搜索结果：Aquatic Science

Environmental factors increasingly influence species survival and the diversity of river systems worldwide. However, a thorough understanding of assembly mechanisms and the dominant environmental variables mediating community stability in aquatic environments remains limited. In this study, by analyzing environmental DNA (eDNA) datasets collected over two seasons, including 12 mesocosm systems with 8 years of stable operation and 3 natural systems, we investigated both the community assembly and the mechanisms underlying stability across multiple communities. Long-established aquatic mesocosm systems developed high taxonomic diversity across invertebrate, protozoa, algae, and bacteria under stable water conditions, with significant differences in relative abundances between mesocosm and natural systems. A positive correlation was observed between organic factors and diversity (Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, and Pielou index) of species and community in mesocosm systems, while in natural systems, no significant correlation was found between community-level diversity and organic factors, with a negative association between species-level diversity and organic factors. Species synchrony and average variation degree decreased as community stability increased with growing organic factors. The results showed that deterministic environmental filtering significantly contributed to community assembly and structure, with community stability being positively influenced by organic factors through the indirect pathway of species diversity in aquatic ecosystems. Overall, this study combines multidimensional indicators (responses of species, populations, and communities) and provides valuable insights for the restoration and sustainable management of aquatic environments by regulating environmental factors, particularly organic factors.

Our response to commentaries further clarifies the links between visual postdictive phenomena, conscious experience, reality monitoring, and planning. We also engage with suggestions about the limits and generality of our conclusions for other sensory modalities and visually guided behavior in aquatic organisms. We conclude that the role of sensory horizons in visual consciousness offers powerful constraints on theory and generates novel testable hypotheses for consciousness science.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health and environmental challenge, driven by complex interactions among microbial communities, resistance genes, and selective pressures in various ecological niches. Traditional surveillance procedures often fall short in capturing the full diversity and dynamics of resistance reservoirs in the environment. This review examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for comprehensive resistome profiling. We discuss advances in multi-omics approaches, particularly metagenomics, microbiome-based analytics, and metatranscriptomics. We also highlight computational workflows that enable high-resolution mapping of resistance genes, their mobile genetic elements, and host associations. The role of AI/ML in resistome prediction, classification, and source tracking, as well as the incorporation of environmental metadata for contextual interpretation is discussed based on the selected literature. Moreover, we assess current challenges and propose future directions for developing standardized, scalable, and interpretable bioinformatic pipelines in AMR surveillance. This review primarily elucidates the potential of integrated AI-omics platforms to revolutionize aquatic environmental AMR monitoring and inform risk assessment and mitigation strategies.

As a new global pollutant， microplastics （MPs） are widely distributed in various types of water bodies and significantly interfere with carbon and nitrogen transformations in aquatic ecosystems by altering the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of water bodies. We systematically investigated the mechanisms by which MPs affect carbon and nitrogen cycling in marine and riverine environments： In marine ecosystems， MPs interfered with key processes such as decomposition of organic matter and nitrification and denitrification by altering the optical properties of the water column， adsorbing pollutants， and disrupting the microbial communities and enzyme activities， releasing dissolved organic matter， exacerbating ocean acidification， and contributing to the release of greenhouse gases （e.g.， CO2， CH4， and N2O） emissions. In riverine ecosystems， MPs altered hydrological conditions and adsorbed nutrients mainly through shading effects， affecting photosynthetic efficiency and dissolved oxygen levels and then interfering with carbon and nitrogen transformations， and their impacts showed significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Biodegradable microplastics rapidly degraded and released small-molecule organic matter in the short term， significantly promoted microbial activity， accelerated organic carbon mineralization and CO2 and CH4 emissions， and enhanced N2O generation. Non-biodegradable microplastics， on the other hand， mainly accumulated over time by physically damaging the organisms， hindering nutrient uptake， and acting as a pollutant carrier， and NBMPs indirectly interfered with the carbon and nitrogen cycle by aggregating with microorganisms to accelerate sedimentation and altering the vertical fluxes of carbon and nitrogen and benthic habitats. Future research could focus on the transport and transformation patterns of MPs， microbial regulation mechanisms， bioconcentration effects， and their coupling with multiple environmental pressures such as climate change and acidification and develop effective prevention， control， and remediation strategies.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are pervasive environmental pollutants within marine ecosystems, posing substantial risks to aquatic organisms due to their enduring toxicological effects. This study examines the immunotoxic effects of PCBs exposure (1 ng/L) on the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, and investigates the ameliorative potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a catechin compound. Mud crabs were exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of 1 ng/L PCBs for 7 days, followed by intrahemocoelic injection of EGCG at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight. Hemolymph was collected to measure total hemocyte count (THC), antioxidant enzyme activities and immune parameters. Apoptosis rate, phagocytic rate, ROS content and immune-related gene expression were also determined. The results indicate that EGCG effectively mitigates PCBs-induced apoptosis and enhances total hemocyte counts. Moreover, post-PCBs exposure treatment with EGCG significantly elevates the activity of key enzymes involved in antimicrobial and antioxidant defense mechanisms, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP), and glutathione (GSH), highlighting its potential protective role against oxidative and microbial stress. Histological analysis of the hepatopancreas confirms that EGCG, a polyphenol derived from green tea, alleviates tissue damage induced by PCBs exposure. In addition to mitigating PCBs-induced immunotoxicity in S. paramamosain, this study also demonstrates that EGCG effectively reduces DNA damage in PCBs-exposed S. paramamosain. Furthermore, at the genetic level, exposure to PCBs led to the disruption of immune-related gene expression in hemocytes, while EGCG facilitated their recovery. This study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms by which EGCG alleviates the immunotoxic effects of aquatic environmental pollutants on aquatic organisms.

