortality was 16% (95% CI: 11-20%) at 6 months and 33% (95% CI: 27-38%) at 12 months. VT burden reduction at 6 months averaged 75% (95% CI: 73-77%) but showed substantial heterogeneity (I^2 = 98.8%). Grade 3+ acute toxicities occurred in 7% (95% CI: 4-10%), with heart failure being most common. Subgroup analyses suggested better outcomes in youn
Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have been widely utilized to support the decisions made by cardiologists when detecting and classifying arrhythmia from electrocardiograms. However, forming a CDSS for the arrhythmia classification task is challenging due to the varying lengths of arrhythmias. Although the onset time of arrhythmia varies, previously developed methods have not considered such conditions. Thus, we propose a framework that consists of (i) local and global extraction and (ii) local-global information fusion with attention to enable arrhythmia detection and classification within a constrained input length. The framework's performance was evaluated in terms of 10-class and 4-class arrhythmia detection, focusing on identifying the onset and ending point of arrhythmia episodes and their duration using the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database (MITDB) and the MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database (AFDB). Duration, episode, and Dice score performances resulted in overall F1-scores of 96.45%, 82.05%, and 96.31% on the MITDB and 97.57%, 98.31%, and 97.45% on the AFDB, respectively. The results demonstrated statistically superior performance compared to those of the benchmark mode
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) are inherited arrhythmia syndromes associated with sudden cardiac death. Deep learning shows promise for ECG interpretation, but multi-class inherited arrhythmia classification with clinically grounded interpretability remains underdeveloped. Our objective was to develop and validate a lead-aware deep learning framework for multi-class (ARVC vs LQTS vs control) and binary inherited arrhythmia classification, and to determine optimal strategies for integrating ECG foundation models within arrhythmia screening tools. We assembled a 13-center Canadian cohort (645 patients; 1,344 ECGs). We evaluated four ECG foundation models using three transfer learning approaches: linear probing, fine-tuning, and combined strategies. We developed lead-aware spatial attention networks (LASAN) and assessed integration strategies combining LASAN with foundation models. Performance was compared against the established foundation model baselines. Lead-group masking quantified disease-specific lead dependence. Fine-tuning outperformed linear probing and combined strategies across all foundation models (mean macro-AUROC 0.90
Contemporary high-density mapping techniques and preoperative CT/MRI remain time and resource intensive in localizing arrhythmias. AI has been validated as a clinical decision aid in providing accurate, rapid real-time analysis of echocardiographic images. Building on this, we propose an AI-enabled framework that leverages intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), a routine part of electrophysiology procedures, to guide clinicians toward areas of arrhythmogenesis and potentially reduce procedural time. Arrhythmia source localization is formulated as a three-class classification task, distinguishing normal sinus rhythm, left-sided, and right-sided arrhythmias, based on ICE video data. We developed a 3D Convolutional Neural Network trained to discriminate among the three aforementioned classes. In ten-fold cross-validation, the model achieved a mean accuracy of 66.2% when evaluated on four previously unseen patients (substantially outperforming the 33.3% random baseline). These results demonstrate the feasibility and clinical promise of using ICE videos combined with deep learning for automated arrhythmia localization. Leveraging ICE imaging could enable faster, more targeted electrophysi
This review focuses on the computerized modeling of the electrophysiology of the human atria, emphasizing the simulation of common arrhythmias such as atrial flutter (AFlut) and atrial fibrillation (AFib). Which components of the model are necessary to accurately model arrhythmogenic tissue modifications, including remodeling, cardiomyopathy, and fibrosis, to ensure reliable simulations? The central question explored is the level of detail required for trustworthy simulations for a specific context of use. The review discusses the balance between model complexity and computational efficiency, highlighting the risks of oversimplification and excessive detail. It covers various aspects of atrial modeling, from cellular to whole atria levels, including the influence of atrial geometry, fiber direction, anisotropy, and wall thickness on simulation outcomes. The article also examines the impact of different modeling approaches, such as volumetric 3D models, bilayer models, and single surface models, on the realism of simulations. In addition, it reviews the latest advances in the modeling of fibrotic tissue and the verification and validation of atrial models. The intended use of these
