搜索结果：Applied psychological measurement

Migraine imposes significant burden not only during acute attacks but also during headache-free interictal periods. Several patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been used to assess this interictal burden, yet the quality of their measurement properties has not been systematically evaluated. To identify instruments used to assess interictal burden in migraine, evaluate their measurement properties using the COSMIN methodology, and synthesize the conceptual domains of interictal burden. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science Core Collection was conducted from database inception to 20 February 2026. Studies evaluating measurement properties of PROMs assessing interictal burden or migraine impact in migraine populations were eligible. The COSMIN risk-of-bias checklist and criteria for good measurement properties were applied. Findings were synthesized in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Among 29 included studies, three instruments were identified: the Migraine Interictal Burden Scale-4 (MIBS-4; 26 studies), the Eurolight questionnaire (1 study), and the Fear of Attacks Inventory (FAMI; 2 studies). Seven conceptual domains of interictal burden were identified: functional impairment, social and relational impact, psychological and emotional distress, cognitive dysfunction, sensory symptoms, physical symptoms, and behavioral modifications. Evidence of measurement properties was concentrated in construct validity (19 studies) and responsiveness (8 studies). Structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and content validity were sparsely evaluated. The MIBS-4 demonstrated consistent convergent and known-groups validity and sensitivity to change across preventive therapies, including CGRP-targeted treatments and onabotulinumtoxinA. The MIBS-4 is the most widely used instrument for assessing interictal burden. Despite encouraging evidence of construct validity and responsiveness, comprehensive psychometric studies addressing content and structural validity, reliability, and measurement error, alongside conceptual work towards broader interictal burden assessment, are needed. PROSPERO CRD420261296323; Clinical trial number: not applicable.

This study aimed to examine the psychological and behavioral determinants of AI-assisted academic dishonesty among university students through an integrated model. Specifically, the study investigated whether academic procrastination, learned helplessness, and academic self-efficacy predict cheating tendency; whether cheating tendency predicts AI-assisted academic dishonesty; whether AI use moderates the relationship between cheating tendency and academic dishonesty; and whether social and contextual factors significantly predict AI-assisted academic dishonesty. The study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational survey design. A total of 1,045 undergraduate students from different academic disciplines participated voluntarily in the study. Data were collected using seven measurement instruments and a personal information form. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analyses, multiple regression analyses, and Hayes' PROCESS Model 14 were used to test the proposed moderated mediation model. Bootstrap resampling with 5,000 samples was applied to estimate indirect effects and 95% confidence intervals. The findings showed that academic procrastination and learned helplessness positively predicted cheating tendency, whereas academic self-efficacy negatively predicted it. Cheating tendency significantly predicted AI-assisted academic dishonesty, and the interaction term indicated that the association between cheating tendency and AI-assisted academic dishonesty was stronger at higher levels of AI use. Conditional indirect effect analyses further demonstrated that cheating tendency mediated the effects of academic procrastination, learned helplessness, and academic self-efficacy on AI-assisted academic dishonesty, and these indirect effects became stronger at higher levels of AI use. In addition, social norms, peer behaviors, family attitudes, insufficient sanctions, teacher attitude, high expectations, and adverse conditions significantly predicted AI-assisted academic dishonesty, whereas ethical and moral education emerged as a negative predictor. The findings indicate that AI-assisted academic dishonesty should be understood as a multilevel outcome shaped by the interaction of psychological vulnerabilities, cognitive tendencies, technological affordances, and socio-contextual influences. The study contributes to the academic integrity literature by showing that AI use does not merely accompany dishonest tendencies but amplifies their translation into behavior. These results highlight the need for psychologically informed, ethically grounded, and institutionally supported interventions to reduce academic dishonesty in AI-enhanced higher education environments.

Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is a growing mental health concern among university students, often linked to impulsivity and low resilience. However, traditional regression-based research often fails to evaluate latent measurement structures or simultaneously test indirect pathways within a single analytic framework. This study applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the direct and indirect associations between impulsivity, resilience, and IGD symptom severity among Saudi university students, evaluating resilience as a potential mediator and testing measurement equivalence across sex. Data from 207 students (58.9% male) were analyzed using the lavaan package in R. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated the measurement model for the IGDS9-SF, CD-RISC-10, and S-UPPS-P. Structural paths were tested with indirect effects estimated via bootstrapping (5000 resamples), alongside multi-group invariance testing to examine equivalence across sex. The measurement model demonstrated acceptable fit (CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.058 [90% CI: 0.044, 0.069], SRMR = 0.063). Significant direct associations were observed: impulsivity with IGD severity (&#x3b2; = 0.38, p < 0.001) and resilience with IGD severity (&#x3b2; = -0.26, p < 0.001). The bootstrapped indirect association of impulsivity with IGD through resilience was statistically significant (&#x3b2; = 0.083, 95% CI [0.031, 0.149]), consistent with partial mediation in this cross-sectional sample. Factor loadings were equivalent across sex (metric invariance supported); the impulsivity-IGD association was stronger in males (&#x3b2; = 0.46) than females (&#x3b2; = 0.27; &#x3c7;2(1) = 4.65, p = 0.031), though this comparison should be treated as preliminary. Impulsivity was associated with IGD both directly and indirectly through lower resilience. These SEM-based findings are consistent with resilience as a partial mediator of the impulsivity-IGD association, suggesting potential value in multi-target mental health interventions in university nursing and counseling settings. Longitudinal research is needed to establish causal ordering.

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) enables non-invasive heart rate (HR) measurement via video, offering a promising tool for remote physiological monitoring. In a previous study, we validated an adapted rPPG algorithm developed by van der Kooij and Naber (Behav Res Methods 51(5):2106-2119, 2019), collecting video via an online platform using a common web browser and comparing results to phone-based HR measurements. In the present study, we extend this methodological pipeline by validating the same refined algorithm and online video collection pipeline against electrocardiogram (ECG) ground-truth measurements. While previous studies have typically relied on online data collection without ECG reference standards or laboratory-based protocols lacking online implementation, our study bridges this gap by directly comparing video data collected through a standard web browser using the Gorilla Experiment Builder platform with simultaneous ECG recordings. We also evaluated the optimal conditions for rPPG accuracy in terms of video duration and distance from the webcam. We recorded 180 videos across five durations (10 s, 25 s, 35 s, 45 s, and 100 s) and two distances (close&#x2009;=&#x2009;35 cm, far&#x2009;=&#x2009;50 cm). Results showed excellent agreement between rPPG- and ECG-derived HR, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.96 and 95% of measurements within Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Longer video durations significantly reduced error and variability, while recording distance had no significant effect. Validation of this rPPG pipeline against ECG ground truth establishes the reliability of web-based rPPG measurements, providing a foundation for large-scale online data collection with fidelity comparable to controlled laboratory assessments.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between baseline psychological distress, joint hypermobility, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity with Quality of Life (QoL) in adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) 12 months on. Design: This is a prospective longitudinal study. Adolescents (10-18 years) with AIS were recruited. At baseline (n = 69), participants completed questionnaires covering demographics, psychological distress (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, DASS-21), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ), and QoL (SRS-22r). Clinical assessments included joint hypermobility and BMI measurement. After 12 months, participants (n = 49) completed the SRS-22r to re-evaluate QoL. Factors associated with QoL were explored using bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Multiple linear regression models assessing factors associated with QoL 12 months after baseline measurements explained 53.3% of variance in SRS-22 scores (p < 0.001), with an adjusted R2 of 44.6%. Among baseline explanatory variables, thoracolumbar/lumbar Cobb angle contributed most significantly (&#x3b2; = 0.476, p < 0.05), followed by BMI (&#x3b2; = 0.342, p < 0.05) and DASS-Stress scores (&#x3b2; = -0.309, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cobb angle, BMI, and stress emerged as important factors associated with QoL, highlighting the importance of addressing both clinical and psychosocial factors in AIS care.