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent hepatotoxin produced during cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms, can be transported from freshwater systems to coastal marine environments through riverine discharge and estuarine mixing, yet its environmental fate in coastal sediments remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the biotransformation mechanism of MC-LR in coastal sediments using LC-MS/MS, metagenomics, metabolic modeling, molecular docking, and genome binning. The results showed that MC-LR was transformed primarily via co-metabolism, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. Notably, we identified a novel biotransformation pathway in the marine environment that differs from the conventionally recognized mlr-dependent pathway observed in terrestrial systems. Biotransformation in marine sediments involves peptide ring opening, formation of linear MC-LR, stepwise peptide shortening, and conversion of the Adda-containing fragment into smaller aromatic compounds. Metabolic modeling and ecological network analysis further revealed that the microbial community facilitates this co-metabolic biotransformation through a cross-feeding mechanism, in which different taxonomic groups share complementary functions for co-substrate transformation, peptide bond cleavage, and aromatic compound degradation. Metagenomic profiling and genome binning demonstrated that MC-LR transformation is coupled with glutathione metabolism, and key genes involved in MC-LR transformation (e.g., CAAX, pepA, pepN, paaA, paaG, paaZ) were mainly associated with members of the Pseudomonadota, Myxococcota, and Acidobacteriota. Global screening of publicly available MAGs revealed that CAAX genes linked to MC-LR transformation are widely distributed across aquatic environments, with 16,209 CAAX-containing MAGs identified from 498 sampling locations worldwide, including 6892 marine MAGs from 317 oceanic sites. Overall, this study clarifies the biotransformation mechanism of MC-LR in marine sediments and highlights the widespread genetic potential for its biotransformation across global aquatic environments.

The plasticizers, phthalates, have attracted extensive attention due to their ubiquitous existence in various environments and potential adverse health impacts. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most commonly used phthalate plasticizers, andcan cause poly-biotoxicity, e.g., reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, neurological impairment, metabolic dysregulation, cellular stress responses, and negatively affect lipid metabolism on muptiple aquatic organisms. In this study, we deciphered the impacts of DBP on growth, reproduction, and glycerolipid metabolism in the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The results demonstrated that, DBP exposure significantly impaired survival, reducing lifespan by 21 %-27 % at ≥ 0.8 mg/L concentrations in F0 daphnids. However, maternal exposure to DBP induced transgenerational attenuation in F1 offspring, and only the total number of neonates, number of neonates per brood and age at first reproduction were prominently affected. The glycerolipids, including the storage triacylglycerol, the glycolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerolipid, and the phospholipids, phosphatidylchloline and phosphatidylinositol, all notably accumulated in daphnids exposed to 0.8 mg/L of DBP, while the sphingomyelin exhibited significant degradation compared to the vehicle control. DBP exposure prominently altered fatty acyl composition of membrane lipids in daphnids, with pronounced redistribution of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids across glycerolipid classes. Thus, DBP caused maternal impacts on D. magna, and the inhibited growth and blocked propagation were differentiated between F0 and F1 daphnids. Glycerolipid remodeling dependent on polyunsaturated fatty acids was essential for daphnids in acclimation to DBP stress. These findings provide mechanistic insights into phthalate-induced biotoxicity in aquatic organisms, highlighting glycerolipid remodeling as a critical response pathway.