Arrhythmia is a common cardiac condition that can precipitate severe complications without timely intervention. While continuous monitoring is essential for timely diagnosis, conventional approaches such as electrocardiogram and wearable devices are constrained by their reliance on specialized medical expertise and patient discomfort from their contact nature. Existing contactless monitoring, primarily designed for healthy subjects, face significant challenges when analyzing reflected signals from arrhythmia patients due to disrupted spatial stability and temporal consistency. In this paper, we introduce mCardiacDx, a radar-driven contactless system that accurately analyzes reflected signals and reconstructs heart pulse waveforms for arrhythmia monitoring and diagnosis. The key contributions of our work include a novel precise target localization (PTL) technique that locates reflected signals despite spatial disruptions, and an encoder-decoder model that transforms these signals into HPWs, addressing temporal inconsistencies. Our evaluation on a large dataset of healthy subjects and arrhythmia patients shows that both mCardiacDx and PTL outperform state-of-the-art approach in arrhy
This study examines whether there is any evidence of bias in two areas of common critique of open, non-anonymous peer review - and used in the post-publication, peer review system operated by the open-access scholarly publishing platform F1000Research. First, is there evidence of bias where a reviewer based in a specific country assesses the work of an author also based in the same country? Second, are reviewers influenced by being able to see the comments and know the origins of previous reviewer? Methods: Scrutinising the open peer review comments published on F1000Research, we assess the extent of two frequently cited potential influences on reviewers that may be the result of the transparency offered by a fully attributable, open peer review publishing model: the national affiliations of authors and reviewers, and the ability of reviewers to view previously-published reviewer reports before submitting their own. The effects of these potential influences were investigated for all first versions of articles published by 8 July 2019 to F1000Research. In 16 out of the 20 countries with the most articles, there was a tendency for reviewers based in the same country to give a more po
Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have been widely utilized to support the decisions made by cardiologists when detecting and classifying arrhythmia from electrocardiograms (ECGs). However, forming a CDSS for the arrhythmia classification task is challenging due to the varying lengths of arrhythmias. Although the onset time of arrhythmia varies, previously developed methods have not considered such conditions. Thus, we propose a framework that consists of (i) local temporal information extraction, (ii) global pattern extraction, and (iii) local-global information fusion with attention to perform arrhythmia detection and classification with a constrained input length. The 10-class and 4-class performances of our approach were assessed by detecting the onset and offset of arrhythmia as an episode and the duration of arrhythmia based on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database (MITDB) and MIT-BIH atrial fibrillation database (AFDB), respectively. The results were statistically superior to those achieved by the comparison models. To check the generalization ability of the proposed method, an AFDB-trained model was tested on the MITDB, and superior performance was attained compared with
Computational hemodynamics is becoming an increasingly important tool in clinical applications and surgical procedures involving the cardiovascular system. Aim of this review is to provide a compact summary of state of the art 0D-1D multiscale models of the arterial coronary system, with particular attention to applications related to cardiac arrhythmias, whose effects on the coronary circulation remain so far poorly understood. The focus on 0D-1D models only is motivated by the competitive computational cost, the reliability of the outcomes for the whole cardiovascular system, and the ability to directly account for cardiac arrhythmias. The analyzed studies show that cardiac arrhythmias by their own are able to promote significant alterations of the coronary hemodynamics, with a worse scenario as the mean heart rate (HR) increases. The present review can stimulate future investigation, both in computational and clinical research, devoted to the hemodynamic effects induced by cardiac arrhythmias on the coronary circulation.