Existential loneliness signifies a profound feeling of fundamental separation from others and the world, increasingly acknowledged in the scholarly literature. The Arabic psychological literature lacks the necessary instruments to assess this construct. The objective of the current study was to develop an Arabic version of the Brief Scale of Existential Loneliness (BSEL). Psychometric validation included internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity. The factor structure of the scale was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with 420 participants (aged 18-82&#x202f;years; M&#x202f;=&#x202f;35.7, SD&#x202f;=&#x202f;15.3), followed by assessing measurement invariance across gender and age groups. The results showed excellent internal consistency reliability (alpha and omega) and adequate stability. BSEL scores had a positive correlation with depression and existential isolation and a negative correlation with happiness, thus indicating convergent-divergent validity of the scale. The BSEL score showed a negative correlation to age. A unidimensional factor structure was supported. Strict measurement invariance was established across genders, whereas scalar invariance was supported across age groups. The results suggest that the Arabic version of the BSEL is a promising and user-friendly tool for assessing existential loneliness among native Arabic speakers.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is recognized as among the most empirically supported interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related neurodevelopmental conditions. This clinical perspective examines the gap between controlled research efficacy and community-based implementation by integrating insights from developmental psychology, family systems theory, and implementation science. The paper argues that several limitations sometimes observed in long-term functional outcomes are better understood as challenges of community-level implementation rather than deficiencies of behavioral principles themselves. Furthermore, dimensions occasionally described as "missing" from behavioral practice-including attention to covert behavior, family systems, emotional regulation, and lifespan adaptation-already fall within contemporary best practice, though they may be applied inconsistently across diverse service contexts. Rather than positioning these dimensions as external to behavior analysis, this paper proposes an explicitly interdisciplinary, family-centered, and lifespan-oriented framework in which behavioral science is embedded within structured caregiver preparation, clear referral pathways, and neurodiversity-affirming goals. Key recommendations include flexible service delivery models aligned with family realities; integrated family stress screening and mental-health referral pathways; workforce training in developmental psychology and emotional regulation; and lifespan-oriented outcome measurement beyond behavior reduction. The paper concludes that ABA's contributions to autism intervention are profound and not in dispute; rather, the field benefits from expanding implementation contexts to address the full scope of neurodevelopmental care and family support. This perspective is intended to generate empirical investigation of proposed service-design innovations and to inform clinical practice in community-based ABA settings serving diverse, underserved populations.