Lead (Pb) contamination in aquatic ecosystems poses a persistent threat to environmental quality and human health. Duckweed-mediated phytoremediation serves as a valuable model for exploring the short-term physiological endurance of aquatic macrophytes under extreme Pb stress in highly contaminated aqueous environments. However, the integrated mechanisms underlying Pb hyperaccumulation in this system remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we employed a combined physiological, microbiomic, and transcriptomic approach to investigate the acute stress responses of the hyperaccumulating duckweed Landoltia punctata. Non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) demonstrated that this hyperaccumulation was driven by enhanced, root-specific Pb²⁺ uptake, with the Pb-hyperaccumulating genotype exhibiting a 36.08% higher net influx than the non-hyperaccumulating genotype. Meanwhile, Pb exposure induced pronounced kingdom-specific restructuring in the root-associated microbiome, characterized by bacterial specialization for potential detoxification and fungal transitions toward opportunistic saprotrophy. Transcriptomic profiling further revealed a transcriptional shift favoring defense pathways in the host, marked by the upregulation of core stress signaling and the repression of energy-intensive lipid metabolism to sustain essential structural barriers. Collectively, our findings indicate that this short-term physiological endurance involves a complex host-microbiome response, with causal relationships requiring further functional validation. These results provide mechanistic insights and a theoretical framework for future optimization of phytoremediation systems.

Glyphosate is widely applied in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area as a knock-down alternative to residual photosystem II herbicides. Although glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are periodically monitored, they are excluded from routine water quality monitoring under the Great Barrier Reef Catchment Loads Monitoring Program and are therefore absent from key reporting and risk assessment tools such as the Pesticide Reporting Portal and the Pesticide Risk Metric. This study evaluated whether that exclusion is justified by comparing detected surface water concentrations against water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystem protection. Across 18 sites from 2006 to 2024, glyphosate was detected above the limit of reporting (LOR; 0.25 µg/L) in 48 of the 272 samples at only five sites, with a maximum concentration of 11 µg/L-approximately 16 times lower than the current default guideline value for 99% species protection of 180 µg/L. AMPA was detected above the LOR (0.25 µg/L) in 60 of the 262 water samples at only four sites from 2011 to 2024, with a maximum concentration of 5 µg/L. The detected concentrations, combined with the low aquatic toxicity of glyphosate and its strong soil adsorption, indicate a minimal ecological risk under current Australian and New Zealand guidelines. These findings support the continued exclusion of glyphosate from routine reporting and monitoring frameworks, although periodic monitoring remains important to detect emerging concerns.

Amphibian metamorphosis is a dramatic thyroid hormone (TH) mediated process involving the transformation of aquatic larvae into more-terrestrial adults. But some salamanders, referred to as larval-form paedomorphs, completely or partially forgo metamorphosis, retaining their aquatic larval features and lifestyle into adulthood. This developmental pattern can be facultative or obligate and can manifest from lowering circulating TH and/or reducing TH-responsiveness of larval tissues. Obligate larval-form paedomorphs display varying degrees of responsiveness to TH-treatment; some species exhibit complete metamorphosis, while others show no overt transformation of larval-form tissues. Investigations of the latter species have shown that they have a functional TH-axis, but their tissues have become deregulated (decoupled) from ancestral TH-induced transformation. Obligate paedomorphosis is thought to evolve from facultative paedomorphosis through genetic assimilation followed by canalization. However, the developmental and physiological advantages of full TH-deregulation of larval-form tissues have not been discussed in detail. Since TH is intertwined with many processes such as stress-response, growth, and reproduction, we propose that directional selection for deregulation may allow TH and other interacting hormones to be utilized more effectively without compromising the larval-form. Furthermore, it is unclear whether facultative paedomorphosis is a necessary prerequisite step to becoming obligate. We propose alternative scenarios leading to TH-deregulation such as a rapid rate of directional selection after secondarily colonizing more divergent adaptive zones (e.g., aquifers), and relaxed selection from disusing ancestral TH-pathways for metamorphosis over many generations. Deregulating hormone pathways may be a more generalizable evolutionary phenomenon, reinforcing developmental evolution and perhaps generating novel signaling pathways.