The heart is one of the most vital organs in the human body. It supplies blood and nutrients in other parts of the body. Therefore, maintaining a healthy heart is essential. As a heart disorder, arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart's pumping mechanism becomes aberrant. The Electrocardiogram is used to analyze the arrhythmia problem from the ECG signals because of its fewer difficulties and cheapness. The heart peaks shown in the ECG graph are used to detect heart diseases, and the R peak is used to analyze arrhythmia disease. Arrhythmia is grouped into two groups - Tachycardia and Bradycardia for detection. In this paper, we discussed many different techniques such as Deep CNNs, LSTM, SVM, NN classifier, Wavelet, TQWT, etc., that have been used for detecting arrhythmia using various datasets throughout the previous decade. This work shows the analysis of some arrhythmia classification on the ECG dataset. Here, Data preprocessing, feature extraction, classification processes were applied on most research work and achieved better performance for classifying ECG signals to detect arrhythmia. Automatic arrhythmia detection can help cardiologists make the right decisions immedia
Advancements in deep learning have enabled highly accurate arrhythmia detection from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, but limited interpretability remains a barrier to clinical adoption. This study investigates the application of Explainable AI (XAI) techniques specifically adapted for time-series ECG analysis. Using the MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset, a convolutional neural network-based model was developed for arrhythmia classification, with R-peak-based segmentation via the Pan-Tompkins algorithm. To increase the dataset size and to reduce class imbalance, an additional 12-lead ECG dataset was incorporated. A user needs assessment was carried out to identify what kind of explanation would be preferred by medical professionals. Medical professionals indicated a preference for saliency map-based explanations over counterfactual visualisations, citing clearer correspondence with ECG interpretation workflows. Four SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)-based approaches: permutation importance, KernelSHAP, gradient-based methods, and Deep Learning Important FeaTures (DeepLIFT), were implemented and compared. The model achieved 98.3% validation accuracy on MIT-BIH but showed performance deg
This paper reviews the current progress in applying machine learning (ML) tools to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, with a focus on routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the vehicle routing problem (VRP). Due to the inherent complexity of these problems, exact algorithms often require excessive computational time to find optimal solutions, while heuristics can only provide approximate solutions without guaranteeing optimality. With the recent success of machine learning models, there is a growing trend in proposing and implementing diverse ML techniques to enhance the resolution of these challenging routing problems. We propose a taxonomy categorizing ML-based routing methods into construction-based and improvement-based approaches, highlighting their applicability to various problem characteristics. This review aims to integrate traditional OR methods with state-of-the-art ML techniques, providing a structured framework to guide future research and address emerging VRP variants.
Arrhythmias, detectable through electrocardiograms (ECGs), pose significant health risks, underscoring the need for accurate and efficient automated detection techniques. While recent advancements in graph-based methods have demonstrated potential to enhance arrhythmia classification, the challenge lies in effectively representing ECG signals as graphs. This study investigates the use of Visibility Graph (VG) and Vector Visibility Graph (VVG) representations combined with Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) for arrhythmia classification under the ANSI/AAMI standard, ensuring reproducibility and fair comparison with other techniques. Through extensive experiments on the MIT-BIH dataset, we evaluate various GCN architectures and preprocessing parameters. Our findings demonstrate that VG and VVG mappings enable GCNs to classify arrhythmias directly from raw ECG signals, without the need for preprocessing or noise removal. Notably, VG offers superior computational efficiency, while VVG delivers enhanced classification performance by leveraging additional lead features. The proposed approach outperforms baseline methods in several metrics, although challenges persist in classifying the
Continual Learning (CL) methods aim to learn from a sequence of tasks while avoiding the challenge of forgetting previous knowledge. We present DREAM-CL, a novel CL method for ECG arrhythmia detection that introduces dynamic prototype rehearsal memory. DREAM-CL selects representative prototypes by clustering data based on learning behavior during each training session. Within each cluster, we apply a smooth sorting operation that ranks samples by training difficulty, compressing extreme values and removing outliers. The more challenging samples are then chosen as prototypes for the rehearsal memory, ensuring effective knowledge retention across sessions. We evaluate our method on time-incremental, class-incremental, and lead-incremental scenarios using two widely used ECG arrhythmia datasets, Chapman and PTB-XL. The results demonstrate that DREAM-CL outperforms the state-of-the-art in CL for ECG arrhythmia detection. Detailed ablation and sensitivity studies are performed to validate the different design choices of our method.