Many clinically relevant aspects of health are expressed through behavior, affect, and interaction, and therefore rely on observation rather than instrumental measurement; yet such information is often documented infrequently in routine care. Dementia, and particularly behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), is a relevant case because symptoms fluctuate across time and context. Little is known about how structured daily symptom assessment can be integrated into routine dementia care practice. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether structured daily observation of BPSD, supported by digital documentation, can be incorporated into everyday residential dementia care. A convergent mixed methods design was applied across 4 nursing home units in southern Sweden. Feasibility was operationalized through 4 focus areas (implementation, practicality, acceptability, and integration), with adherence to the registration routine as the primary feasibility outcome. Quantitative data comprised structured registrations collected daily by care staff over 90 days for 8 residents with BPSD, analyzed descriptively, and interpreted using selected NASSS (nonadoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, and sustainability) framework domains to contextualize variation in symptom patterns, adherence, and registration practices. Semistructured dyadic interviews were analyzed using deductive content analysis guided by the same domains, with integration occurring at the analytical and interpretive stages. A total of 21,993 item-level registrations were completed: 19,123 NPI-NH (Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Nursing Home version) symptom ratings, recorded across 1623 shift registrations (1 per resident per shift), and 2870 individually selected variables. Overall adherence to the registration routine averaged 75% across shifts but varied considerably between residents (range 33%-90%) and between staff members. Mean time per shift registration decreased from 77.1 seconds in the initial 30-day period to 46.2 seconds in the final 30-day period (P=.008). Symptom prevalence varied widely across NPI domains (7.5% to 38.1% of observation days), and daily symptom counts varied both between and within residents. The routine was experienced as technically straightforward and easy to incorporate into daily work. At the same time, challenges emerged, including time constraints, inconsistent participation, varying levels of interpretive confidence, and difficulties distinguishing among overlapping symptoms. Organizational routines and team stability were central to sustaining staff engagement. The high number of completed registrations indicates that daily observations can be integrated into daily dementia care. The participants perceived it as meaningful and useful. Feasibility was primarily influenced by organizational and interpretive factors rather than technical constraints. Further research should explore strategies to support shared routines and sustain engagement over time.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used to manage a variety of chronic pain conditions, including cancer population. People suffering from this medical condition often report strong limitations in their daily and work activities, and a deterioration of health-related quality of life. This study aims at investigating the relationship between psychological factors and intervention outcomes (pain reduction, removal of SCS). Further, the acceptability and satisfaction levels regarding the SCS intervention will be assessed. Cancer survivors 1) suffering from chronic pain (VAS&#x2009;>&#x2009;4) from at least 6 months, 2) aged over 18 years, and 3) refractory to conventional pain therapies will be assessed at the pre-surgical visit (T0), and after 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 months from T0. During each assessment, patients will undergo a clinical consultation on their ability to cope with chronic pain and fill out validated questionnaires on patients' perception of pain (BPI, PCS), state and trait anxiety (STAI Y1-Y2), depression (BDI-II), and pain-specific resilience (PRS). Patients Global Impression of Change (PGIC) after SCS implantation will be also assessed. Data collection is ongoing. The correlation between continuous variables at considered time points will be evaluated with Pearson's correlation coefficient. The difference in mean patients' pain, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing tendency, and resilience according to the SCS removal request will be tested with Student's t-test. Finally, the overall correlation between a psychological trait of interest and an intervention outcome over the entire course of observation will be estimated using a bivariate linear mixed effect model for longitudinal data. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the European Institute of Oncology (Comitato Etico Territoriale Lombardia 2; R1865/23 - IEO 2028). The results of the study will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal. The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT06761300).

Multidimensional forced choice (MFC) test formats are commonly used as an alternative to traditional rating scale formats to reduce aberrant responding, especially faking in high-stakes settings. However, MFC remains susceptible to random responding, particularly in low-stakes settings where respondents may be insufficiently motivated and in high-stakes settings where some assessments may be viewed as less consequential. To ensure the validity of inferences drawn from MFC data, effective methods for detecting random responding are needed. This research contributes to the MFC literature on aberrant responding detection by evaluating the effectiveness of the item response theory (IRT)-based person fit statistic l z for detecting random responding in multi-unidimensional pairwise preference (MUPP)-based MFC tests, using optimal appropriateness measurement (OAM) as a theoretical benchmark. Two simulation studies were conducted. Study 1 compared l z with OAM, and Study 2 examined l z in a broader simulation design. Results showed that (1) higher proportions of randomly answered items, longer tests, and the use of empirical critical values were associated with greater detection power for l z , (2) the proportion of aberrant respondents did not affect l z performance, and (3) OAM outperformed l z only when the random responding model was correctly specified, a condition that can be realized in simulation but may not hold in applied testing contexts. Overall, the findings support the use of l z with empirical critical values as a practical method for detecting random responding in MUPP-based MFC tests.