Polypropylene (PP) is a polymer used in various industries because it is lightweight, durable, and easy to process. The presence of polypropylene in aquatic environments will fragment into sizes of 0.05 to 5 mm which causes pollution and disrupts the ecology of mangroves. Isolation of waste-degrading bacteria is one way to address microplastic pollution. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of polypropylene-degrading bacteria isolated from a Mojo mangrove forest. Water and sediment samples were taken from 15 locations, bacterial screening, biodegradation tests using Bushnell Haas media supplemented with polypropylene granules, followed by molecular characterization of the bacteria and enzyme activity testing. Degradation was measured based on the decrease in residual mass, morphological changes, and functional groups in the polymer. Paenibacillus sp. and Aeromonas sp. can degrade polypropylene by 6.41% and 5.22% with a constant of 0.03% and 0.02% per day and a half-life of approximately 228 days and 282 days. FTIR and SEM analysis showed the formation of carbonyl groups and cracks on the PP surface. The bacteria secreted esterase, lipase, and cutinase enzymes at 21.633 U/mL, 12.932 U/mL, and 28.067 U/mL, respectively. Further studies are needed to optimize their biodegradation performance in natural aquatic environments.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline are used as antidepressants to treat mental disorders such as depression by blocking serotonin reuptake and thus maintaining high serotonin levels. Currently, increased consumption has led to detection of SSRIs in aquatic systems; however, information about their effects on exposed organisms is limited. This study investigated differences in the colonization response by zebrafish (Danio rerio) to sertraline-contaminated environments considering personality traits (shy and bold). Colonization was assessed in terms of success, efficiency, and inhabited time for each sertraline concentration. Fish were tested individually and in groups. In addition, whether these personality traits differed from each other in their olfactory sensitivity to different olfactory stimuli was studied, including sertraline, using the electro-olfactogram (EOG). Bold fish exposed in groups tended to colonize higher concentrations of sertraline than shy fish. These differences were not as significant when fish were exposed individually. Furthermore, analyses in the EOG detected that bold fish reacted between 1.3 and 2.8 times more to all stimuli studied. In contrast, sertraline was not detected by the olfactory system. Varied D. rerio colonization responses to sertraline-contaminated environments reveal specific personality-based vulnerabilities. These findings underscore the importance of integrating behavioral phenotypes into environmental risk assessments for pharmaceuticals.

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a toxic cyanotoxin, accumulates in fish through uptake, posing severe threats to fisheries' safety and human health. The interaction between MC-LR and aquatic fish induces oxidative stress, which triggers excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), notably hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Abnormal ROS fluctuations are closely linked to the onset of various diseases, making the development of in vivo H2O2 detection and regulation methods critically important. Herein, we designed and synthesized an activatable fluorescent probe using naphthalimide as the fluorophore. The probe's performance was optimized by tuning the hydrophilicity of its 2-(2-aminoethoxy) ethanol substituent and introducing a phenylborate moiety for specific H2O2 recognition. This novel probe exhibited exceptional analytical performance for H2O2 determination, including high selectivity against interfering substances and remarkable sensitivity with a detection limit of 53.2 nmol L-1. In biological applications, the probe successfully achieved intracellular H2O2 imaging in HeLa cells and real-time monitoring of endogenous H2O2 generation in zebrafish exposed to MC-LR. Molecular docking simulations revealed that MC-LR forms a stable binding complex with the OATP1d1 protein via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, providing a molecular basis for its cellular uptake and accumulation. Furthermore, this study elucidated the mechanistic association between MC-LR-induced hepatocyte injury and the subsequent oxidative stress storm. Notably, garlic extract was identified as an effective exogenous intervention to downregulate ROS levels in MC-LR exposed zebrafish, offering a potential strategy for mitigating cyanotoxin-induced oxidative damage. These results demonstrate that the developed fluorescent probe can visually reveal the link between MC-LR accumulation and its hepatotoxicity at the cellular and molecular levels. Thus, this probe serves as a powerful tool for environmental monitoring, food safety, and human health protection, holding broad application prospects in related fields.

Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly recognized as dynamic vectors for heavy metals, affecting contaminant mobility, bioavailability, and ecological risk across aquatic and terrestrial systems. This review systematically evaluates heavy metal sorption onto environmentally relevant MPs, with particular emphasis on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), while also comparing polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and selected modified polymers. A preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA)-guided framework was used to identify key studies for synthesis and mechanistic evaluation. The reviewed evidence demonstrates that adsorption behavior varies widely and is controlled primarily by environmental medium chemistry, metal speciation, and surface aging rather than polymer identity alone. PET frequently exhibits relatively high affinity toward Pb, Cd, and Co under freshwater and low-ionic-strength conditions, whereas marine environments commonly suppress sorption because of ionic competition and metal-ion complexation. Many studies reported pseudo-second-order kinetic behavior, indicating the importance of surface-controlled interactions on heterogeneous and oxidized MP surfaces. Despite emerging mechanistic consistency, substantial variability in experimental design, particle characteristics, and reporting approaches limits direct comparison among studies. Consequently, the proposed sorption hierarchy should be interpreted as a qualitative evidence-based framework rather than a statistically validated ranking. Overall, this review highlights MPs as environmentally conditioned and dynamic sorbents requiring standardized methodologies for more reliable ecological risk assessment.

Algal-derived extracellular organic matter (EOM) is an important photosensitizer to trigger antibiotics photodegradation in sunlit waters. However, ubiquitous metal ions may substantially alter this process, and the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of representative metal ions (Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Mn2+) on the EOM-sensitized photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). All tested metal ions inhibited SMX photodegradation to different extents, following the order: Fe3+ ≈ Cu2+ > Cr3+ > Zn2+ ≈ Mn2+. The inhibition strength was strongly correlated with the conditional stability constants (log KSC) of metal-EOM complexes, indicating that metal-EOM complexation dominantely governs the suppression of EOM photosensitization. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis and triplet-state probe experiments showed that metal binding markedly reduced the formation of excited triplet-state EOM (3EOM*), the key reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for SMX transformation. Electron spin resonance analysis further revealed that the production of secondary ROS derived from 3EOM* was also suppressed after complexation. To gain molecular-level insight, representative EOM model compounds were examined using time-dependent density functional theory. The calculations showed that complexation induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excitation pathways, which provided a plausible electronic mechanism for the competitive dissipation of excitation energy and the observed suppression of triplet-state formation. These findings identify that metal-EOM complexation as an important yet previously underappreciated factor controlling antibiotic photodegradation in aquatic waters, and highlight its relevance for improving predictions of contaminant persistence under environmentally realistic conditions.

In this study, a novel phosphate-functionalized hydrogel adsorbent, poly(acrylic acid-g-polyacrylamide) phosphate (PAA@PAm@P), was successfully synthesized for considerable adsorption of methylene blue (MB)-dye from aquatic solutions. The base hydrogel, poly(acrylic acid-g-polyacrylamide) (PAA@PAm), was prepared via free-radical copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide, followed by mechanical homogenization to obtain hydrogel particles. Surface modification was subsequently achieved through phosphorylation using trisodium phosphate at 180 °C for 4.0 h, yielding the functionalized micron-sized PAA@PAm@P hydrogel. The fabricated materials were characterized using different analytical techniques, such as SEM, FTIR, TGA, and EDS, to confirm successful structural modification and functional groups incorporation. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of operational parameters including contact time, adsorbent dose, initial pH, initial MB-dye concentrations, NaCl concentrations, and temperature. The modified micron-sized PAA@PAm@P hydrogel exhibited rapid adsorption kinetics, reaching equilibrium within 15.0 min, which is twice as fast as the unmodified PAA@PAm (30.0 min). The material also demonstrated exceptional swelling behavior with a maximum swelling ratio of 5590% within 3 min, significantly higher than that of PAA@PAm (1712% after 7.0 min). Experimental results indicated that kinetic data were best described by pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.9978) and intra-particle diffusion mechanisms (R2 = 0.971) while isotherm data were best fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with a remarkably high maximum adsorption capacity of 1000 mg g⁻1 for MB-dye. Furthermore, micron-sized PAA@PAm@P hydrogel showed excellent regeneration capability, maintaining high adsorption efficiency over five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. Comparative analysis with recently reported hydrogel adsorbents confirmed the superior adsorption performance of the developed material. These findings demonstrate that the phosphate-functionalized PAA@PAm@P hydrogel is a highly efficient, reusable, and environmentally sustainable adsorbent for rapid removal of cationic dyes from contaminated water.