An arrhythmia, also known as a dysrhythmia, refers to an irregular heartbeat. There are various types of arrhythmias that can originate from different areas of the heart, resulting in either a rapid, slow, or irregular heartbeat. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a vital diagnostic tool used to detect heart irregularities and abnormalities, allowing experts to analyze the heart's electrical signals to identify intricate patterns and deviations from the norm. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been conducted to develop automated methods for classifying heartbeats based on ECG data. In recent years, deep learning has demonstrated exceptional capabilities in tackling various medical challenges, particularly with transformers as a model architecture for sequence processing. By leveraging the transformers, we developed the ECGformer model for the classification of various arrhythmias present in electrocardiogram data. We assessed the suggested approach using the MIT-BIH and PTB datasets. ECG heartbeat arrhythmia classification results show that the proposed method is highly effective.
Context is an important factor in computer vision as it offers valuable information to clarify and analyze visual data. Utilizing the contextual information inherent in an image or a video can improve the precision and effectiveness of object detectors. For example, where recognizing an isolated object might be challenging, context information can improve comprehension of the scene. This study explores the impact of various context-based approaches to object detection. Initially, we investigate the role of context in object detection and survey it from several perspectives. We then review and discuss the most recent context-based object detection approaches and compare them. Finally, we conclude by addressing research questions and identifying gaps for further studies. More than 265 publications are included in this survey, covering different aspects of context in different categories of object detection, including general object detection, video object detection, small object detection, camouflaged object detection, zero-shot, one-shot, and few-shot object detection. This literature review presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in context-based object detecti
Cardiovascular diseases are a pervasive global health concern, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Among these conditions, arrhythmia, characterized by irregular heart rhythms, presents formidable diagnostic challenges. This study introduces an innovative approach utilizing deep learning techniques, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), to address the complexities of arrhythmia classification. Leveraging multi-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) data, our CNN model, comprising six layers with a residual block, demonstrates promising outcomes in identifying five distinct heartbeat types: Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB), Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB), Atrial Premature Contraction (APC), Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC), and Normal Beat. Through rigorous experimentation, we highlight the transformative potential of our methodology in enhancing diagnostic accuracy for cardiovascular arrhythmias. Arrhythmia diagnosis remains a critical challenge in cardiovascular care, often relying on manual interpretation of ECG signals, which can be time-consuming and prone to subjectivity. To address these limitations, we propose a novel approach th
Atrial arrhythmia can be categorized into tachycardia, flutter, and fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is a prevalent heart disease that results in weak and irregular contractions of the atria. It affects millions people worldwide and contributes to hundreds of thousands deaths annually. Cardiac ablation is among the most successful treatment options, involving the use of radio frequency energy to kill diseased cells or create lesion lines that obstruct abnormal activation waves. During the procedure, catheters are inserted into the left atrium to map the atrium geometry and record endocardium electrograms that are then converted into electroanatomical maps to pinpoint the arrhythmia source locations. However, identifying these sources is challenging. The electrograms are asynchronous and can be susceptible to noise. The spatial distribution of sampling sites is non-uniform, which leads to inaccurate maps. Identifying arrhythmia source locations is not a trivial task. Therefore, an ablation procedure often lasts from 3 to 6 hours, and arrhythmia recurrence within 12 months after first ablation is around 50%. To address these challenges, we developed an integrated computational heart
Wearable systems for the continuous and real-time monitoring of cardiovascular diseases are becoming widespread and valuable assets in diagnosis and therapy. A promising approach for real-time analysis of the electrocardiographic (ECG) signal and the detection of heart conditions, such as arrhythmia, is represented by the transformer machine learning model. Transformers are powerful models for the classification of time series, although efficient implementation in the wearable domain raises significant design challenges, to combine adequate accuracy and a suitable complexity. In this work, we present a tiny transformer model for the analysis of the ECG signal, requiring only 6k parameters and reaching 98.97% accuracy in the recognition of the 5 most common arrhythmia classes from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database, assessed considering 8-bit integer inference as required for efficient execution on low-power microcontroller-based devices. We explored an augmentation-based training approach for improving the robustness against electrode motion artifacts noise, resulting in a worst-case post-deployment performance assessment of 98.36% accuracy. Suitability for wearable monitoring solutio