Personality dysfunction is increasingly conceptualised dimensionally, yet evidence for the occupational validity of contemporary personality disorder models in military settings remains limited. This study examined psychometric validity and applied utility of the PID-5-BF+M in a naval sample (N = 1874) using archival occupational health data. Structural validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and gender-based measurement invariance testing, while internal consistency, construct validity, and associations with resilience, borderline personality indicators, and real-world adjustment outcomes were also examined. The six-domain structure of the PID-5-BF+M was supported, with acceptable internal consistency for the total score and most domains. Negative affectivity and disinhibition showed expected associations with borderline personality indicators, while higher personality dysfunction was moderately associated with lower resilience. Notably, negative affectivity and detachment independently predicted probable ICD-11 Adjustment Disorder, explaining approximately 30% of variance. Algorithm-based identification of possible personality disorder yielded markedly different prevalence estimates depending on facet- versus domain-level thresholds, highlighting risks of false-positive classification in occupational samples. Elevated anankastia traits were common but largely unrelated to maladjustment, suggesting contextual adaptiveness in structured naval environments. Findings support the PID-5-BF+M total score as a pragmatic global index of personality dysfunction severity for use in occupational health screening, while underlining the necessity of context-sensitive, multi-method interpretation. Personality assessment in military settings should prioritise functional impairment over trait elevation per se.

Measuring daily romantic relationship quality is important for understanding conflict, support, and satisfaction processes in near real-time. Although there now exists a great deal of research on determinants and outcomes of daily relationship quality, these investigations often rely on several untested assumptions regarding sources of, and consistency in, variability. In this study, we tested the variance components for daily relationship quality, how consistent these measurements are, and whether they are impacted by individual differences in attachment security. Six daily, nonexperimental self-reports of relationship satisfaction and functioning (e.g., conflict) from 101 couples were analyzed using generalizability theory. Results demonstrate a large amount of residual in daily reports of relationship quality, yet significant portions of variance attributable to person- and day-level processes. Variance proportions also changed depending on the index of relationship functioning examined, and individual differences in attachment security moderated these results. Lastly, daily reports of relationship satisfaction are relatively stable when submitted to models using persons as the object of measurement. These findings have implications for planning and interpreting future diary and ecological momentary assessment/experience sampling method studies.

Session dialogue assessment based on machine learning is gradually becoming an effective solution for therapeutic alliance measurement which is an important factor for successful psychotherapy. However, most existing models assume clean and pre-structured dialogue transcripts, whereas real-world counseling documentation often contains heterogeneous case reports. This gap limits the applicability of current automated assessment models in realistic documentation scenarios. In this work, we propose a framework for automated working alliance assessment from complex, multilingual reports. First, language-specific BERT models are fine-tuned to process case reports across different languages, enabling accurate speaker role delineation and dialogue structuring. Second, Gemini-2.5-Flash is leveraged to annotate the dialogues with working alliance ratings. Third, a hybrid feature representation strategy is then developed to jointly capture linguistic style and semantic content from the counseling dialogues. Furthermore, an entropy-based mutual information analysis is conducted to identify the most informative linguistic features. Finally, the extracted hybrid features serve as inputs to XGBoost for alliance assessment. In experiments, the proposed framework shows better performance in the comparison with SOTA methods and generalization ability.

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Maternal mental health has been linked to a range of offspring outcomes; however, population-based evidence examining intergenerational associations across multiple health-related quality of life (HRQoL) domains over the life course remains limited. This study examines associations between maternal mental health and offspring HRQoL using nationally representative longitudinal data from Australia. We used data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The analytic sample comprised 8,737 offspring linked to 4,966 mothers. Three offspring's HRQoL outcomes were examined: mental health and general health domain of the SF-36 instrument and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Maternal mental health was measured using the SF-36 mental health domain. Associations were estimated using weighted linear regression models with standard errors clustered at the maternal level, adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Gender differences were examined using interaction terms. Higher maternal mental health was significantly associated with better offspring mental health in fully adjusted models (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.485 SD, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Higher maternal mental health was also associated with better offspring general health (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.458 SD, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). For psychological distress, higher maternal psychological distress was associated with higher offspring psychological distress (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.419 SD, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Higher maternal mental health was also positively associated with offspring psychological distress (&#x3b2;&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.216 SD, p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001); however, this reflects differences in measurement constructs (higher distress scores indicate worse outcomes) and should be interpreted cautiously. Associations remained statistically significant after covariate adjustment and did not differ by offspring gender. Maternal mental health is associated with multiple dimensions of offspring HRQoL across the life course. These findings highlight maternal mental health as an important correlate of offspring health and underscore the relevance of family-centred, preventive strategies aimed at reducing intergenerational inequalities in mental health.