We challenge Fleming and Michel's arguments that aquatic animals do not have conscious vision. Focusing on fish, we suggest - on the basis of what we know about their cognition and evolution - that most fish are likely to have conscious vision, which evolved well before the transition to a largely terrestrial habitat. We end by clarifying the difference between our model-based, learning-driven view of the evolution of animal consciousness and Fleming and Michel's view.

The occurrence of herbicides in Taihu Lake basins surface water has attracted attention, however, there were still deficiencies in the assessment of the potential risks arising from this. Here, we investigated the occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 26 herbicide family members in the surface water of 41 sampling sites in the rivers of the Taihu Lake northwest, China, and assessed human health risk and ecological health risk. In brief, all herbicide family members were detected, with 50 % of the members showing a detection rate of 100 %. And significant seasonal difference was the main characteristic of the distribution of herbicide family members in surface water. The risk assessment results indicate that the concentrations of the herbicide family in surface water comply water environmental quality standards for drinking water source areas and pose negligible non-carcinogenic risks to human health. Herbicide family main posed medium to high risks to aquatic organisms across fish-algae-crustaceans three trophic levels in spring, summer, and winter, among them, bentazone, isoproturon, atrazine, and prometryn reaching high-risk levels at their highest. While herbicide family posed high risks to submerged plants in summer, and higher than fish-algae-crustaceans, with B-type herbicide members being the key contributors to this outcome. 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), atrazine, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), nicosulfuron, isoproturon, bendazon, and prometryn et al. were considered necessary to source management or process control measures to prevent their entry into surface water. This study provides the latest understanding of the distribution and potential risks of the herbicide family in the surface water of the Taihu Lake region.

Toxic organic pollutants (e.g., phenols) and biofouling represent two major threats to aquatic ecosystems. Nanozymes have emerged as promising agents to mitigate these threats, capable of generating effective antibacterial oxidants as well as monitoring and degrading organic pollutants. However, the practical deployment of many functional nanozymes is severely constrained by their stringent dependence on acidic conditions, rendering them ineffective in prevalent alkaline water systems such as seawater (pH 8.1) and industrial wastewater (pH≥9). Here, we report a facilely synthesized copper phosphonate nanoflower (CPN) as a highly alkali-adaptive haloperoxidase (HPO) mimic to overcome this limitation. CPN maintains efficient and stable catalytic activity across a broad pH range of 7-10 and retains its original efficiency even after 50-day exposure at pH9 and pH10, demonstrating unparalleled alkali tolerance. This exceptional stability originates from a "dynamic surface transformation-activity retention" mechanism, wherein CPN in situ transforms into an equally active copper hydroxide phase, thereby self-adaptively preserving catalytic activity. Leveraging this robust activity, we constructed a multi-channel sensor array capable of discriminating six phenolic compounds over a wide concentration range (40-400 μM) under alkaline conditions. Moreover, the discrimination of the same phenols with different concentrations and phenols mixtures have been achieved. Simultaneously, CPN exhibits excellent bactericidal and anti-biofilm capabilities and can inhibit bacterial adhesion on plastic surfaces under alkaline conditions. This work establishes a versatile nanozyme platform for tackling both chemical and biological hazards in alkaline water environments and proposes a novel strategy for designing alkali-tolerant nanozymes.