Low language proficiency (LLP) affects up to 10% of children, depending on how it is defined, and is a known risk factor for academic and social difficulties. Despite growing awareness, there is limited consensus on the long-term consequences of LLP across quality of life domains. This review synthesises evidence from longitudinal cohort studies to evaluate long-term risks associated with LLP identified between ages four and eight, with follow-up from age 12 onwards. To examine the long-term outcomes of children aged four to eight years with low language proficiency (LLP), in terms of language, literacy, and quality of life across five WHO domains (physical, psychological, independence, social relationships, and environment). CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, and 17 other databases were searched without language or date restrictions. In addition, reference lists were checked, citation searching was conducted, and study authors were contacted to identify additional studies. The most recent search was completed in March 2025. We included prospective or retrospective longitudinal cohort studies that identified children with LLP between ages four and eight years and assessed outcomes at age 12 or older. Studies could include comparison groups or single-cohort designs. LLP was defined either using standardised diagnostic criteria (&#x2264; -1 SD on normed language measures, encompassing ~10-15% of the population) or clinical judgement by qualified professionals. We extracted data on language, literacy, and World Health Organization (WHO) quality of life domains and used robust variance estimation (RVE) meta-analysis models, including hierarchical and correlated effects models. Effect sizes were reported as Hedges' g or risk ratios (RR), with Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) applied to each outcome domain. We conducted sensitivity and moderator analyses and assessed small-study effects. We included 80 studies; 72 contributed to meta-analyses across 15 independent cohorts (&#x2248; 28,828 participants). Studies were published between 1982 and 2024 and conducted in Europe and North America. Risk of bias, assessed across study participation, attrition, and outcome measurement, varied; only three studies were at low risk across all assessed domains, with study attrition most frequently rated as moderate or high. Language outcomes showed large adverse associations in long-term follow-up (145 effect sizes; 11 cohorts; Hedges' g = -1.36, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) -1.80 to -0.92; moderate certainty). Literacy outcomes were similarly affected (86 effect sizes; 7 cohorts; g = -1.12, 95% CI -1.28 to -0.96; high certainty). Physical outcomes were reported in only one study and could not be meta-analysed; evidence was insufficient to draw conclusions. Psychological outcomes showed moderate adverse associations (91 effect sizes; 7 cohorts; g = -0.50, 95% CI -0.80 to -0.19; moderate certainty), with risk ratio analyses indicating lower probability of favourable psychological outcomes (RR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.67). Independence outcomes showed smaller and more uncertain associations (17 effect sizes; 2 cohorts; g = -0.59, 95% CI -1.35 to 0.18; low certainty). Social relationship outcomes showed moderate adverse associations (35 effect sizes; 6 cohorts; g = -0.64, 95% CI -1.35 to 0.07; moderate certainty). Environmental outcomes showed large but imprecise adverse associations (23 effect sizes; 5 cohorts; g = -1.10, 95% CI -1.47 to -0.73; moderate certainty). Across domains, sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of findings, although degrees of freedom were often low due to the limited number of independent cohorts. Where binary outcome data were available, risk ratio estimates were directionally consistent with continuous outcomes but frequently imprecise. Early low language proficiency (LLP) is consistently associated with substantial long-term language and literacy difficulties. LLP is also associated with poorer psychological well-being and social relationship outcomes later in life, with moderate certainty of evidence. Associations with independence outcomes are smaller and more uncertain, reflecting limited data and low certainty. Environmental outcomes, including education, employment, and societal participation, show large adverse associations, although estimates are imprecise due to the small number of contributing cohorts. Physical health outcomes remain under-researched. Taken together, these findings indicate that childhood LLP is not a transient delay but a marker of enduring developmental vulnerability, underscoring the need for sustained identification and support across developmental stages. Further high-quality longitudinal studies are needed, particularly in under-represented outcome domains. Internal sources Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Norway, supported the preparation of the protocol and review to be carried out during office hours for &#xc5;MH, KR, and MM-L. Department of Education, University of Oslo, Norway, supported the preparation of the protocol and review to be carried out during office hours for AL. External sources The Research Council of Norway, Norway This review is part of the project, Better Equipped, which is funded by the Research Council of Norway, Grant 324207. Lerv&#xe5;g and Melby-Lerv&#xe5;gs participation was founded by The Research Council of Norway, Centres of Excellence, Grant 331640. The funder had no role in the study design, conduct, methods, data analysis, reporting, or publication of this protocol for the review. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10165057/1/Hagen_et_al-2023-Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews.pdf.

Middle-aged and older adults with overweight or obesity are at increased risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM), yet validated prediction tools tailored to this population remain limited. This study aimed to develop and validate a multidimensional nomogram integrating metabolic, functional and psychological predictors. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data (2011 and 2015), 3965 overweight/obese adults with a body mass index (BMI)&#x2009;&#x2265;&#x2009;24.0&#x2009;kg/m2 were randomly split into development (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;2775) and validation (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;1190) sets. Candidate predictors spanned socio-demographic, lifestyle, functional, psychological and biochemical factors. External validation included 8180 overweight/obese participants from the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and multivariable logistic regression were applied to build a nomogram. Performance was assessed by area under the curve (AUC), calibration and decision curve analysis. CMM prevalence was 3.91%. Eight variables were retained: residence, Activities of daily living (ADL) score, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) score, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), hypertension, arthritis, dyslipidaemia and memory disorder. AUCs were 0.871 (95% CI: 0.838-0.905) (development), 0.817 (95% CI: 0.768-0.867) (validation) and 0.733 (95% CI: 0.714-0.751) in HRS external validation, with acceptable calibration in CHARLS and evidence of underestimation in HRS that improved after intercept recalibration, and clear net benefit. Positive predictive values were additionally reported to support clinical interpretation under the low CMM prevalence. This nomogram integrating metabolic, functional and psychological predictors demonstrated strong discrimination in the CHARLS cohort and maintained adequate discriminative performance in a cross-national external validation using the US HRS cohort despite differences in population characteristics and measurement instruments, supporting its potential utility for early CMM risk stratification in overweight/obese older adults. The external HRS validation showed fair discrimination, suggesting that model recalibration may be necessary before broad cross-national implementation.

Mattering and anti-mattering are central constructs in understanding individual well-being. Traditionally, these concepts have been studied in offline social contexts. The rise of information and communication technologies has expanded the social environments in which individuals may feel valued or, conversely, insignificant. However, evidence on measurement invariance of these combined offline and online mattering scales for gender and different developmental stages remains limited in culturally diverse countries, including Turkey. This study aimed to validate four scales assessing both offline and online dimensions of mattering and anti-mattering-the General Mattering Scale, the Anti-Mattering Scale, the Online Mattering Scale, and the Online Anti-Mattering Scale-within a Turkish sample of adolescents and college students. Data were collected from 888 participants (high school students: n = 434, mean age = 15.51 &#xb1; 1.02, 63.1% female; college students: n = 454, mean age = 21.10 &#xb1; 1.67, 84.1% female). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to examine the dimensional structure and reliability of the scales. Additionally, the Many-Facet Rasch Model (MFRM) was applied to test measurement invariance across educational levels and gender. CFA results indicated acceptable fit indices for all four scales across both groups, with reliability coefficients exceeding recommended thresholds. MFRM analyses further supported measurement invariance across high school and college students, as well as across male and female participants. The four-scale set appears psychometrically sound for use with Turkish adolescents and emerging adults and is well-suited to capturing the complexity of contemporary hybrid social environments, where experiences of significance and neglect can occur both offline and online.